Artificial intelligence-driven pharmaceutical industry: A paradigm shift in drug discovery, formulation development, manufacturing, quality control, and post-market surveillance.

The advent of artificial intelligence (AI) has catalyzed a profound transformation in the pharmaceutical industry, ushering in a paradigm shift across various domains, including drug discovery, formulation development, manufacturing, quality control, and post-market surveillance. This comprehensive review examines the multifaceted impact of AI-driven technologies on all stages of the pharmaceutical life cycle. It discusses the application of machine learning algorithms, data analytics, and predictive modeling to accelerate drug discovery processes, optimize formulation development, enhance manufacturing efficiency, ensure stringent quality control measures, and revolutionize post-market surveillance methodologies. By describing the advancements, challenges, and future prospects of harnessing AI in the pharmaceutical landscape, this review offers valuable insights into the evolving dynamics of drug development and regulatory practices in the era of AI-driven innovation.

3D-printed immediate release solid dosage forms: a patent evaluation of US11622940B2.

Three-dimensional (3D) printing is one of the most flexible technologies for preparing tablets, offering controlled drug release profiles. The current patent describes the preparation of immediate-release 3D-printed tablets of hydrochlorothiazide to improve disintegration and dissolution profile. The patent involves the preparation of drug-loaded filament via hot-melt extrusion and utilizing the same filaments for printing 3D-printed tablets using fused deposition modeling. The tablets were printed with different shapes and sizes by incorporating channels within the tablet spaces, termed as gaplets. The introduction of channels within the tablet design improves the disintegration and dissolution profile of the drug significantly. The morphological characteristic of 3D-printed tablets was studied by using scanning electron microscopy and revealed the presence of gaplets in the tablets.

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Optimization of Lipid-Based Nanoparticles Formulation Loaded with Biological Product Using A Novel Design Vortex Tube Reactor via Flow Chemistry.

Introduction: Lipid-based nanoparticles (LNPs) is increasingly recognized for their potential in drug delivery, offering protection to hydrophobic drugs from degradation. Industrial synthesis of LNPs, exemplified by Pfizer-BioNTech and Moderna mRNA vaccines, utilizes flow chemistry or microfluidics, showcasing its scalability. This study explores the utilization of a novel design reactor, the vortex tube reactor, within flow chemistry for LNPs synthesis, aiming to optimize its conditions and compare them with batch synthesis. Methods: LNPs were synthesized using the vortex tube reactor, incorporating bovine serum albumin (BSA) as a model drug in the aqueous phase, alongside 1.2-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DPPC) and cholesterol in the organic phase. Design of experiments (DoE), specifically Box-Behnken design, was employed to optimize parameters, including X1: the flow rate ratio (10-100 mL/min), X2: the aqueous-to-organic volumetric ratio (1:1-10:1), and X3: the number of reactor units (1-5 units). Responses evaluated encompassed physical properties and productivity. Optimized conditions were determined by minimizing particle size (Y1), polydispersity index (Y2), and zeta potential (Y3), while maximizing entrapment efficiency (Y4), drug loading (Y5), and productivity (Y5). Results: Results indicated that optimal conditions were achieved at X1 of 100 mL/min, X2 of 5.278, and X3 of 1 unit. LNPs synthesized under these conditions exhibited favorable physical properties and productivity, with uniformity maintained across batches. The vortex tube reactor demonstrated superiority over batch synthesis, yielding smaller particles (166.23 ± 0.98 nm), more uniform nanoparticles (PDI 0.17 ± 0.01), and higher entrapment (67.75 ± 1.55%) and loading capacities (36.39 ± 0.83%), indicative of enhanced productivity (313.4 ± 12.88 mg/min). Conclusion: This study elucidates the potential of flow chemistry, particularly utilizing the vortex tube reactor, for large-scale LNPs formulation, offering insights into parameter relationships and advancing nanoparticle synthesis for drug delivery applications.

Air quality assessment of poultry and swine houses in Chonburi Province.

The increased consumption of animal products has led to a proliferation of animal husbandry operations, particularly in agricultural countries. Animal husbandry facilities or livestock farming directly impact the physical, chemical, and biological aspects of the environment, giving rise to various issues such as odors, contamination of water and air sources with pathogens, and potential contamination of meat products originating from these facilities. This research aims to assess the impacts on the physical (temperature, relative humidity and air velocity), chemical (carbon dioxide, total volatile organic compounds and particulate matter), and biological air quality assessment (amount and type of bioaerosols) aspects resulting from pig and poultry farming. The findings will serve as valuable data for managing and addressing these aforementioned issues. It was found that both in poultry and swine houses generated total suspended particles (TSP) and PM10 (Particulate Matter with a diameter of 10 µm or less). Analysis of poultry house exhaust revealed elevated concentrations of TSP and PM10 exceeding established health benchmarks. Chickens tend to produce a higher concentration of VOCs (2.07 ± 0.57 ppm) compared to swine (0.82 ± 0.53 ppm). Staphylococcus epidermidis was predominant bacteria in both swine and poultry houses while Cladosporium sp was the most prevalent fungi in poultry houses. These results in this study are very useful for developing targeted mitigation strategies, products, devices to address specific pollutants produced by each type of livestock, reducing overall environmental impact and improving air quality within and around animal husbandry facilities.Implications: This research highlights how the growing demand for meat is affecting the environment, especially in farming areas. By studying the effects of pig and poultry farming on things like air and water quality, the study shows the challenges these farms pose, like bad smells and pollution. They found that both types of farms release a lot of tiny particles and smelly chemicals into the air, but there are differences between them. Understanding these findings can help us develop ways to reduce the pollution from these farms and make the air cleaner for everyone.

Nanomaterials in the Wound Healing Process: New Insights and Advancements.

Wounds, which are becoming more common as a result of traumas, surgery, burns, and chronic illnesses like diabetes, remain a critical medical problem. Infectious bacteria impact the healing process, particularly if its biofilm (biological films) leads to a prolonged effect. Nanomaterials have emerged as promising candidates in the field of wound healing due to their unique properties and versatile applications. New insights into the interactions between nanomaterials and wound microenvironments have shed light on the mechanisms underlying their therapeutic effects. However, a significantly minimal amount of research has been carried out to see if these nanomaterials significantly promote the wound healing process. In this review, we provided an outline of the various types of nanomaterials that have been studied for healing wounds and infection prevention. Overall, the utilization of nanomaterials in wound healing holds great promise and continues to evolve, providing new opportunities for the development of effective and efficient wound care therapies.

Key Fabrications of Chitosan Nanoparticles for Effective Drug Delivery Using Flow Chemistry Reactors.

Introduction: Chitosan nanoparticles have garnered considerable interest in the field of drug delivery owing to their distinctive properties, including biocompatibility, biodegradability, low toxicity, and ability to encapsulate a wide range of drugs. However, the conventional methods (eg, the drop method) for synthesizing chitosan nanoparticles often face limitations in regard to controlling the particle size, morphology, and scalability, hindering their extensive application in drug delivery systems. To overcome these challenges, this study explores using a novel flow chemistry reactor design for fabricating clindamycin-loaded chitosan nanoparticles. Methods: By varying two critical operating parameters of flow chemistry, namely, the flow rate ratio and total flow rate, the impact of these parameters on the properties of chitosan nanoparticles is investigated using a central composite experimental design. Results: The optimized conditions for nanoparticle preparation yielded remarkable results, with chitosan nanoparticles exhibiting a small size of 371.60 nm and an extremely low polydispersity index of 0.042. Furthermore, using novel design flow chemistry reactor, the productivity of chitosan nanoparticles was estimated to be 25,402.17 mg/min, which was ~12.71 times higher than that obtained via batch synthesis. Conclusion: The findings of this study indicate that the use of novel design flow chemistry reactor is promising for synthesizing clindamycin-loaded chitosan nanoparticles and other polymeric nanoparticles intended for drug delivery applications. This is primarily attributed to their ability to produce nanoparticles with a considerably reduced particle size distribution and smaller overall size. The demonstrated high productivity of this technique suggests the potential for industrial-scale nanoparticle manufacturing.

Three-Dimensional-Printed Vortex Tube Reactor for Continuous Flow Synthesis of Polyglycolic Acid Nanoparticles with High Productivity.

Polyglycolic acid (PGA) nanoparticles show promise in biomedical applications due to their exceptional biocompatibility and biodegradability. These nanoparticles can be readily modified, facilitating targeted drug delivery and promoting specific interactions with diseased tissues or cells, including imaging agents and theranostic approaches. Their potential to advance precision medicine and personalized treatments is evident. However, conventional methods such as emulsification solvent evaporation via batch synthesis or tubular reactors via flow chemistry have limitations in terms of nanoparticle properties, productivity, and scalability. To overcome these limitations, this study focuses on the design and development of a 3D-printed vortex tube reactor for the continuous synthesis of PGA nanoparticles using flow chemistry. Computer-aided design (CAD) and the design of experiments (DoE) optimize the reactor design, and computational fluid dynamics simulations (CFD) evaluate the mixing index (MI) and Reynolds (Re) expression. The optimized reactor design was fabricated using fused deposition modeling (FDM) with polypropylene (PP) as the polymer. Dispersion experiments validate the optimization process and investigate the impact of input flow parameters. PGA nanoparticles were synthesized and characterized for size and polydispersity index (PDI). The results demonstrate the feasibility of using a 3D-printed vortex tube reactor for the continuous synthesis of PGA nanoparticles through flow chemistry and highlight the importance of reactor design in nanoparticle production. The CFD results of the optimized reactor design showed homogeneous mixing across a wide range of flow rates with increasing Reynolds expression. The residence time distribution (RTD) results confirmed that increasing the flow rate in the 3D-printed vortex tube reactor system reduced the dispersion variance in the tracer. Both experiments demonstrated improved mixing efficiency and productivity compared to traditional tubular reactors. The study also revealed that the total flow rate had a significant impact on the size and polydispersity index of the formulated PGA nanoparticle, with the optimal total flow rate at 104.46 mL/min, leading to smaller nanoparticles and a lower polydispersity index. Additionally, increasing the aqueous-to-organic volumetric ratio had a significant effect on the reduced particle size of the PGA nanoparticles. Overall, this study provides insights into the use of 3D-printed vortex tube reactors for the continuous synthesis of PGA nanoparticles and underscores the importance of reactor design and flow parameters in PGA nanoparticle formulation.

Chitosan in Oral Drug Delivery Formulations: A Review.

Nanoformulations have become increasingly useful as drug delivery technologies in recent decades. As therapeutics, oral administration is the most common delivery method, although it is not always the most effective route because of challenges with swallowing, gastrointestinal discomfort, low solubility, and poor absorption. One of the most significant barriers that medications must overcome to exert a therapeutic effect is the impact of the first hepatic transit. Studies have shown that controlled-release systems using nanoparticles composed of biodegradable natural polymers significantly improve oral administration, which is why these materials have attracted significant attention. Chitosan possesses a wide variety of properties and functions in the pharmaceutical as well as healthcare industries. Drug encapsulation and transport within the body are two of its most important features. Moreover, chitosan can enhance drug efficacy by facilitating drug interaction with target cells. Based on its physicochemical properties, chitosan can potentially be synthesized into nanoparticles, and this review summarizes recent advances and applications of orally delivered chitosan nanoparticle interventions.

Dissolvable shower gel tablets with enhanced skin benefits.

OBJECTIVE: The excessive use of plastic packaging, even though it is possible to recycle it, is one of the main causes of global warming. In this study, dissolvable shower gel tablets for multiple uses have been developed in order to reduce the use of fresh plastic packaging. METHODS: The appropriate ratio of two surfactants, cocoyl glutamic acid (CGA) and sodium coco sulphate (SCS), was optimized using design of experiments. Additionally, skin hydration of the emollient either omega oil or glycerine was taken into account when determining its concentration. After that, powdered shower gel formulations were made and tested for their properties, including cleaning power, and foamability. On 30 human volunteers, the effects of reconstituted shower gel on skin redness, cleaning effectiveness and overall satisfaction were evaluated. RESULTS: The study found that, when cleaning power and foam height were taken into account, the proper surfactant ratio was 7.5:0 (SCS:CGA). The 5% glycerine shower gel formula demonstrated significantly greater skin hydration than other formulas. The in vivo study's findings demonstrated that there was no statistically significant difference between selected formulas (5% glycerine and 2.5% omega oil) in terms of cleaning ability. Comparing both formulas to the control, neither showed any skin redness. Additionally, it was discovered that the developed products were much more effective at cleaning and easier to use when washing for the volunteers than regular liquid soap. Overall satisfaction and the moisturizing feel were not significantly different among all products. CONCLUSION: The formula with 7.5% SCS and 5% glycerine is said to be the best one for both cleaning ability and moisturizing effect. These findings suggest that dissolvable shower gel tablets with enhanced skin benefits could offer a promising innovation in the personal care industry.

OBJECTIF: L'utilisation excessive d'emballages en plastique, même s'il est possible de les recycler, est l'une des principales causes du réchauffement climatique. Dans cette étude, des pastilles de gel douche soluble à usages multiples ont été développées afin de réduire l'utilisation d'emballages plastiques. MÉTHODES: Le rapport approprié de deux tensioactifs, l'acide cocoyl glutamique (CGA) et le sulfate de coco sodique (SCS), a été optimisé à l'aide d'un plan d'expériences. De plus, l'hydratation de la peau par l'émollient, soit l'huile omega ou la glycérine, a été prise en compte lors de la détermination de sa concentration. Après cela, des formulations de gel douche en poudre ont été fabriquées et testées pour leurs propriétés, notamment leur pouvoir nettoyant et leur capacité à mousser. Sur 30 volontaires humains, les effets du gel douche reconstitué sur les rougeurs cutanées, l'efficacité nettoyante et la satisfaction globale ont été évalués. RÉSULTATS: L'étude a révélé que, lorsque la puissance de nettoyage et la hauteur de mousse étaient prises en compte, le rapport de surfactant approprié était de 7,5:0 (SCS:CGA). La formule du gel douche a 5 % de glycérine a démontré une hydratation de la peau nettement supérieure à celle des autres formules. Les résultats de l'étude in vivo ont démontré qu'il n'y avait pas de différence statistiquement significative entre les formules sélectionnées (5 % de glycérine et 2,5 % d'huile oméga) en termes de pouvoir nettoyant. En comparant les deux formules au contrôle, aucune n'a montré de rougeur cutanée. De plus, il a été découvert que les produits développés étaient beaucoup plus efficaces pour le nettoyage et plus faciles à utiliser lors du lavage pour les volontaires que le savon liquide ordinaire. La satisfaction globale et la sensation d'hydratation n'étaient pas significativement différentes entre tous les produits. CONCLUSION: La formule avec 7,5 % de SCS et 5 % de glycérine est considérée comme la meilleure pour la capacité de nettoyage et l'effet hydratant. Ces résultats suggèrent que les comprimés de gel douche solubles avec des bienfaits améliorés pour la peau pourraient offrir une innovation prometteuse dans l'industrie des soins personnels.

Practical Application of 3D Printing for Pharmaceuticals in Hospitals and Pharmacies.

Three-dimensional (3D) printing is an unrivaled technique that uses computer-aided design and programming to create 3D products by stacking materials on a substrate. Today, 3D printing technology is used in the whole drug development process, from preclinical research to clinical trials to frontline medical treatment. From 2009 to 2020, the number of research articles on 3D printing in healthcare applications surged from around 10 to 2000. Three-dimensional printing technology has been applied to several kinds of drug delivery systems, such as oral controlled release systems, micropills, microchips, implants, microneedles, rapid dissolving tablets, and multiphase release dosage forms. Compared with conventional manufacturing methods of pharmaceutical products, 3D printing has many advantages, including high production rates due to the flexible operating systems and high drug loading with the desired precision and accuracy for potent drugs administered in small doses. The cost of production via 3D printing can be decreased by reducing material wastage, and the process can be adapted to multiple classes of pharmaceutically active ingredients, including those with poor solubility. Although several studies have addressed the benefits of 3D printing technology, hospitals and pharmacies have only implemented this process for a small number of practical applications. This article discusses recent 3D printing applications in hospitals and pharmacies for medicinal preparation. The article also covers the potential future applications of 3D printing in pharmaceuticals.

Chitosan-Based Polymer Blends for Drug Delivery Systems.

Polymers have been widely used for the development of drug delivery systems accommodating the regulated release of therapeutic agents in consistent doses over a long period, cyclic dosing, and the adjustable release of both hydrophobic and hydrophilic drugs. Nowadays, polymer blends are increasingly employed in drug development as they generate more promising results when compared to those of homopolymers. This review article describes the recent research efforts focusing on the utilization of chitosan blends with other polymers in an attempt to enhance the properties of chitosan. Furthermore, the various applications of chitosan blends in drug delivery are thoroughly discussed herein. The literature from the past ten years was collected using various search engines such as ScienceDirect, J-Gate, Google Scholar, PubMed, and research data were compiled according to the various novel carrier systems. Nanocarriers made from chitosan and chitosan derivatives have a positive surface charge, which allows for control of the rate, duration, and location of drug release in the body, and can increase the safety and efficacy of the delivery system. Recently developed nanocarriers using chitosan blends have been shown to be cost-effective, more efficacious, and prolonged release carriers that can be incorporated into suitable dosage forms.

Development and Evaluation of Ethosomes Loaded with Zingiber zerumbet Linn Rhizome Extract for Antifungal Skin Infection in Deep Layer Skin.

Skin fungal infection is still a serious public health problem due to the high number of cases. Even though medicines are available for this disease, drug resistance among patients has increased. Moreover, access to medicine is restricted in some areas. One of the therapeutic options is herbal medicine. This study aims to develop an ethosome formulation loaded with Zingiber zerumbet (L.) Smith. rhizome extract for enhanced antifungal activity in deep layer skin, which is difficult to cure. Ethosomes were successfully prepared by the cold method, and the optimized formulation was composed of 1% (w/v) phosphatidylcholine and 40% (v/v) ethanol. Transmission electron microscope (TEM) images revealed that the ethosomes had a vesicle shape with a diameter of 205.6-368.5 nm. The entrapment of ethosomes was 31.58% and could inhibit the growth of Candida albicans at a concentration of 312.5 µg/mL. Finally, the ethosome system significantly enhanced the skin penetration and retention of the active compound (zerumbone) compared with the liquid extract. This study showed that Z. zerumbet (L.) rhizome extract could be loaded into ethosomes. The findings could be carried over to the next step for clinical application by conducting further in vivo penetration and permeation tests.

A Comprehensive Review on Nutraceuticals: Therapy Support and Formulation Challenges.

Nutraceuticals are the nourishing components (hybrid of nutrition and pharmaceuticals) that are biologically active and possess capability for maintaining optimal health and benefits. These products play a significant role in human health care and its endurance, most importantly for the future therapeutic development. Nutraceuticals have received recognition due to their nutritional benefits along with therapeutic effects and safety profile. Nutraceuticals are globally growing in the field of services such as health care promotion, disease reduction, etc. Various drug nutraceutical interactions have also been elaborated with various examples in this review. Several patents on nutraceuticals in agricultural applications and in various diseases have been stated in the last section of review, which confirms the exponential growth of nutraceuticals' market value. Nutraceuticals have been used not only for nutrition but also as a support therapy for the prevention and treatment of various diseases, such as to reduce side effects of cancer chemotherapy and radiotherapy. Diverse novel nanoformulation approaches tend to overcome challenges involved in formulation development of nutraceuticals. Prior information on various interactions with drugs may help in preventing any deleterious effects of nutraceuticals products. Nanotechnology also leads to the generation of micronized dietary products and other nutraceutical supplements with improved health benefits. In this review article, the latest key findings (clinical studies) on nutraceuticals that show the therapeutic action of nutraceutical's bioactive molecules on various diseases have also been discussed.

Natural product-based pharmacological studies for neurological disorders.

Central nervous system (CNS) disorders and diseases are expected to rise sharply in the coming years, partly because of the world's aging population. Medicines for the treatment of the CNS have not been successfully made. Inadequate knowledge about the brain, pharmacokinetic and dynamic errors in preclinical studies, challenges with clinical trial design, complexity and variety of human brain illnesses, and variations in species are some potential scenarios. Neurodegenerative diseases (NDDs) are multifaceted and lack identifiable etiological components, and the drugs developed to treat them did not meet the requirements of those who anticipated treatments. Therefore, there is a great demand for safe and effective natural therapeutic adjuvants. For the treatment of NDDs and other memory-related problems, many herbal and natural items have been used in the Ayurvedic medical system. Anxiety, depression, Parkinson's, and Alzheimer's diseases (AD), as well as a plethora of other neuropsychiatric disorders, may benefit from the use of plant and food-derived chemicals that have antidepressant or antiepileptic properties. We have summarized the present level of knowledge about natural products based on topological evidence, bioinformatics analysis, and translational research in this review. We have also highlighted some clinical research or investigation that will help us select natural products for the treatment of neurological conditions. In the present review, we have explored the potential efficacy of phytoconstituents against neurological diseases. Various evidence-based studies and extensive recent investigations have been included, which will help pharmacologists reduce the progression of neuronal disease.

Advancements in Rectal Drug Delivery Systems: Clinical Trials, and Patents Perspective.

The rectal route is an effective route for the local and systemic delivery of active pharmaceutical ingredients. The environment of the rectum is relatively constant with low enzymatic activity and is favorable for drugs having poor oral absorption, extensive first-pass metabolism, gastric irritation, stability issues in the gastric environment, localized activity, and for drugs that cannot be administered by other routes. The present review addresses the rectal physiology, rectal diseases, and pharmaceutical factors influencing rectal delivery of drugs and discusses different rectal drug delivery systems including suppositories, suspensions, microspheres, nanoparticles, liposomes, tablets, and hydrogels. Clinical trials on various rectal drug delivery systems are presented in tabular form. Applications of different novel drug delivery carriers viz. nanoparticles, liposomes, solid lipid nanoparticles, microspheres, transferosomes, nano-niosomes, and nanomicelles have been discussed and demonstrated for their potential use in rectal administration. Various opportunities and challenges for rectal delivery including recent advancements and patented formulations for rectal drug delivery have also been included.

Development of an Add-On Device Using 3D Printing for the Enhancement of Drug Administration Efficiency of Dry Powder Inhalers (Accuhaler).

The goal of this study was to develop an add-on device for dry powder inhalers (Accuhaler) via 3D printing to improve drug administration efficiency in patients with limited inspiratory capacity, including young children, the elderly, and those with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. With salmeterol xinafoate and fluticasone propionate as model active pharmaceutical ingredients (API), the emitted API doses were used to assess the effectiveness of the add-on device. The APIs were quantified by an HPLC assay validated for specificity, range, linearity, accuracy, and precision. The motor power of the add-on device could be regulated to moderate fan speed and the air flow in the assembled device. When 50-100% of the fan motor power of the add-on device was used, the emitted dose from the attached dry powder inhaler (DPI) was increased. A computational fluid dynamics application was used to simulate the air and particle flow in the DPI with the add-on device in order to elucidate the operating mechanism. The use of the add-on device combined with a sufficient inhalation flow rate resulted in a larger pressure drop and airflow velocity at the blister pocket. As these characteristics are associated with powder fluidization, entrainment, and particle re-suspension, this innovative add-on device might be utilized to enhance the DPI emitted drug dose for patients with low inspiratory rates and to facilitate the provision of adequate drug doses to achieve the treatment outcomes.

Assessment of Acute Oral Toxicity of Thiolated Gum Ghatti in Rats.

Various drug delivery systems were developed using a modified form of gum ghatti. Modifying gum ghatti using thioglycolic acid improves its mucoadhesive property, and hence, it is a suitable approach for the fabrication and development of controlled drug delivery systems. In accordance with regulatory guidelines, namely, the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development's (OECD) 423 guidelines, an acute oral dose toxicity study was performed to examine the toxicological effects of gum ghattiin an animal (Wistar rat) after a single oral dose administration of pure gum ghatti and thiolated gum ghatti. Orally administered pure and thiolated gum ghatti do not reveal any considerable change in the behavioral pattern, food intake, body weight, hematology, or clinical symptoms of treated animals. Furthermore, histopathological studies showed no pathological mutations in the vital organs of Wistar rats after the oral administration of single doses of both types of gumghatti (i.e., 300 mg/kg and 2000 mg/kg body weight). Whole blood clotting studies showed the low absorbance value of the modified gum (thiolated gum ghatti) in contrast to the pure gum and control, hence demonstrating its excellent clotting capability. The aforementioned toxicological study suggested that the oral administration of a single dose of pure and thiolated gum ghatti did not produce any toxicological effects in Wistar rats. Consequently, it could be a suitable and safe candidate for formulating various drug delivery systems.

Development and Evaluation of MCC-SiO2/CMC-SiO2 Conjugates as Tablet Super-Disintegrants.

In the present study, microcrystallinecellulose-colloidal silicon dioxide (MCC-SiO2) and carboxymethylcellulose-colloidal silicon dioxide (CMC-SiO2) conjugates have been investigated as superdisintegrants in fast dissolving tablets (FDTs). MCC-SiO2 and CMC-SiO2 conjugates were prepared and micromeritic studies, FTIR, SEM and XRD methods were utilized for characterizing the powdered conjugates. The conjugates were used for the preparation of domperidone FDTs by direct compression and the wetting time, water absorption ratio, disintegration time and in vitro drug release were evaluated. Effective pore radius of MCC-SiO2 and CMC-SiO2 conjugates for 1:1, 1:2.5 and 1:5 was found to be 13.35 ± 0.31 µm, 15.66 ± 0.17 µm and 18.38 ± 0.44 µm, and 16.81 ± 0.24 µm, 20.12 ± 0.39 µm and 26.37 ± 0.24 µm, respectively, compared to 12.21 ± 0.23 µm for MCC and 13.65 ± 0.21 µm for CMC. The results of effective pore radius indicate the wicking capability as well as the disintegration potential of MCC-SiO2 and CMC-SiO2 conjugates over pure MCC and CMC. The results of wetting time, water absorption ratio and disintegration time for MCC-SiO2 conjugates were found to be in the range of 19 ± 1.21 to 30 ± 1.33 s, 42 ± 0.28 to 49 ± 0.47% and 15 ± 2 to 40 ± 1 s, and for CMC-SiO2 conjugates were found to be in the range of 21 ± 1.13 to 40 ± 1.17 s, 42 ± 0.94 to 49 ± 0.57% and 12 ± 2 to 20 ± 3 s, respectively. Conjugation of MCC and CMC with SiO2 led to the formation of a complex with remarkable tablet superdisintegrant potential that could be used in preparing fast disintegrating tablets.

Development and Evaluation of Liquid Plaster Loaded with Chromolaena odorata Leaf Extract Endowed with Several Beneficial Properties to Wound Healing.

Liquid plaster (LP) is a recently developed wound dressing product that can be used to cover wounds in various parts of the body, especially small injuries or wounds in body parts involved in movement. Given the benefits and applications of LP, this study aimed to develop and evaluate Chromolaena odorata extract-loaded LP with antimicrobial and hemostasis effects. The study was first conducted through the extraction of Choromolaena odorata leaf by using an ethanol maceration technique and identification of the compounds with high-performance liquid chromatography. The LP loaded with Chromolaena odorata extract demonstrates an ability to inhibit S. aureus and S. epidermidis at a MIC of 0.25 mg/mL and MBC of 0.5 mg/mL. The antioxidant activity test was performed by ABTS and DPPH methods demonstrating the free-radical scavenging activity of the extract. The blood clotting activity was established by varying the concentration of Choromolaena odorata leaf extract from 0.0625 mg/mL to 1 mg/mL. The formulation of the film-forming system was developed by varying the solvent, polymer, and plasticizer proportions. The optimum formulation displayed fast film-forming with high elasticity of the film. Moreover, the 20 mg/mL herbal extract-loaded LP provided an antibacterial effect with admissible water vapor transmission and low skin irritation. As a result, the study demonstrates the possibility of introducing the Chromolaena odorata extract-loaded LP to increase the effectiveness of wound healing and the antibacterial effect on the skin.