Ion beam analysis (IBA) and instrumental neutron activation analysis (INAA) for forensic characterisation of authentic Viagra® and of sildenafil-based illegal products.

Illegal trafficking of pharmaceutical products by criminal organisations is a global threat for public health. Drugs for erectile dysfunction such as phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitors are the most commonly counterfeited medicines in Europe. The search of possible toxic chemical substances in seized products is needed to provide early warning for public health. Furthermore, the elemental profile of the seized products can be useful in criminal investigations. For the first time an ion beam analysis (IBA) procedure to characterise authentic Viagra® tablets and sildenafil-based illegal products is described. Moreover, results are compared with the ones obtained by instrumental neutron activation analysis (INAA) on authentic Viagra® tablets in two reactors. IBA results showed that a combination of particle-induced X-ray emission (PIXE) and secondary ion mass spectrometry using primary ions with energies in the range of several MeV (MeV-SIMS) is a powerful tool to characterise different products in a straightforward manner, allowing discrimination between legal and illegal products. INAA allowed accurate elemental quantification and also showed a great potential for the future implementation of an inter-laboratory classification system.

Large-scale production of lutetium-177m for the 177mLu/177Lu radionuclide generator.

In this work, 177mLu has been produced by irradiation of natural Lu2O3 targets at the BR2 reactor (Mol, Belgium) and the obtained data together with literature values have been used to theoretically investigate the production of 177mLu at different neutron fluxes, irradiation times and enrichment of 176Lu. The irradiation time (tmax) needed to reach the maximum 177mLu production has been found to change from 42, 12, 4 days with the increase in the thermal neutron flux from 2*1014, 8*1014, 2.5*1015 n cm-2 s-1, respectively while keeping the maximum 177mLu activity unaffected. The results of our calculations suggest that 0.11 TBq 177mLu with a specific activity of 0.3 TBq g-1 Lu can be produced in a short irradiation time of 4 days using 1g of 84.44% 176Lu enriched Lu2O3 and a thermal neutron flux of 2.5*1015 n cm-2 s-1.