RESUMO
INTRODUCTION: This study investigated the networks of Negative motor areas (NMAs) using electric cortical stimulation and diffusion tensor imaging (DTI). METHODS: Twelve patients with intractable focal epilepsy, in which NMAs were identified by electrical cortical stimulation, were enrolled in this study. Electric stimulation at 50Hz was applied to the electrodes during motor tasks to identify the NMAs. DTI was used to identify the subcortical fibers originating from the NMAs found by electrical stimulation. RESULTS: NMAs were found in lateral frontal areas (premotor area (PM) and precentral gyrus) in all 12 patients, in pre-supplementary motor areas (pre-SMAs) in four patients, and in posterior parietal cortices (PPCs) in four. DTI detected fibers connecting to the ipsilateral PMs, PPCs and temporal regions via U-fibers, superior longitudinal fasciculus (SLF), and arcuate fasciculus (AF) from the lateral frontal NMAs. Pre-SMA-NMAs had connections with ipsilateral PMs and contralateral pre-SMAs via the frontal aslant tract and transcallosal commissural fibers, and PPC-NMAs with ipsilateral PMs via SLF and AF. CONCLUSION: This study found the characteristic cortical network of each NMA, and especially revealed new insight of pre-SMA-NMA and PPC NMA. These NMAs might be associated with different mechanism of negative motor response.
Assuntos
Imagem de Tensor de Difusão , Estimulação Elétrica , Epilepsias Parciais/terapia , Lobo Frontal , Humanos , Rede Nervosa , Vias NeuraisRESUMO
Rice is the main food taken every day in Japan. We introduced hypoallergenic rice (95% of albumin and globulin were taken off by hyperpressure method) for 4 weeks to 7 atopic dermatitis patients (m 3, f 4), 11 mo-4 y 8 m (mean 3 y 2 m) who showed the RAST score of rice 1 or more. Stimulation Index by CAST (cellular antigen stimulation test) were compared before and after taking the rice (50-100 g). By albumin (0.1-100 micrograms/ml), maximum decreases of S.I. were 22.4-96.5% (mean 70.9) and by globulin maximum decreases of S.I. were (0.1-100 micrograms/ml) 33.3-97.0% (mean 72.9). In all the patients the skin conditions were improved.
Assuntos
Dermatite Atópica/terapia , Hipersensibilidade Alimentar/terapia , Oryza/imunologia , Adulto , Albuminas/imunologia , Pré-Escolar , Feminino , Globulinas/imunologia , Humanos , Lactente , MasculinoAssuntos
Poliomielite/epidemiologia , Poliomielite/virologia , Poliovirus/isolamento & purificação , Vigilância da População , Adulto , Criança , Feminino , Humanos , Lactente , Japão/epidemiologia , Masculino , Poliovirus/genética , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase , Polimorfismo de Fragmento de RestriçãoRESUMO
Fecal specimens from patients with acute diarrhea were collected from 10 prefectures in Japan over a 6-month period (November 1992 to April 1993), and the specimens that were negative for human group A rotaviruses were screened for the presence of human group C rotaviruses (CHRVs) by the reverse passive hemagglutination test. Of 784 specimens examined, 53 samples (6.8%) that were collected in 7 of 10 prefectures were positive for CHRV, indicating that CHRVs are widely distributed across Japan. Most of the CHRV isolates were detected in March and April, and CHRVs mainly prevailed in children ages 3 to 8 years. The genome electropherotypes of eight strains isolated in five individual prefectures were surprisingly similar to each other and were different from those of CHRV strains isolated to date. The outer capsid glycoprotein (VP7) gene homologies of the isolates retrieved in 1993 were subsequently analyzed by the dot blot hybridization method. As a result, the VP7 genes of the isolates revealed very high levels of homology not only with each other but also with the VP7 gene of the OK118 strain isolated in 1988. These results suggest that a large-scale outbreak of CHRV occurred during the winter of 1992 and 1993 in Japan.
Assuntos
Antígenos Virais , Proteínas do Capsídeo , Rotavirus/isolamento & purificação , Adolescente , Sequência de Bases , Capsídeo/genética , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Fezes/virologia , Feminino , Genes Virais , Humanos , Lactente , Japão , Masculino , Dados de Sequência Molecular , Rotavirus/genética , Fatores de TempoRESUMO
The prevalence of measles antibody in Japan was surveyed with a newly developed gelatin particle agglutination (PA) test, and the results compared with those of the hemagglutination inhibition (HI) test. The two age-distribution curves of the PA antibody-positive rates at > or = 1:8 and > or = 1:32 were almost the same in all the age groups, except the less-than-1-year-old group for which the rate at > or = 1:8 was higher than that at > or = 1:32 (p < 0.05, chi 2 test). In the vaccinated children, all groups older-than-1-year of age had antibody-positive levels of 96% or more. In contrast, in the unvaccinated children, there was a sharp increase in antibody-positive rates between the 1- and 4-year-old groups, indicative that about 80% of the children were infected by wild measles virus at these ages. A significant number of PA antibody-positive specimens were antibody-negative (< 1:8) by HI. The percentage of specimens in this category, PA (+) but HI (-), was greatest in infants less than one year old, and least in young children, but it increased with age to 97% of the HI (-) specimens from adults of more than 20 years of age. The PA test therefore detected some measles antibodies that HI could not. This test is simple and useful for making serosurveys in both developed and developing countries.
Assuntos
Testes de Aglutinação/métodos , Anticorpos Antivirais/sangue , Gelatina , Testes de Inibição da Hemaglutinação/métodos , Sarampo/epidemiologia , Adolescente , Adulto , Distribuição por Idade , Animais , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Humanos , Lactente , Japão/epidemiologia , Sarampo/sangue , Sarampo/imunologia , Prevalência , Sensibilidade e Especificidade , Estudos Soroepidemiológicos , VacinaçãoRESUMO
Protection against human T-cell leukemia virus type-I (HTLV-I) infection in cynomolgus monkeys, achieved by immunizing the animals with env gene products of HTLV-I produced in Escherichia coli, was evaluated. Four monkeys that had been immunized with the env product produced antibody against HTLV-I gp68 and gp46, and their sera were found to cause strong inhibition of syncytium formation of a cat fibroblast cell line induced by HTLV-I. Immunized and non-immunized monkeys were challenged with live MT-2 cells, a high HTLV-I-producer cell line. After challenge, all the control non-immunized monkeys were infected with HTLV-I, as judged by the frequent detection of HTLV-I-antigens in cultures of their peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC), whereas no antigens were recovered from PBMC of immunized monkeys. These results indicate that humoral immunity against HTLV-I-envelope protein elicited by immunization with the polypeptides synthesized in bacteria protected the monkeys against primary infection with HTLV-I.
Assuntos
Infecções por Deltaretrovirus/prevenção & controle , Deltaretrovirus/imunologia , Proteínas do Envelope Viral/imunologia , Vacinas Virais/imunologia , Animais , Anticorpos Antivirais/análise , Anticorpos Antideltaretrovirus , Infecções por Deltaretrovirus/imunologia , Escherichia coli/genética , Imunização , Macaca fascicularis , MasculinoRESUMO
Proviral integration of a simian retrovirus highly homologous to human T-cell leukemia virus type I was examined in cellular DNAs extracted from primary peripheral blood lymphocytes of 31 adult African green monkeys (Cercopithecus aethiops) that were seropositive for simian T-cell leukemia virus type I (STLV-I). Among these monkeys, one case with overt leukemia, showing pleomorphic leukemia cells similar to those in human adult T-cell leukemia (ATL), and five cases in a preleukemic state of ATL-like disease were found. Judging from the integration site of the provirus genome, primary lymphocytes of these leukemic or preleukemic cases contained monoclonally proliferated STLV-I-infected cells, whereas lymphocytes of other seropositive monkeys without hematological abnormalities were polyclonal, and those of seronegative monkeys did not contain the provirus. The restriction patterns with PstI ans SstI of most STLV-I proviruses were identical to those of the previous isolate from this species, but in three monkeys there was a deletion of one PstI site. From the correlation of the development of simian ATL-like disease with the monoclonal integration of the STLV-I provirus genome, it should be indicated that STLV-I has similar leukemogenicity to human T-cell leukemia virus type I, and so STLV-I infection in African green monkeys will be useful as an animal model of human ATL.
Assuntos
Cercopithecus , Chlorocebus aethiops , Infecções por Deltaretrovirus/veterinária , Genes Virais , Doenças dos Macacos/etiologia , Animais , Antígenos Virais/análise , Linhagem Celular , DNA Viral/análise , Deltaretrovirus/genética , Infecções por Deltaretrovirus/sangue , Infecções por Deltaretrovirus/microbiologia , Feminino , Linfócitos/microbiologia , Doenças dos Macacos/sangue , Sequências Repetitivas de Ácido Nucleico , Retroviridae/genéticaRESUMO
Studies were made of the hematologic features of 23 adult African green monkeys (Cercopithecus aethiops) naturally infected with simian T-cell leukemia virus (STLV), which is closely related to human T-cell leukemia virus type I. None of the STLV-infected monkeys showed any clinical signs, but their absolute lymphocyte count and percentage of atypical lymphocytes were significantly higher than those of uninfected monkeys. Three STLV-infected monkeys had especially high percentages of atypical lymphocytes. Most of the atypical lymphocytes were small- or medium-sized lymphocytes with a lobulate or convoluted nucleus, and were very similar to the leukemic cells in human cases of adult T-cell leukemia (ATL), while other atypical cells were large lymphoblastoid cells. Both types of atypical cells were positive for Leu2a and Tac antigens, and expressed STLV antigen after short-term culture. These findings suggested the presence of a preleukemic state in these STLV-infected monkeys similar to that seen in human ATL, and indicated the value of this natural infection system as an animal model of ATL in humans.
Assuntos
Cercopithecus , Chlorocebus aethiops , Infecções por Deltaretrovirus/veterinária , Doenças dos Macacos/sangue , Pré-Leucemia/veterinária , Infecções Tumorais por Vírus/veterinária , Animais , Antígenos de Superfície/análise , Antígenos Virais/análise , Infecções por Deltaretrovirus/sangue , Contagem de Leucócitos , Linfócitos/imunologia , Pré-Leucemia/sangue , Membro 7 da Superfamília de Receptores de Fatores de Necrose Tumoral , Infecções Tumorais por Vírus/sangueRESUMO
The result of the complement fixation (CF) test for the antibody to herpes simplex virus (HSV) in sera of the cynomolgus monkeys was compared with that of the neutralization test (NS) for the antibody to herpes B virus (HBV) in the same sera. Fifty-seven (74%) of 77 wild-originated monkeys were positive for HSV-CF, while 65 (84%) of the 77 animals were positive for HBV-SN. All of the 57 CF positive cases were also positive for HBV-SN. On the other hand, 30 (75%) of 40 laboratory-bred monkeys had neither HSV-CF antibody nor HBV-SN antibody. Remaining 10 of the 40 laboratory-bred animals were positive for HSV-CF. However, no HBV-SN antibody was detected in nine of the 10 HSV-CF positive animals. These results suggest that the HSV-CF test may be as satisfactory as the HSV-SN test as a practical measure for rough screening of HBV infection in the cynomolgus monkey in laboratories having no containment unit for handling HBV.
Assuntos
Anticorpos Antivirais/análise , Herpesviridae/imunologia , Herpesvirus Cercopitecino 1/imunologia , Macaca fascicularis/microbiologia , Macaca/microbiologia , Simplexvirus/imunologia , Animais , Animais de Laboratório , Testes de Fixação de Complemento , Feminino , Infecções por Herpesviridae/diagnóstico , Infecções por Herpesviridae/veterinária , Macaca fascicularis/imunologia , Masculino , Doenças dos Macacos/diagnóstico , Testes de NeutralizaçãoRESUMO
An African green monkey naturally infected with simian T-lymphotropic virus (STLV) developed spontaneous malignant lymphoma of diffuse pleomorphic type. The clinical, hematological and histopathological characteristics were very similar to those of human adult T-cell leukemia.
Assuntos
Cercopithecus , Chlorocebus aethiops , Linfoma/veterinária , Doenças dos Macacos/patologia , Infecções Tumorais por Vírus/veterinária , Animais , Feminino , Linfoma/sangue , Linfoma/complicações , Linfoma/patologia , Doenças dos Macacos/sangue , Retroviridae , Infecções Tumorais por Vírus/sangue , Infecções Tumorais por Vírus/complicações , Infecções Tumorais por Vírus/patologiaRESUMO
Spontaneous T-cell leukemia similar to human adult T-cell leukemia (ATL) was found in an African green monkey naturally infected with simian retrovirus closely related to human T-cell leukemia virus type I (HTLV-I). Monoclonal integration of the simian retrovirus was detected in the primary leukemic cells, suggesting an association of the retrovirus with ATL-like leukemia in the monkey.
Assuntos
Deltaretrovirus/isolamento & purificação , Leucemia/veterinária , Doenças dos Macacos/metabolismo , Retroviridae/isolamento & purificação , Linfócitos T , Animais , Chlorocebus aethiops/microbiologia , Feminino , Leucemia/microbiologia , Leucemia/patologia , Linfonodos/patologia , Doenças dos Macacos/patologia , Linfócitos T/patologiaRESUMO
Twenty three strains of simian viruses isolated from nasopharyngeal swabs and respiratory tissues of cynomolgus monkeys showing mild symptoms of respiratory disorders were classified into three groups by their biological, serological and morphological characteristics. Thirteen strains classified as group 1 were judged to be enteroviruses. Four strains of group 2 and six strains of group 3 were identified as simian adenoviruses. Yields of the ten simian adenoviruses of groups 2 and 3 were compared in three continuous cell lines after several serial passages.
Assuntos
Adenoviridae/isolamento & purificação , Enterovirus/isolamento & purificação , Macaca fascicularis/microbiologia , Macaca/microbiologia , Animais , Efeito Citopatogênico Viral , Hemaglutininas Virais/análise , Replicação ViralRESUMO
The neutralizing activity against human enterovirus type 70 was found in serum samples from normal cattle, horses, sheep, goats, swine and chickens raised in Japan. The frequency was variable depending upon animal species and the year of bleeding. The neutralizing activity in bovine sera was shown to reside in IgM by sucrose gradient centrifugation and immune gel electrophoresis. These findings suggested that the neutralizing substance in domestic animal sera is the antibody of IgM class elicited by unidentified viruses antigenically related to human enterovirus type 70.
Assuntos
Enterovirus/imunologia , Imunoglobulina M/análise , Envelhecimento , Animais , Bovinos , Galinhas , Cabras , Testes de Hemaglutinação , Cavalos , Imunoeletroforese , Macaca fascicularis , Ovinos , Especificidade da Espécie , SuínosRESUMO
One hundred and eighty-one cynomolgus monkeys born and raised at Tsukuba Primate Center for Medical Science (TPC) were serologically examined for the presence of antibodies against simian virus 5, measles virus and herpes simplex virus. All of them were virtually free from infections with these viruses, whereas wild-originated breeders kept at TPC were highly positive for these antibodies. These results can be regarded as demonstrating that an indoor breeding system such as TPC's is useful and valuable for producing nonhuman primates of good quality being completely free from those viral infections.
Assuntos
Anticorpos Antivirais/análise , Macaca fascicularis/imunologia , Macaca/imunologia , Vírus do Sarampo/imunologia , Respirovirus/imunologia , Simplexvirus/imunologia , Animais , Cruzamento , Herpes Simples/veterinária , Sarampo/veterinária , Doenças dos Macacos/epidemiologia , Infecções por Paramyxoviridae/veterinária , Viroses/veterináriaRESUMO
One hundred and thirty-nine bovine sera collected in Senegal in 1968 and 1969, before the human pandemic of acute hemorrhagic conjunctivitis (AHC), and 145 sera collected in 1977, seven years after the introduction of AHC, were tested for virus neutralizing (VN) titers against enterovirus 70 (EV70) in neutralization tests. Positive rates of VN titers (1:16) were fairly constant (about 40%) in 1968 and 1969 but the proportion of positives from the 1977 collection was significantly higher (61%). The proportion of Ghanaian bovine sera positive in 1977 (39%) was comparable with those collected earlier in Senegal but the proportion was lower in sera of calves (7%). Similar studies were performed on sheep sera collected in 1966, 1967, 1968, and 1969 in Senegal. The proportions positive and the geometric mean titers (GMTs) peaked in alternate years: the proportions were 43% and 54% in 1966 and 1968 but dropped to 12% and 5% in 1967 and 1969, respectively. The prevalence rate for Ghanaian sheep sera in 1977 was comparable to the earlier figures in Senegal. The prevalence of VN (83%) and the GMT (1:27.28) in swine sera in Ghana in 1977 were much higher than those seen in chickens and dogs. However, 87 sera of wild monkeys caught in Senegal after 1970 were negative in neutralization tests. The VN substance detected in these domestic animals was found to be 2-mercaptoethanol sensitive; hence it is considered to belong to IgM. The results seem to favor the hypothesis that enterovirus type 70 (EV70) evolved from an animal enterovirus which shares a common antigen with EV70.
Assuntos
Doenças da Túnica Conjuntiva/imunologia , Infecções por Enterovirus/imunologia , Animais , Bovinos , Galinhas , Chlorocebus aethiops , Doenças da Túnica Conjuntiva/epidemiologia , Cães , Infecções por Enterovirus/epidemiologia , Erythrocebus patas , Gana , Cabras , Testes de Neutralização , Papio , Senegal , Ovinos , Suínos , Fatores de TempoRESUMO
Human sera were collected in Senegal, Nigeria, Ivory Coast, Dahomey, Liberia, Gabon and Togo during the pre-epidemic period of acute hemorrhagic conjunctivitis (AHC) from 1965 to 1969, and tested for virus neutralizing (VN) antibody to enterovirus type 70 (EV70). Of these, 1109 (91%) were antibody negative (less than equal to 1:4), 116 (9%) neutralized at a dilution of 1:8 or over, and 45 (4%) at dilutions of at least 1:16. The distribution pattern is not significantly different from that of sera collected from Kenya in 1967 or from army recruits in the United States, Argentina, Brazil and Colombia in the 1960s. Sera collected during the post-epidemic period (1970 to 1977) in Senegal, Sierra Leone, Mali, Upper Volta, Chad, Niger and Gabon were also examined; 1573 (68%) were VN antibody negative (less than or equal to 1:4), while 733 (32%) and 433 (19%) had titers of 1:8 or greater and 1:16 or over, respectively. There is a significant difference in distribution between pre- and post-epidemic antibody titers (p less than 0.001), although the incidence of AHC was lower in these countries than in Ghana and Southeast Asia. The prevalence of VN antibodies tends to be lower in the dry, hot inland areas and thus humid coastal monsoonal climates and dense populations seem to favor the spread of AHC.
Assuntos
Anticorpos Antivirais/análise , Conjuntivite/imunologia , Infecções por Enterovirus/imunologia , Adolescente , Adulto , África Ocidental , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Clima , Conjuntivite/epidemiologia , Surtos de Doenças , Infecções por Enterovirus/epidemiologia , Métodos Epidemiológicos , Humanos , Lactente , Recém-NascidoRESUMO
On 592 cynomolgus monkeys of newly-imported 14 different groups, sero-epidemiological follow-up surveys of natural infections with SV5, measles (MV) and herpes simplex (HSV) were conducted both at the time of arrival and at the end of the 9-week quarantine period at Tsukuba Primate Center for Medical Science (TPC). At the time of arrival, the positive rate of antibodies against these viruses greatly varied with different countries of origin. As regards SV5, the positive rate ranged widely from 0 to 94.9% among different import-groups, being markedly low in the Philippine monkey groups. The positive rate of MV antibody was generally very high, varying from 11.1 to 78.2% in almost all import-groups except two groups from Indonesia in which no positive case was detected. Concerning HSV, every import-group had a very high positive rate though the average antibody titer was not so high. Generally, the positive rates of SV5 and MV markedly increased by the end of quarantine period. Especially, MV positive rate reached 100% in almost all of the import-groups. However, two Indonesian groups showed no increase of SV5 and MV positive rates during the quarantine period. No increase of SV5 positive rate was detected either with any of three Philippine groups. As for HSV, the positive rate remained unchanged or rather decreased during the quarantine period in almost all groups except two Indonesian groups having shown a significant increase.
Assuntos
Herpes Simples/veterinária , Macaca fascicularis , Macaca , Sarampo/veterinária , Doenças dos Macacos/epidemiologia , Viroses/veterinária , Animais , Anticorpos Antivirais/análise , Herpes Simples/epidemiologia , Japão , Macaca/imunologia , Macaca/microbiologia , Macaca fascicularis/imunologia , Macaca fascicularis/microbiologia , Sarampo/epidemiologia , Quarentena , Testes Sorológicos , Viroses/epidemiologiaRESUMO
Human type "O," guinea pig, and chicken erythrocytes were agglutinated by enterovirus type 70 at 4 degrees C or room temperature. A hemagglutination inhibition test, using human "O" erythrocytes, is described for the serological diagnosis of acute hemorrhagic conjunctivitis caused by enterovirus type 70.
Assuntos
Enterovirus/imunologia , Testes de Inibição da Hemaglutinação , Testes de Hemaglutinação , Animais , Galinhas , Conjuntivite/etiologia , Cobaias , HumanosRESUMO
An extensive outbreak of acute hemorrhagic conjunctivitis (AHC) occurred from September to December 1974 in Thailand. At least 29 patients with polio-like motor paralysis that complicated AHC were hospitalized in Bangkok. Paired or triplicate samples of serum from 16 patients were tested for neutralizing antibody to enterovirus type 70 (EV70). A significant rise in titer of antibody was found for two patients, and the other 14 had neutralizing antibody titers ranging from 1:8 to 1:512 without an increasf larger than or equal to 1:16, a level which is considered to be diagnostically significant. Neutralizing antibody to EV70 was detected in 19S fractions of nine sera examined, but neutralizing antibody to three types of poliovirus was confined to 7S fractions. EV70 was isolated from one of seven stool specimens collected on day 37 after the onset of AHC and none of 10 samples of cerebrospinal fluid. These results and additional clinical and epidemiologic findings gave further support to the hypothesis that EV70 infection can cause polio-like motor paralysis as a complication of AHC.