An algorithm for Botulinum toxin A injection for upper eyelid retraction associated with thyroid eye disease: long-term results.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the efficacy and complications of transconjunctival Botulinum toxin A injections performed according to an algorithm, for the management of upper eyelid retraction associated with thyroid eye disease. METHODS: Seventy one eyes of 60 patients at the inactive stage, who had undergone Botulinum toxin A injection were reviewed retrospectively. Botulinum toxin A was injected transconjunctivally, just above the superior tarsal border of the upper eyelid in doses between 2-15 units according to an algorithm, depending on the amount of retraction. Margin-reflex distances were measured according to the photographs taken under standard conditions before and after the injections at the tenth day, then the second month and the fourth month. Additional Botulinum toxin A injections were performed in patients who had an undercorrection on the tenth day. Complications such as diplopia and ptosis were recorded. RESULTS: The study included 38 females, 22 males with a mean age of 43.3 ± 13.1. Normal margin-reflex distances (3-4 mm) were reached in the 58 of 71 eyes (81.7%). Additional injections were needed in eight eyes (11.2%) for residual retraction on the tenth day. Ptosis was the major complication in four eyes for 1-3 weeks after injection. Upper eyelid retraction recurred after 5.1 ± 0.9 months in all patients. CONCLUSION: In the treatment of upper eyelid retraction due to thyroid eye disease, transconjunctival injection of Botulinum toxin A is an effective, safe, transient, and repeatable method with few complications in patients. The algorithm used in this study resulted in high success rate in long-term follow-up.

Assessment of the macula and choroid in pediatric keratoconus patients.

PURPOSE: To present choroidal and macular thickness measurements in pediatric patients with keratoconus and to evaluate a possible correlation between anterior and posterior segment parameters. METHODS: 50 eyes of 50 patients and 50 eyes of 50 age-matched controls were included in this cross-sectional comparative study. The participants underwent ophthalmologic examination including; refraction, visual acuity, biomicroscopy, corneal topography and optical coherence tomography. The choroidal thickness (CT) was measured at subfoveal area and at 500 microns intervals to the nasal and temporal to the fovea up to 1500 microns. RESULTS: The mean age of the patients and controls were 12.4 ±â€¯1.9 and 12.0 ±â€¯2.1 years. The mean thinnest corneal pachimetry was 456 ±â€¯57 µm, the mean central macular thickness (CMT) was 258 ±â€¯24 µm and the mean subfoveal choroidal thickness was 342 ±â€¯30 µm for the patients. There was no significant difference between the patients and controls in regards of CMT and CT at any measured points (p > 0.05 for all). There was no correlation between anterior segment parameters and CMT. There was no correlation between anterior segment parameters and subfoveal choroidal thickness. CONCLUSIONS: We may conclude that keratoconus does not affect the CMT and CT of pediatric keratoconus patients, and we may propose that we do not need a correction for this group of patients when we need to evaluate the CMT and CT.