The Intrarenal Reflux Diagnosed by Contrast-Enhanced Voiding Urosonography (ceVUS): A Reason for the Reclassification of Vesicoureteral Reflux and New Therapeutic Approach?

Vesicoureteral reflux (VUR) is defined as the urine backflow from the urinary bladder to the pyelo-caliceal system. In contrast, intrarenal reflux (IRR) is the backflow of urine from the renal calyces into the tubulointerstitial space. VURs, particularly those associated with IRR can result in reflux nephropathy when accompanied by urinary tract infection (UTI). The prevalence of IRR in patients with diagnosed VUR is 1-11% when using voiding cystourethrography (VCUG), while 11.9-61% when applying the contrast-enhanced voiding urosonography (ceVUS). The presence of IRR diagnosed by VCUG often correlates with parenchymal scars, when diagnosed by a 99mTc dimercaptosuccinic acid scan (DMSA scan), mostly in kidneys with high-grade VURs, and when diagnosed by ceVUS, it correlates with the wide spectrum of parenchymal changes on DMSA scan. The study performed by both ceVUS and DMSA scans showed IRRs associated with non-dilated VURs in 21% of all detected VURs. A significant difference regarding the existence of parenchymal damage was disclosed between the IRR-associated and IRR-non-associated VURs. A higher portion of parenchymal changes existed in the IRR-associated VURs, regardless of the VUR grade. That means that kidneys with IRR-associated VURs represent the high-risk group of VURs, which must be considered in the future classification of VURs. When using ceVUS, 62% of places where IRR was found were still unaffected by parenchymal changes. That was the basis for our recommendation of preventive use of long-term antibiotic prophylaxis until the IRR disappearance, regardless of the VUR grade. We propose a new classification of VURs using the ceVUS method, in which each VUR grade is subdivided based on the presence of an IRR.

Mouse and human studies support DSTYK loss of function as a low-penetrance and variable expressivity risk factor for congenital urinary tract anomalies.

PURPOSE: Previous work identified rare variants in DSTYK associated with human congenital anomalies of the kidney and urinary tract (CAKUT). Here, we present a series of mouse and human studies to clarify the association, penetrance, and expressivity of DSTYK variants. METHODS: We phenotypically characterized Dstyk knockout mice of 3 separate inbred backgrounds and re-analyzed the original family segregating the DSTYK c.654+1G>A splice-site variant (referred to as "SSV" below). DSTYK loss of function (LOF) and SSVs were annotated in individuals with CAKUT, epilepsy, or amyotrophic lateral sclerosis vs controls. A phenome-wide association study analysis was also performed using United Kingdom Biobank (UKBB) data. RESULTS: Results demonstrate ∼20% to 25% penetrance of obstructive uropathy, at least, in C57BL/6J and FVB/NJ Dstyk-/- mice. Phenotypic penetrance increased to ∼40% in C3H/HeJ mutants, with mild-to-moderate severity. Re-analysis of the original family segregating the rare SSV showed low penetrance (43.8%) and no alternative genetic causes for CAKUT. LOF DSTYK variants burden showed significant excess for CAKUT and epilepsy vs controls and an exploratory phenome-wide association study supported association with neurological disorders. CONCLUSION: These data support causality for DSTYK LOF variants and highlights the need for large-scale sequencing studies (here >200,000 cases) to accurately assess causality for genes and variants to lowly penetrant traits with common population prevalence.

Bardet-Biedl syndrome caused by compound heterozygosity in BBS12 gene: a case report of one family with three affected members.

Introduction: Bardet-Biedl syndrome (BBS) is a rare genetic syndrome caused by a mutation in one of 26 different genes responsible for normal structure and/or function of primary cilia. The syndrome is characterized by multiorgan involvement with gradual onset of occurrence of clinical signs and symptoms resulting in great phenotypic variability and what is more important, often difficulties with establishing the timely diagnosis. Case report: We report a case of a one family with three members with BBS caused by a very rare mutation, a compound heterozygosity in BB12 gene. Even though all three patients have the same type of mutation, they express a significant diversity in clinical expression as well as renal impairment. Conclusion: This is a case report of a rare clinical syndrome caused by a very rare genetic mutation and it emphasizes the importance of genetic analysis in the timely diagnosis of oligosymptomatic patients with BBS, in order to possibly prevent long-term complications.

Multi-population genome-wide association study implicates immune and non-immune factors in pediatric steroid-sensitive nephrotic syndrome.

Pediatric steroid-sensitive nephrotic syndrome (pSSNS) is the most common childhood glomerular disease. Previous genome-wide association studies (GWAS) identified a risk locus in the HLA Class II region and three additional independent risk loci. But the genetic architecture of pSSNS, and its genetically driven pathobiology, is largely unknown. Here, we conduct a multi-population GWAS meta-analysis in 38,463 participants (2440 cases). We then conduct conditional analyses and population specific GWAS. We discover twelve significant associations-eight from the multi-population meta-analysis (four novel), two from the multi-population conditional analysis (one novel), and two additional novel loci from the European meta-analysis. Fine-mapping implicates specific amino acid haplotypes in HLA-DQA1 and HLA-DQB1 driving the HLA Class II risk locus. Non-HLA loci colocalize with eQTLs of monocytes and numerous T-cell subsets in independent datasets. Colocalization with kidney eQTLs is lacking but overlap with kidney cell open chromatin suggests an uncharacterized disease mechanism in kidney cells. A polygenic risk score (PRS) associates with earlier disease onset. Altogether, these discoveries expand our knowledge of pSSNS genetic architecture across populations and provide cell-specific insights into its molecular drivers. Evaluating these associations in additional cohorts will refine our understanding of population specificity, heterogeneity, and clinical and molecular associations.

Clinical and histopathological characteristics of COL4A3 c.2881+1G>A variant causing Alport spectrum disorders in Croatian population.

Alport syndrome (AS) and thin basement membrane nephropathy (TBMN) are part of the spectrum of kidney disorders caused by pathogenic variants in α3, α4, or α5 chains of the collagen type IV, the major structural component of the glomerular basement membrane (GBM). Using targeted next-generation sequencing (NGS), 34 AS/TBMN patients (58.8% male) from 12 unrelated families were found positive for heterozygous c.2881+1G>A variant of the COL4A3gene, that is considered disease-causing. All patients were from the continental or island part of Croatia. Clinical, laboratory, and histopathological data collected from the medical records were analyzed and compared to understand the clinical course and prognosis of the affected patients. At the time of biopsy or first clinical evaluation, the mean age was 31 years (median: 35 years; range: 1 - 72 years). Hematuria was present in 33 patients (97.1%) and 19 (55.9%) patients had proteinuria. There were 6 (17.6%) patients with hearing loss, 4 (11.8%) with ocular lesions, and 11 (32.4%) with hypertension. Twenty-three (67.6%) patients had proteinuria at follow-up, and 5 (14.7%) patients with the median age of 48 years (range: 27-55) progressed to kidney failure, started dialysis, or underwent kidney transplantation. Of the 13 patients who underwent kidney biopsy, 4 (30.8%) developed focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS), and 8 (66.7%) showed lamellation of the GBM, including all patients with FSGS. It is essential to conduct a detailed analysis of each collagen type IV genetic variant to optimize the prognosis and therapeutic approach for affected patients.

The Spectrum of Parenchymal Changes in Kidneys Affected by Intrarenal Reflux, Diagnosed by Contrast-Enhanced Voiding Urosonography and DMSA Scan.

Purpose: To describe the parenchymal defects in kidneys with intrarenal reflux (IRR) diagnosed using contrast-enhanced voiding urosonography (ceVUS) and 99mTc-DMSA scintigraphy (DMSA scan). Materials and Methods: A group of 186 uretero-renal units (URUs) was analyzed using ceVUS and DMSA scans: 47 without vesicoureteral reflux (VUR) (group A) and 139 with VURs, comprising 73 VURs without (group B), and 66 with IRR (group C). VURs included non-dilating (grades I-II), mildly non-dilating (grade III), and non-dilating (grades IV-V) grades. The parenchymal changes were analyzed using a DMSA scan. Results: The median age for VUR diagnosis was 16.5 months in girls, and 8.5 months in boys (Z = 3.9; p = 0.001). IRR occurred in 51.4% of boys and in 25.9% of girls (χ2 = 12.4; p < 0.001). The non-dilating VUR occurred in 44% of boys and 24.1% of girls (χ2 = 7.7; p = 0.005). IRRs characterized upper and lower renal segments (81.8 and 63.6%) and middle segments (33.3%). Both incidence and increase in IRR correlated with the grade of VUR (p < 0.001). The incidence of reduced DMSA signal was statistically different among groups A + B and C, but not between groups A and B (χ2 = 32.2; p < 0.001). No statistically significant relationship existed between the reduced DMSA signal and the grade of VUR in group C. The reduced DMSA signal appeared in 9.9% positions in kidneys from group A, 14% from group B, and 32% from group C. Out of all 118 IRRs, 38.1% had reduced and 61.9% had normal DMSA signal. Among 11 parenchymal scars found in all three groups, 2 belonged to group B, 9 to group C, while group A had no scars. Conclusion: The parenchymal changes are the most prominent in the group with IRR, but they do not significantly differ among kidneys with different grades of VUR. VURs of higher grades are associated with a higher incidence of IRR and early clinical presentation. Scars can also appear in lower-grade VURs accompanied by IRR. Boys with VUR have earlier clinical presentation than girls, as they have significantly higher grades of VUR with a higher proportion of IRRs. Therefore, we suggest a subdivision of VURs into those with IRR and abundant parenchymal damage, and those without IRR and less parenchymal damage.

Differences in Immunohistochemical and Ultrastructural Features between Podocytes and Parietal Epithelial Cells (PECs) Are Observed in Developing, Healthy Postnatal, and Pathologically Changed Human Kidneys.

During human kidney development, cells of the proximal nephron gradually differentiate into podocytes and parietal epithelial cells (PECs). Podocytes are terminally differentiated cells that play a key role in both normal and pathological kidney function. Therefore, the potential of podocytes to regenerate or be replaced by other cell populations (PECs) is of great interest for the possible treatment of kidney diseases. In the present study, we analyzed the proliferation and differentiation capabilities of podocytes and PECs, changes in the expression pattern of nestin, and several early proteins including WNT4, Notch2, and Snail, as well as Ki-67, in tissues of developing, postnatal, and pathologically changed human kidneys by using immunohistochemistry and electron microscopy. Developing PECs showed a higher proliferation rate than podocytes, whereas nestin expression characterized only podocytes and pathologically changed kidneys. In the developing kidneys, WNT4 and Notch2 expression increased moderately in podocytes and strongly in PECs, whereas Snail increased only in PECs in the later fetal period. During human kidney development, WNT4, Notch2, and Snail are involved in early nephrogenesis control. In kidneys affected by congenital nephrotic syndrome of the Finnish type (CNF) and focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS), WNT4 decreased in both cell populations, whereas Notch2 decreased in FSGS. In contrast, Snail increased both in CNF and FSGS, whereas Notch2 increased only in CNF. Electron microscopy revealed cytoplasmic processes spanning the urinary space between the podocytes and PECs in developing and healthy postnatal kidneys, whereas the CNF and FSGS kidneys were characterized by numerous cellular bridges containing cells with strong expression of nestin and all analyzed proteins. Our results indicate that the mechanisms of gene control in nephrogenesis are reactivated under pathological conditions. These mechanisms could have a role in restoring glomerular integrity by potentially inducing the regeneration of podocytes from PECs.

A Remote Questionnaire-Based Study to Compare Alcohol Use in 1030 Final-Year High School Students in Split-Dalmatia County, Croatia Before and During the National Lockdown Due to the COVID-19 Pandemic.

BACKGROUND The COVID-19 pandemic affected drinking behaviors among adolescents. This remote questionnaire-based study aimed to compare alcohol use in 1030 final-year high school students in Split-Dalmatia County (SDC), Croatia before and during the national lockdown due to the COVID-19 pandemic. MATERIAL AND METHODS An online self-reported questionnaire survey was conducted among 1030 final-year high school students (57.96% female; mean age 17.71 years, SD=0.66) in SDC. The data were collected from June 6 to July 20, 2020 and from October 12 to December 28, 2020. Differences in drinking habits between groups were detected with the chi-squared (χ²) test and before and during the COVID-19 lockdown using the Z test. RESULTS Before the lockdown, 84.66% of students were consuming alcohol, most frequently with friends (78.64%) and "to feel better" (29.51%), while during the lockdown, 44.76% of them were drinking, most frequently with friends (34.37%) and due to boredom (17.48%). Drinking alone (P=0.005) and with family members (P=0.003) significantly increased during the lockdown. No difference in drinking between girls and boys was found before the lockdown, but boys were drinking more during the lockdown (P<0.001). There was no difference in drinking prevalence in different schools before the lockdown, but during the lockdown, more students from vocational schools were drinking (P<0.001) and with higher frequency (P=0.002). Among 53.98% of students during the lockdown, a reduction in frequency of drinking was found (P<0.001), most significantly on islands (P=0.05). CONCLUSIONS During the lockdown due to the COVID-19 pandemic, alcohol consumption by final-year high school students in SDC significantly decreased, particularly in girls and in gymnasium/private school students.

Expression of renal vitamin D receptors and metabolizing enzymes in IgA nephropathy.

AIM: One of the main causes of end-stage renal disease (ESRD) in the world is IgA nephropathy (IgAN). Since kidney is a key player in vitamin D metabolism, we investigated the expression of renal vitamin D receptors (VDR) and metabolizing enzymes in IgA nephropathy patients (IgAN-P). METHODS: The sample included twelve IgAN-P who underwent ultrasound-guided renal biopsies and five controls who underwent nephrectomy due to clear renal carcinoma. Immunofluorescent staining was used to determine the expression of VDR, 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 -alpha-hydroxylase (1alpha-OHase) and vitamin D3 24-hydroxylase (CYP24A1). RESULTS: Significant increase in expression of VDR, which was prominent in distal tubular cells (DTCs) in tissues from IgAN-P, was found in comparison to the controls (p = 0.0368). The expression of 1alpha-OHase, calcitriol synthesizing enzyme, was significantly lower in IgAN-P, in comparison with controls (p < 0.0001). The opposite, expression of CYP24A1 (vitamin D degrading enzyme), was significantly higher in IgAN-P in comparison with controls (p = 0.0003). Additionally, we found significant negative correlation between percentage of CYP24A1 immunoreactive nuclei in proximal tubular cells (PTCs) and estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) in IgAN-P (r = -0.6139; p = 0.0337). CONCLUSIONS: Our research indicates substantially decreased renal calcitriol production and increased vitamin D degradation in kidneys of IgAN-P, but larger studies are needed to confirm our results.

Laser-puncture of the ureterocele in neonatal patients significantly decreases an incidence of de novo vesico-ureteral reflux than electrosurgical incision.

INTRODUCTION: Endoscopic laser-puncture or electrosurgical incision are the most commonly used minimaly invasive approaches for the treatment of the ureterocele. Both techniques are mainly successful in decompressing of ureteroceles, but the consequence of such treatment may be formation of de novo vesicoureteral reflux and febrile urinary tract infection which could impact the final results. OBJECTIVE: To compare outcomes of treatment of two endoscopic techniques used in management of neonatal patients with intravesical ureterocele. STUDY DESIGN: A case records of 64 neonates who underwent endoscopic procedures for intravesical ureterocele, performed at our institution from January 2005 to January 2021, were retrospectively reviewed. The patients were divided in two groups depending on used endoscopic procedure. The first group (n = 41) consisted of patients who underwent electrosurgical incision of the ureterocele, while the second group (n = 23) consisted of patients in whom 6 to 8 laser-punctures of the ureterocele were performed. The groups were compared in regards to outcomes of treatment, with special emphasis on de novo vesicoureteral reflux and the need for further treatment and surgery. RESULTS: Median follow-up was 7.5 (IQR 3, 11.5) and 3.5 (IQR 1.5, 5) years in the electroincision and laser-puncture groups, respectively (P = 0.017). No significant differences between the groups in regards to medians of duration of surgery (12 min vs. 11 min, P = 0.670), length of hospital stay (2 days in both groups, P = 0.988) or postoperative obstruction (n = 1 vs. n = 0, P > 0.999) were recorded. Ureterocele decompression was achieved after endoscopic treatment in 87.9% and 100% of the patients in electrosurgery and laser-puncture groups, respectively (P = 0.150). Five patients (12.1%) from electrosurgery group required endoscopic retreatment. The laser-puncture group had a significantly decreased rate of de novo vesicoureteral reflux (8.7% vs. 58.5%; P = 0.0001) and lower incidence of subsequent surgery due to de novo vesicoureteral reflux (50% vs. 62.5%; P = 0.727). CONCLUSION: Both electrosurgical incision and laser-puncture endoscopic techniques are safe and effective in relieving the obstruction. Laser-puncture technique is associated with significantly lower incidence of de novo vesicoureteral reflux and accordingly fewer invasive procedures for neonatal patients.

Intrarenal Reflux in the Light of Contrast-Enhanced Voiding Urosonography.

Purpose: The aim of this study was to analyze the incidence of intrarenal reflux (IRR) among vesicoureteral refluxes (VURs), diagnosed by contrast-enhanced voiding urosonography (ceVUS), to define VURs which are positive to IRR and their locations in the kidney. Materials and Methods: Seventy patients with VURs, including 103 uretero-renal units (URUs) with VURs of grades II-V (37 URUs were excluded because of renal anomalies or absence of VUR) were examined with ceVUS due to recurrent febrile UTI or first febrile UTI accompanied by abnormalities on renal ultrasonography. Patients were examined on GE Logiq S8 ultrasound machine, using second generation of ultrasound contrast agent. Results: Out of 103 VURs, 51 (49.51%) had IRR regardless the grade of VUR, showing increase in IRR incidence with VUR severity (p < 0.0001). The median age at the time of IRR diagnosis was 5 months (IQR, 3-14.3), whereas in patients without IRR, it was 15.5 months (IQR, 5-41.5), (p = 0.0069). IRR was most common in superior pole (80%), followed by inferior pole (62.7%), and middle segments (37%), and to all segments (27%) (p < 0.0001). Conclusion: In the present study, patients with IRR-associated VUR showed earlier clinical presentation. The distribution of IRRs corresponded to the natural distribution of composed papillae types II and III, while the incidence of IRR increased with severity of VUR. Further clinical studies may point to the importance of considering IRR in the future classification of VUR.

Types of Parenchymal Changes Diagnosed on DMSA Scans of Kidneys Affected by Different Grades of Vesicoureteral Reflux.

BACKGROUND Renal parenchymal damage and scarring usually is associated with urinary tract infection (UTI), whereas the impact of vesicoureteral reflux (VUR) on the kidneys is unclear. We aimed to compare kidneys with all grades of VUR (grades Io-V) and those without VUR by using direct radionuclide cystography, voiding cystourethrography, and findings from 99mTc-DMSA scintigraphy (DMSA scan). MATERIAL AND METHODS The present analysis included 253 renal ureteral units (RUU) from 129 children with VUR and recurrent UTI and children with a single febrile UTI associated with abnormal ultrasonographic findings. The 6 grades of VUR (Io, I, II, III, IV, and V) and 35 RUUs without VUR were divided into 4 groups: 1. Non-dilated VUR (grades Io-II); 2. Mildly dilated VUR (grade III); 3. Dilated VUR (grades IV-V); and 4. The control group. RESULTS DMSA scanning showed significant differences between the groups with non-dilated VUR, grade III VUR, grades IV-V VUR, and the control group in kidney width (χ²=30.5; P<0.001); position and shape (χ²=30.6; P<0.001); intensity of activity (χ²=38.1; P<0.001); distribution of activity (χ²=34.5; P<0.001); and existence of scars (χ²=16; P<0.001). The probability of abnormalities on DMSA scans increased with the VUR grade. However, inside the groups of dilated and non-dilated VUR we found no significant statistical differences between those characteristics. CONCLUSIONS Our results indicate that kidneys without VUR or with non-dilated lateral VUR and dilated VUR on the contralateral side represent 2 different categories of parenchymal changes.

Copy Number Variant Analysis and Genome-wide Association Study Identify Loci with Large Effect for Vesicoureteral Reflux.

BACKGROUND: Vesicoureteral reflux (VUR) is a common, familial genitourinary disorder, and a major cause of pediatric urinary tract infection (UTI) and kidney failure. The genetic basis of VUR is not well understood. METHODS: A diagnostic analysis sought rare, pathogenic copy number variant (CNV) disorders among 1737 patients with VUR. A GWAS was performed in 1395 patients and 5366 controls, of European ancestry. RESULTS: Altogether, 3% of VUR patients harbored an undiagnosed rare CNV disorder, such as the 1q21.1, 16p11.2, 22q11.21, and triple X syndromes ((OR, 3.12; 95% CI, 2.10 to 4.54; P=6.35×10-8) The GWAS identified three study-wide significant and five suggestive loci with large effects (ORs, 1.41-6.9), containing canonical developmental genes expressed in the developing urinary tract (WDPCP, OTX1, BMP5, VANGL1, and WNT5A). In particular, 3.3% of VUR patients were homozygous for an intronic variant in WDPCP (rs13013890; OR, 3.65; 95% CI, 2.39 to 5.56; P=1.86×10-9). This locus was associated with multiple genitourinary phenotypes in the UK Biobank and eMERGE studies. Analysis of Wnt5a mutant mice confirmed the role of Wnt5a signaling in bladder and ureteric morphogenesis. CONCLUSIONS: These data demonstrate the genetic heterogeneity of VUR. Altogether, 6% of patients with VUR harbored a rare CNV or a common variant genotype conferring an OR >3. Identification of these genetic risk factors has multiple implications for clinical care and for analysis of outcomes in VUR.

Connexin Signaling in the Juxtaglomerular Apparatus (JGA) of Developing, Postnatal Healthy and Nephrotic Human Kidneys.

Our study analyzed the expression pattern of different connexins (Cxs) and renin positive cells in the juxtaglomerular apparatus (JGA) of developing, postnatal healthy human kidneys and in nephrotic syndrome of the Finnish type (CNF), by using double immunofluorescence, electron microscopy and statistical measuring. The JGA contained several cell types connected by Cxs, and consisting of macula densa, extraglomerular mesangium (EM) and juxtaglomerular cells (JC), which release renin involved in renin-angiotensin- aldosteron system (RAS) of arterial blood pressure control. During JGA development, strong Cx40 expression gradually decreased, while expression of Cx37, Cx43 and Cx45 increased, postnatally showing more equalized expression patterning. In parallel, initially dispersed renin cells localized to JGA, and greatly increased expression in postnatal kidneys. In CNF kidneys, increased levels of Cx43, Cx37 and Cx45 co-localized with accumulations of renin cells in JGA. Additionally, they reappeared in extraglomerular mesangial cells, indicating association between return to embryonic Cxs patterning and pathologically changed kidney tissue. Based on the described Cxs and renin expression patterning, we suggest involvement of Cx40 primarily in the formation of JGA in developing kidneys, while Cx37, Cx43 and Cx45 might participate in JGA signal transfer important for postnatal maintenance of kidney function and blood pressure control.

Spatio-temporal patterning of different connexins in developing and postnatal human kidneys and in nephrotic syndrome of the Finnish type (CNF).

Connexins (Cxs) are membrane-spanning proteins which enable flow of information important for kidney homeostasis. Changes in their spatiotemporal patterning characterize blood vessel abnormalities and chronic kidney diseases (CKD). We analysed spatiotemporal expression of Cx37, Cx40, Cx43 and Cx45 in nephron and glomerular cells of developing, postnatal kidneys, and nephrotic syndrome of the Finnish type (CNF) by using immunohistochemistry, statistical methods and electron microscopy. During kidney development, strong Cx45 expression in proximal tubules and decreasing expression in glomeruli was observed. In developing distal nephron, Cx37 and Cx40 showed moderate-to-strong expression, while weak Cx43 expression gradually increased. Cx45/Cx40 co-localized in mesangial and granular cells. Cx43 /Cx45 co-localized in podocytes, mesangial and parietal epithelial cells, and with podocyte markers (synaptopodin, nephrin). Different Cxs co-expressed with endothelial (CD31) and VSMC (α -SMA) markers in vascular walls. Peak signalling of Cx37, Cx43 and Cx40 accompanied kidney nephrogenesis, while strongest Cx45 signalling paralleled nephron maturation. Spatiotemporal Cxs patterning indicate participation of Cx45 in differentiation of proximal tubules, and Cx43, Cx37 and Cx40 in distal tubules differentiation. CNF characterized disorganized Cx45 expression in proximal tubules, increased Cx43 expression in distal tubules and overall elevation of Cx40 and Cx37, while Cx40 co-localized with increased number of interstitial myofibroblasts.

Validation of distinct pathogenic patterns in a cohort of membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis patients by cluster analysis.

BACKGROUND: A novel data-driven cluster analysis identified distinct pathogenic patterns in C3-glomerulopathies and immune complex-mediated membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis. Our aim was to replicate these observations in an independent cohort and elucidate disease pathophysiology with detailed analysis of functional complement markers. METHODS: A total of 92 patients with clinical, histological, complement and genetic data were involved in the study, and hierarchical cluster analysis was done by Ward method, where four clusters were generated. RESULTS: High levels of sC5b-9 (soluble membrane attack complex), low serum C3 levels and young age at onset (13 years) were characteristic for Cluster 1 with a high prevalence of likely pathogenic variations (LPVs) and C3 nephritic factor, whereas for Cluster 2-which is not reliable because of the small number of cases-strong immunoglobulin G staining, low C3 levels and high prevalence of nephritic syndrome at disease onset were observed. Low plasma sC5b-9 levels, decreased C3 levels and high prevalence of LPV and sclerotic glomeruli were present in Cluster 3, and patients with late onset of the disease (median: 39.5 years) and near-normal C3 levels in Cluster 4. A significant difference was observed in the incidence of end-stage renal disease during follow-up between the different clusters. Patients in Clusters 3-4 had worse renal survival than patients in Clusters 1-2. CONCLUSIONS: Our results confirm the main findings of the original cluster analysis and indicate that the observed, distinct pathogenic patterns are replicated in our cohort. Further investigations are necessary to analyse the distinct biological and pathogenic processes in these patient groups.

Epidemiology of 10-year paediatric renal biopsies in the region of southern Croatia.

BACKGROUND: Information about renal diseases in children is available from national registries of renal biopsies. Aim of the study was to compare the clinical presentation of glomerular diseases and tubulointerstitial space diseases with pathohistological diagnosis of indicated renal biopsies from pediatric population in the Croatian region of Dalmatia. METHODS: Out of 231 pediatric patients with suspected glomerular and tubulointerstitial diseases, 54 underwent ultrasound-guided renal biopsy at University Hospital of Split. Kidney allograft biopsy, and re-biopsy were excluded. The biopsy sections were examined under light microscopy, immunofluorescence and electron microscopy. The data was reviewed to determine the pathohistological spectrum and clinicopathologic correlations. We retrospectively analyzed kidney biopsy data from 2008 to 2017 and compared them to that between 1995 and 2005. RESULTS: The mean age of patients was 9.84 ± 5.4 years. Male:female ratio was 1.2:1. The main indications for biopsy were pure nephrotic syndrome without hematuria (25.9%), non-nephrotic proteinuria with haematuria (22.2%), nephritic syndrome with nephrotic proteinuria (18.5%), and isolated hematuria (16.7%). The most common pathohistological findings were IgA nephropathy (IgAN, 24.1%), minimal change disease (MCD, 16.7%), Henoch-Schönlein purpura glomerulonephritis (HSPN, 14.8%), Alport syndrome and focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (AS and FSGS, 11.1% each), tubulointerstitial nephritis and membranous glomerulopathy (TIN and MGN, 3.7% each), while other cases were diagnosed rarely. CONCLUSIONS: Changes in epidemiology of renal diseases in children between the analyzed periods showed an increasing trend of IgAN, MCD, HSPN, AS and FSGS, while mesangioproliferative glomerulonephritis (MesPGN) and endoproliferative glomerulonephritis (EDGN) showed a decreasing trend that can be explained with the new pathohistological classification.

C4 nephritic factor in patients with immune-complex-mediated membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis and C3-glomerulopathy.

BACKGROUND: Acquired or genetic abnormalities of the complement alternative pathway are the primary cause of C3glomerulopathy(C3G) but may occur in immune-complex-mediated membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis (IC-MPGN) as well. Less is known about the presence and role of C4nephritic factor(C4NeF) which may stabilize the classical pathway C3-convertase. Our aim was to examine the presence of C4NeF and its connection with clinical features and with other pathogenic factors. RESULTS: One hunfe IC-MPGN/C3G patients were enrolled in the study. C4NeF activity was determined by hemolytic assay utilizing sensitized sheep erythrocytes. Seventeen patients were positive for C4NeF with lower prevalence of renal impairment and lower C4d level, and higher C3 nephritic factor (C3NeF) prevalence at time of diagnosis compared to C4NeF negative patients. Patients positive for both C3NeF and C4NeF had the lowest C3 levels and highest terminal pathway activation. End-stage renal disease did not develop in any of the C4NeF positive patients during follow-up period. Positivity to other complement autoantibodies (anti-C1q, anti-C3) was also linked to the presence of nephritic factors. Unsupervised, data-driven cluster analysis identified a group of patients with high prevalence of multiple complement autoantibodies, including C4NeF. CONCLUSIONS: In conclusion, C4NeF may be a possible cause of complement dysregulation in approximately 10-15% of IC-MPGN/C3G patients.

Immunohistochemical expression pattern of RIP5, FGFR1, FGFR2 and HIP2 in the normal human kidney development.

AIM: Present study analyses the co-localisation of RIP5 with FGFR1, FGFR2 and HIP2 in the developing kidney, as RIP5 is a major determinant of urinary tract development, downstream of FGF-signaling. METHODS: Paraffin embedded human kidney tissues of 16 conceptuses between the 6th-22th developmental week were analysed using double-immunofluorescence method with RIP5/FGFR1/FGFR2 and HIP2 markers. Quantification of positive cells were performed using Kruskal-Wallis test. RESULTS: In the 6th week of kidney development RIP5 (89.6%) and HIP2 (39.6%) are strongly expressed in the metanephric mesenchyme. FGFR1 shows moderate/strong expression in the developing nephrons (87.3%) and collecting ducts (70.5%) (p < 0.05). RIP5/FGFR1 co-localized at the marginal zone and the ureteric bud with predominant FGFR1 expression. FGFR2 (26.1%) shows similar expression pattern as FGFR1 (70.5%) in the same kidney structures. RIP5/FGFR2 co-localized at the marginal zone and the collecting ducts (predominant expression of FGFR2). HIP2 is strongly expressed in collecting ducts (96.7%), and co-localized with RIP5. In 10th week, RIP5 expression decrease (74.2%), while the pattern of expression of RIP5 and FGFR1 in collecting ducts (33.4% and 91.9%) and developing nephrons (21.9% and 32.4%) (p < 0.05) is similar to that in the 6th developmental week. Ureter is moderately expressing RIP5 while FGFR1 is strongly expressed in the ureteric wall. FGFR2 is strongly expressed in the collecting ducts (84.3%) and ureter. HIP2 have 81.1% positive cells in the collecting duct. RIP5/FGFR1 co-localize in collecting ducts and Henley's loop. CONCLUSIONS: The expression pattern of RIP5, FGFR1, FGFR2 and HIP2 in the human kidney development might indicate their important roles in metanephric development and ureteric muscle layer differentiation through FGF signaling pathways.

Author Correction: The copy number variation landscape of congenital anomalies of the kidney and urinary tract.

In the version of this article initially published, affiliation 38 incorrectly read "ICNU-Nephrology and Urology Department, Barcelona, Spain"; "Renal Division, Hospital Clinic, IDIBAPS, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain" is the correct affiliation. The error has been corrected in the HTML and PDF versions of the article.