The development of an in vitro 3D model of goblet cell hyperplasia using MUC5AC expression and repeated whole aerosol exposures.

Goblet cell hyperplasia and overproduction of airway mucin are characteristic features of the lung epithelium of smokers and COPD patients. Tobacco heating products (THPs) are a potentially less risky alternative to combustible cigarettes, and through continued use solus THPs may reduce smoking-related disease risk. Using the MucilAir™ in vitro lung model, a 6-week feasibility study was conducted investigating the effect of repeated cigarette smoke (1R6F), THP aerosol and air exposure. Tissues were exposed to nicotine-matched whole aerosol doses 3 times/week. Endpoints assessed were dosimetry, tight-junction integrity, cilia beat frequency (CBF) and active area (AA), cytokine secretion and airway mucin MUC5AC expression. Comparison of incubator and air exposed controls indicated exposures did not have a significant effect on the transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER), CBF and AA of the tissues. Cytokine secretion indicated clear differences in secretion patterns in response to 1R6F and THP exposure. 1R6F exposure resulted in a significant decrease in the TEER and AA (p=0.000 and p=0.000, respectively), and an increase in MUC5AC positive cells (p=0.002). Repeated THP exposure did not result in a significant change in MUC5AC positive cells. This study demonstrates repeated cigarette smoke whole aerosol exposure can induce these morphological changes in vitro.

Application of text mining to develop AOP-based mucus hypersecretion genesets and confirmation with in vitro and clinical samples.

Mucus hypersecretion contributes to lung function impairment observed in COPD (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease), a tobacco smoking-related disease. A detailed mucus hypersecretion adverse outcome pathway (AOP) has been constructed from literature reviews, experimental and clinical data, mapping key events (KEs) across biological organisational hierarchy leading to an adverse outcome. AOPs can guide the development of biomarkers that are potentially predictive of diseases and support the assessment frameworks of nicotine products including electronic cigarettes. Here, we describe a method employing manual literature curation supported by a focused automated text mining approach to identify genes involved in 5 KEs contributing to decreased lung function observed in tobacco-related COPD. KE genesets were subsequently confirmed by unsupervised clustering against 3 different transcriptomic datasets including (1) in vitro acute cigarette smoke and e-cigarette aerosol exposure, (2) in vitro repeated incubation with IL-13, and (3) lung biopsies from COPD and healthy patients. The 5 KE genesets were demonstrated to be predictive of cigarette smoke exposure and mucus hypersecretion in vitro, and less conclusively predict the COPD status of lung biopsies. In conclusion, using a focused automated text mining and curation approach with experimental and clinical data supports the development of risk assessment strategies utilising AOPs.

In vitro biological assessment of the stability of cigarette smoke aqueous aerosol extracts.

OBJECTIVES: Cigarette smoke aqueous aerosol extracts (AqE) have been used for assessing tobacco products, particularly with in vitro models such as oxidative stress and inflammation. These test articles can be generated easily, but there are no standardised methods for the generation and characterisation or stability. We investigated the effects of pro-oxidant smoke-derived chemicals by using 3R4F AqE generated under standardised conditioning and smoking regimes and assessed the stability over 31-week timeframe. Twenty batches generated from ten puffs per cigarette bubbled through 20 ml cell culture media were used fresh and thawed from frozen aliquots stored at - 80 ºC. RESULTS: Nicotine levels quantified by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry and optical density at 260 nm showed chemical and physical stability from week 0 (fresh sample) to weeks 1, 4, 8 and 31 (frozen samples). No significant change in H292 human bronchial epithelial cell viability or oxidative stress were observed between fresh AqE at week 0 and frozen AqE at 31 weeks. AqEs generated by our protocol were stable for up to 31 weeks for all tested end points, suggesting that it may not be necessary to use freshly generated AqE for each study, thus reducing batch-to-batch variability.

Assessment of tobacco heating product THP1.0. Part 5: In vitro dosimetric and cytotoxic assessment.

Tobacco heating products (THPs) represent a subset of the next-generation nicotine and tobacco product category, in which tobacco is typically heated at temperatures of 250-350 °C, thereby avoiding many of the harmful combustion-related toxicant emissions of conventional cigarettes. In this study, we have assessed aerosol generation and cytotoxicity from two commercially available THPs, THP1.0 and THS, relative to tobacco smoke from 3R4F reference cigarettes, using an adapted Borgwaldt RM20S Smoking Machine. Quantification of nicotine in the exposed cell-culture media showed greater delivery of nicotine from both THPs than from the cigarette. Using Neutral Red Uptake assay, THPs demonstrated reduced in vitro cytotoxicity in H292 human bronchial epithelial cells as compared with 3R4F cigarette exposure at the air-liquid interface (p < 0.0001). Both THPs demonstrated a statistically similar reduction in biological response, with >87% viability relative to 3R4F at a common aerosol dilution (1:40, aerosol:air). A similar response was observed when plotted against nicotine; a statistical difference between 3R4F and THPs (p < 0.0001) and no difference between the THPs (p = 0.0186). This pre-clinical in vitro biological testing forms part of a larger package of data to help assess the safety and risk reduction potential of next-generation tobacco products relative to cigarettes, using a weight of evidence approach.

A novel hybrid tobacco product that delivers a tobacco flavour note with vapour aerosol (Part 2): In vitro biological assessment and comparison with different tobacco-heating products.

This study assessed the toxicological and biological responses of aerosols from a novel hybrid tobacco product. Toxicological responses from the hybrid tobacco product were compared to those from a commercially available Tobacco Heating Product (c-THP), a prototype THP (p-THP) and a 3R4F reference cigarette, using in vitro test methods which were outlined as part of a framework to substantiate the risk reduction potential of novel tobacco and nicotine products. Exposure matrices used included total particulate matter (TPM), whole aerosol (WA), and aqueous aerosol extracts (AqE) obtained after machine-puffing the test products under the Health Canada Intense smoking regime. Levels of carbonyls and nicotine in these matrices were measured to understand the aerosol dosimetry of the products. The hybrid tobacco product tested negative across the in vitro assays including mutagenicity, genotoxicity, cytotoxicity, tumour promotion, oxidative stress and endothelial dysfunction. All the THPs tested demonstrated significantly reduced responses in these in vitro assays when compared to 3R4F. The findings suggest these products have the potential for reduced health risks. Further pre-clinical and clinical assessments are required to substantiate the risk reduction of these novel products at individual and population levels.

Electronic cigarette aerosol induces significantly less cytotoxicity than tobacco smoke.

Electronic cigarettes (E-cigarettes) are a potential means of addressing the harm to public health caused by tobacco smoking by offering smokers a less harmful means of receiving nicotine. As e-cigarettes are a relatively new phenomenon, there are limited scientific data on the longer-term health effects of their use. This study describes a robust in vitro method for assessing the cytotoxic response of e-cigarette aerosols that can be effectively compared with conventional cigarette smoke. This was measured using the regulatory accepted Neutral Red Uptake assay modified for air-liquid interface (ALI) exposures. An exposure system, comprising a smoking machine, traditionally used for in vitro tobacco smoke exposure assessments, was adapted for use with e-cigarettes to expose human lung epithelial cells at the ALI. Dosimetric analysis methods using real-time quartz crystal microbalances for mass, and post-exposure chemical analysis for nicotine, were employed to detect/distinguish aerosol dilutions from a reference Kentucky 3R4F cigarette and two commercially available e-cigarettes (Vype eStick and ePen). ePen aerosol induced 97%, 94% and 70% less cytotoxicity than 3R4F cigarette smoke based on matched EC50 values at different dilutions (1:5 vs. 1:153 vol:vol), mass (52.1 vs. 3.1 µg/cm2) and nicotine (0.89 vs. 0.27 µg/cm2), respectively. Test doses where cigarette smoke and e-cigarette aerosol cytotoxicity were observed are comparable with calculated daily doses in consumers. Such experiments could form the basis of a larger package of work including chemical analyses, in vitro toxicology tests and clinical studies, to help assess the safety of current and next generation nicotine and tobacco products.