RESUMO
The non-alcoholic fatty liver disease is the most common cause of chronic liver disease in the western countries. A subset of patients with this problem may progress to cirrhosis and liver cancer. The development of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) and fibrosis identifies patients with an increased risk of cirrhosis. Although the exact pathological mechanism is unknown. Several hypotheses suggest that the liver damage is multifactorial. Lipototoxicity, oxidative stress, and cytokines may each play a role in transition of steatosis into NASH. Despite a number of clinical trials on the treatment, there is still no approved therapy. The most important treatment for this disease is to motivate affected persons to adopt a healthier lifestyle. In this article, the recent overall evidence on pathogenesis, treatment and potential lines of future research of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease are reviewed.
La enfermedad hepática grasa no alcohólica es la causa más prevalente de enfermedad hepática crónica en el mundo occidental. Una parte de estos pacientes desarrollará cirrosis y hepatocarcinoma. Obesidad, diabetes mellitus II e insulino resistencia son los principales factores de riesgo. La presencia de esteatohepatitis y fibrosis se relaciona directamente con progresión a cirrosis y sus complicaciones. A pesar de los avances en el conocimiento sobre la enfermedad, su patogénesis aún no está dilucidada; la mayoría de las hipótesis apuntan a un daño multifactorial. Lipotoxicidad, estrés oxidativo, citoquinas inflamatorias y predisposición genética juegan un importante rol en la progresión de la enfermedad. Numerosos estudios se han efectuado para validar las opciones de tratamiento, sin embargo, están limitados por el número pequeño de pacientes enrolados, la corta duración y el seguimiento inadecuado. Se requieren ensayos randomizados, controlados y doble-ciego para evaluar la eficacia y seguridad de estas drogas. Como aún no existe una droga eficaz y segura para el tratamiento, nuestros esfuerzos deben dirigirse a modificar los estilos de vida, promoviendo la baja de peso y el aumento de la actividad física. En este artículo se revisan las novedades en el diagnóstico, patogénesis, tratamiento y futuras líneas de investigación.
Assuntos
Humanos , Fígado Gorduroso/diagnóstico , Fígado Gorduroso/fisiopatologia , Fígado Gorduroso/terapiaRESUMO
Hepatocellular carcinoma is a frequent finding in patients with chronic liver disease and, in these cases, liver transplantation is recognized as an appropriate terapeutic option. The Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer(BCLC) and Milan criteria (a single tumor < 5 cm or 1-3 tumors each < 3 cm) is the optimal indication for liver transplantation. However, several recent studies have suggested to expand these criteria, showing good post-transplant results in patients with larger tumours. Nowadays there are no criteria with unanimous approval. Risk of recurrence is influenced by the size and number of nodules, the presence or absence of microvascular invasion, high alpha fetoprotein level (over 500 ng/mL). Liver transplantation is an effective treatment for hepatocellular carcinoma showing similar results compared with patients with non malignant disease, but it is necessary to develop common policies to ensure that survival rates are similar among patients with and without hepatocellular carcinoma.
El carcinoma hepatocelular es un hallazgo frecuente en pacientes con enfermedades crónicas del hígado. En estos casos el trasplante de hígado es una opción terapéutica adecuada. Los criterios de Barcelona (BCLC) y Milán consideran un límite de un nódulo único menor de 5 cm y hasta 3 nódulos menores de 3 cm, para tratamiento curativo del carcinoma hepatocelular en paciente con cirrosis. Sin embargo, varios estudios han sugerido expandir estos criterios con buenos resultados post-trasplante y en la actualidad, no existe unanimidad en los criterios para selección de pacientes. El riesgo de recurrencia depende del número y tamaño de las lesiones, la presencia o no de invasión microvascular, y altos niveles de alfa fetoproteina (> 500 ng/mL). El trasplante de hígado es un efectivo tratamiento para pacientes con carcinoma hepatocelular con resultados similares a pacientes con enfermedades no malignas, pero es necesario tener políticas comunes que garanticen una sobrevida similar en pacientes con y sin carcinoma hepatocelular.
Assuntos
Humanos , Carcinoma Hepatocelular/cirurgia , Neoplasias Hepáticas/cirurgia , Transplante de Fígado , Carcinoma Hepatocelular/complicações , Cirrose Hepática/cirurgia , Cirrose Hepática/complicações , Neoplasias Hepáticas/complicações , Recidiva Local de Neoplasia , Risco , Seleção de PacientesRESUMO
Background: Wireless capsule endoscopy (CE) is a relatively new method to evaluate the small intestine. Aim: To evaluate the indications of CE in our center and assess whether specific indications are associated with best results during CE studies. Material and Methods: Retrospective analysis of 69 patients aged 9 to 85 years (36 males) subjected to a CE at our institution between April 2004 and October 2007. Results: The most common indications for CE were overt gastrointestinal bleeding in 43.5 percent of patients, iron deficiency anemia in 39.1 percent, suspicion of a small bowel tumor in 4.3 percent, chronic diarrhea in 4.3 percent and abdominalpain in 2.9 percent. CE was normal in 23.2 percent and was able to find lesions in 76.8 percent of the studies. Gastrointestinal bleeding, followed by iron deficiency anemia were the indications associated with the higher rates of positive findings during CE. Conclusions: Gastrointestinal bleeding and iron deficiency anemia were the indications that obtained the best diagnostic y ield for CE.
Assuntos
Adolescente , Adulto , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Criança , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Adulto Jovem , Endoscopia por Cápsula , Enteropatias/diagnóstico , Intestino Delgado , Estudos Retrospectivos , Adulto JovemAssuntos
Humanos , Cirrose Hepática/complicações , Hemorragia Gastrointestinal/terapia , Hipertensão Portal/complicações , Hipertensão Portal/terapia , Varizes Esofágicas e Gástricas/terapia , Terapia Combinada , Esofagoscopia , Hemorragia Gastrointestinal/etiologia , Hemorragia Gastrointestinal/prevenção & controle , Hipertensão Portal/fisiopatologia , Ligadura , Derivação Portossistêmica Transjugular Intra-HepáticaRESUMO
La cápsula endoscópica (CE) ha demostrado su utilidad en el diagnóstico de patología gastrointestinal, (sangramiento de origen no precisado, lesiones tumorales, etc). Se ha diseñado una cápsula (PillCam) para estudio del esófago en los primeros momentos de su paso a estómago, y el objetivo de este trabajo es describir los hallazgos de la CE en esófago y comparar su sensibilidad con estudios endoscópicos convencionales. Material y Métodos: Se incluyen los estudios realizados con CE en nuestro centro, entre abril de 2004 y agosto de 2005. Se analizó el paso de la CE por el esófago y dos observadores independientes evaluaron las imágenes cuadro por cuadro. Consignaron tiempo de tránsito esofágico, número de imágenes en esófago y línea Z. Se compararon los hallazgos con los obtenidos con la endoscopía convencional. Resultados: Se analizaron 23 pacientes y el tiempo medio de exposición del esófago fue de 5,34 segundos (2-60 seg). El número de cuadros por segundo fue 2,34 (1-4,45). Al menos una imagen de la línea Z fue obtenida en sólo 8 pacientes (34,7 por ciento). Trece pacientes tenían endoscopía previa (56,5 por ciento). En 11 de ellos era normal, un caso presentaba candidiasis esofágica detectada también por CE, uno presentaba hernia hiatal, no demostrada por la CE. No hubo casos de esófago de Barrett, lesiones elevadas o várices esofágicas. Conclusión: La evaluación esofágica por la CE convencional es limitada, debido al tiempo variable de exposición del esófago y la unión gastroesofágica. El uso de CE en esófago debe mejorar con nuevos aportes técnicos como string capsule endoscopy (que permite reposicionarla una y otra vez) o Video Cápsula PillCam ESO, que utiliza una cámara dual duplicando el número de imágenes y aportando dos visiones diferentes. Su costo, hace pensar en la CE en esófago como de uso excepcional, salvo la posibilidad de reutilización de la modalidad string capsule endoscopy.
Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Adolescente , Adulto , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Cápsulas , Doenças do Esôfago/diagnóstico , Esofagoscopia/métodos , Diagnóstico por Imagem/métodos , Endoscopia/métodos , Gastroenteropatias/diagnóstico , Esôfago de Barrett/diagnóstico , Gravação em Vídeo , Refluxo Gastroesofágico/diagnóstico , Sensibilidade e EspecificidadeRESUMO
Background: Acute variceal bleeding in cirrhotic patients is an emergency with a high risk of rebleeding and death. Endoscopic procedures such as sclerotherapy or banding, combined or not with drugs such as octreotide could be considered. Aim: To assess the value of octreotide in the control of acute variceal bleeding. Patients and methods: Ninety-two patients were randomized into three groups: endoscopic therapy plus octreotide 50 Ág/h bolus and continuous infusion for 5 days (n= 36); octreotide (same dosage) (n= 13) and endoscopic therapy only (banding and/or sclerotherapy) (n= 43). Results: Haemostasis at 24 hours was achieved in 97 percent of patients with combined treatment, 69 percent of patients receiving octreotide, and 93 percent of patients with endoscopic therapy (p= 0.2). Three patients with combined treatment, four patients receiving octreotide and eight patients with endoscopic therapy, rebled during the first five days (p= 0.15). The mean of blood units transfused was similar in the three groups. No differences were observed in hospital days and side effects. At 42 days of follow up, eight patients with endoscopic therapy, one patients with combined therapy and 2 patients receiving octreotide, died (p=NS). Conclusions: Octreotide is useful in the management of acute variceal bleeding. The absence of important side effects, renders it as a safe adjuvant treatment associated with endoscopic treatment (Rev MÚd Chile 2004; 132: 285-94).
Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Octreotida/uso terapêutico , Varizes Esofágicas e Gástricas , Endoscopia , Hemorragia Gastrointestinal/terapiaRESUMO
Background: The success of orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT) has resulted in its widespread use for different liver diseases. Aim: To report our 8 years experience with adult OLT at Clinica Alemana de Santiago. Patients and methods: In all transplantations done at the center, we recorded patient's overall data and survival, postoperative medical and surgical complications and causes of death. Results: Between November 1993 and September 2001, 51 consecutive OLT were performed in 44 patients (22 females, median age 45 years old). Thirty eight patients presented with chronic and 6 with acute or sub-acute liver failure. Cryptogenic cirrhosis and hepatitis C infection were the most common causes for OLT. Postoperative bleeding and extra-hepatic biliary complications were seen in 17.6 and 21.5 percent of cases respectively. Acute rejection, bacterial infections, CMV infection or disease and post OLT hemodialysis were the most common medical complications (51, 31, 19.6 and 19.6 percent of cases respectively). The overall 1 and 5 years survival rates were 80 percent and 73 percent respectively. Considering exclusively the last 22 OLT performed since January 1999, the 1 year survival rate has improved to 91 percent. Conclusions: Liver transplantation in Chile provides a good long term survival with acceptable morbidity, due to a multidisciplinary approach management. The survival rates have improved over the last few years probably due to better surgical techniques, ICU care and immunosuppression. These overall results are comparable with those from other Centers in developed countries