Preoperative Cone Beam Computed Topography Assessment of Maxillary Sinus Variations in Dental Implant Patients.

This study aimed to evaluate the pathological factors and anatomical variations in the maxillary sinus in patients undergoing dental implant treatment using cone beam computed tomography (CBCT). CBCT, as a key imaging technique in dentistry, offers high-resolution images to assess bone morphology and quality, crucial for preoperative dental implant planning. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The study included a cohort of 200 patients recommended for CBCT as part of their preoperative evaluation. The methodology involved detailed CBCT image analysis to identify and document various anatomical variations due to pneumatization, exostosis, hypoplasia, polyps, cysts, foreign bodies, and anthroliths within the maxillary sinus. RESULTS: Pneumatization was the most common variation, present in 77.5% of subjects. Polypoid lesions were found in 17.5% of patients, with a higher prevalence in younger age groups (57.1% in ages 20-35). Cysts and polyps affected 17.5% of subjects, predominantly males (65.7%). Anthroliths were observed in a minimal percentage (2%), and foreign bodies were found in 1.5% of the patients. Positive correlations were observed between the patient's age and both mucosal thickness and polypoid lesions and between the patient's gender and bone thickening (p-values < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: The study concluded that CBCT is essential in the preoperative assessment of the maxillary sinus in dental implant candidates due to its superior imaging capabilities, allowing for the identification of critical anatomical variations and pathologies. This thorough evaluation is imperative to ensure the success of implant placement and to mitigate potential complications. However, further research with larger, more diverse populations is recommended to confirm these findings.

Correction: Zamfir et al. Trends in Coronary Artery Anomalies Detection by Coronary Computed Tomography Angiography (CCTA): A Real-Life Comparative Study before and during the COVID-19 Pandemic. Healthcare 2024, 12, 1091.

In the original publication [...].

Quantitative MRI of a Cerebral Cryptococcoma Mouse Model for In Vivo Distinction between Different Cryptococcal Molecular Types.

The controversially discussed taxonomy of the Cryptococcus neoformans/Cryptococcus gattii species complex encompasses at least eight major molecular types. Cerebral cryptococcomas are a common manifestation of cryptococcal neurological disease. In this study, we compared neurotypical symptoms and differential neurovirulence induced by one representative isolate for each of the eight molecular types studied. We compared single focal lesions caused by the different isolates and evaluated the potential relationships between the fungal burden and properties obtained with quantitative magnetic resonance imaging (qMRI) techniques such as diffusion MRI, T2 relaxometry and magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS). We observed an inverse correlation between parametric data and lesion density, and we were able to monitor longitudinally biophysical properties of cryptococcomas induced by different molecular types. Because the MRI/MRS techniques are also clinically available, the same approach could be used to assess image-based biophysical properties that correlate with fungal cell density in lesions in patients to determine personalized treatments.

Repetitive Self-Inflicted Craniocerebral Injury in a Patient with Antisocial Personality Disorder.

Self-inflicted penetrating injuries in patients with mental disorders are a rare phenomenon. The authors report the case of a prisoner who recurrently presented to the emergency department over a period of four years for self-insertion of six metal foreign bodies into the skull. Computed tomography each time revealed the presence of a metal foreign body (screw, nail, metal rod, and wire) passing through the frontal bone into the frontal lobe. In each situation, the foreign body was safely extracted with a favorable outcome. Despite the use of the latest imaging modalities, metal artifacts can limit the assessment of vascular involvement, and special attention must be given to preoperative planning. Surgical extraction of the foreign body can be safely performed when appropriate preoperative planning is carried out to consider all possible complications.

Trends in Coronary Artery Anomalies Detection by Coronary Computed Tomography Angiography (CCTA): A Real-Life Comparative Study before and during the COVID-19 Pandemic.

BACKGROUND: In the wake of the coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19) pandemic, affecting healthcare systems globally, urgent research is needed to understand its potential repercussions on the diagnosis and management of cardiovascular disorders. This emphasises the importance of detecting coronary artery anomalies (CAAs), rare conditions that can range from benign to potentially life-threatening manifestations. We aimed to retrospectively assess the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the detection of various coronary anomalies using Coronary Computed Tomography Angiography (CCTA) within a regional tertiary cardiology unit in north-eastern Romania, focusing on perceived occurrence in the population under study, types, and related demographic and clinical factors. METHODS: We analysed CCTA scans and investigated the trends in CAA detection among cardiology patients over a decade. We compared pre-COVID-19 and pandemic-era data to assess the impact of healthcare utilisation, patient behaviour, and diagnostic approaches on anomaly detection. RESULTS: Our analysis revealed a higher detection rate of CAAs during the pandemic (3.9% versus 2.2%), possibly highlighting differences in patient clinical profile and addressability changes presentation compared to the previous period. Origination and course anomalies, often linked to severe symptoms, were significantly higher pre-COVID-19 (64.1% versus 51.3%). Conversely, intrinsic CAAs, typically asymptomatic or manifesting later in life, notably increased during the pandemic (49.0% versus 61.4%; p = 0.020). CONCLUSIONS: Our study underscores a significant rise in CAA detection during the COVID-19 era, potentially linked to changes in cardiovascular and respiratory clinical patterns, with advanced imaging modalities like CCTA offering accuracy in identification.

Casting Light on The Hidden Prevalence: A Novel Perspective on Hypoplastic Coronary Artery Disease.

Background and Objectives: Coronary artery anomalies (CAAs) represent a group of rare cardiac abnormalities with an incidence of up to 1.2%. The aim of this retrospective study was to conduct a comprehensive epidemiological assessment of the prevalence of hypoplastic coronary arteries using coronary computed tomography angiography (CCTA) in patients with diagnosed CAAs and individuals presenting with cardiovascular manifestations in the north-eastern region of Romania. This study was motivated by the limited investigation of the CAAs conducted in this area. Methods: We analyzed data collected from 12,758 coronary computed tomography angiography (CCTA) records available at the "Prof. Dr. George I.M. Georgescu" Cardiovascular Diseases Institute, spanning the years 2012 to 2022. Results: Among 350 individuals with CAAs (2.7% of the total cohort), 71 patients (20.3% of the anomaly presenting group and 0.5% of the entire CCTA cohort) exhibited at least one hypoplastic coronary artery. The mean age of individuals diagnosed with hypoplastic coronary artery disease (HCAD) was 61 years, while the age distribution among them ranged from 22 to 84 years. Nearly equal cases of right and left dominance (33 and 31, respectively) were observed, with only 7 cases of co-dominance. Conclusions: HCAD may be considered underexplored in current published research, despite its potentially significant implications ranging to an increased risk of sudden cardiac arrest. The specific prevalence of HCAD among CAAs might be higher than previously reported, possibly reflecting better diagnostic accuracy of CCTA over classic coronary imaging. The absence of standard diagnostic and therapeutic protocols for HCAD underscores the necessity of a personalized approach for such cases.

Epidemiological and histopathological aspects of ocular melanomas in Northeastern Romania.

Ocular melanoma is a rare but complex disease in current medical practice. Our retrospective study spans over a period of 28 years and analyzed uveal and conjunctival melanomas that were consecutively admitted, diagnosed, and treated in the 2nd Ophthalmology Clinic of Prof. Dr. Nicolae Oblu Emergency Clinical Hospital, Iasi, Romania. The patients were selected from the records of the Department of Pathology of our Hospital, being diagnosed by standard histopathological techniques. The aim of this study was to summarize the epidemiological and pathological aspects of uveal and conjunctival melanomas in Northeastern region of Romania. In our study, we did not notice a predilection of uveal and conjunctival melanoma to one particular gender. The most common histological subtypes of ocular melanomas were the heavily pigmented spindle cell subtype, followed by the epithelioid subtype. Our patients sought medical help in a timely manner, before the systemic invasion of the disease could develop.

Epidemiological and pathological characteristics of spinal metastases from gastrointestinal cancers - a series of 40 cases.

Spinal metastases from gastrointestinal (GI) cancer are rare and as a result there are only case reports or small series in the literature. The aim of our work was to identify the demographic aspects, the location, and the histopathological aspects of spinal metastases from GI cancers diagnosed and treated in a reference Hospital in Romania over a period of nine years, and comparing the data obtained with those from the recent literature. This is a retrospective case series study on spinal metastases from GI cancers, developed in patients older than 18 years that were surgically treated between January 2013 and December 2021 within three Neurosurgery Clinics from Prof. Dr. Nicolae Oblu Emergency Clinical Hospital, Iasi, Romania, which is a tertiary Hospital in Romania regarding the surgical treatment of spinal metastases. We included in our study the patient's demographic data (age and gender), clinical data (location of spinal metastases), radiological investigations and pathological features of the lesions. Regarding the immunohistochemical stainings, the following antibodies were used: anti-cytokeratin (CK)7, anti-CK20, anti-CK19, anti-caudal-type homeobox 2 (CDX2), anti-human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2), and anti-Ki67. Our series included 40 adult patients (≥18 years old) with a male:female ratio of 3:1, in favor of male patients. The mean age of all patients was 66.42 years. The primary sites of spinal metastases from GI cancers were from all segments of the GI system: the most frequent, however, was from the colorectal level (40%) and the least from the oral cavity level (2.5%). The most common site of spinal metastases from GI cancer was predominantly lumbar region (47.5%), and the most frequent histological type was adenocarcinoma (57.5%), followed by hepatocellular carcinoma (27.5%), pancreatic ductal carcinoma (5%) and squamous cell carcinoma (2.5%). Our results have important clinical implications because they suggest that there are certain subsets of patients with certain types of GI cancers that cause metastases in certain regions of the spine.

Apoptosis of pro-B lymphocytes induced by NR4A1 activation in the presence of gingival fibroblast exosomes and TNFα, caspase 8, STAT3, and Akt pathways modulators.

There is a lack of data in the mainstream literature regarding the interactions between gingival fibroblasts, as a component of the local niche, and tumor precursors of B-lymphocytes. Although it is known that the development of tumors and tumor precursors depends on the local environment's characteristics. In order to experimentally evaluate the apoptosis of pro-B type lymphocytes, induced as a result of the known activation of orphan nuclear receptor 4A1 (NR4A1), through Cytosporone B (Csn-B, 10 µM), in the presence or absence of exosomes derived from gingival fibroblasts, we administered as a treatment: 1 µM R-7050 [functional inhibitor of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα)], 1 µM Z-IETD-FMK (functional inhibitor of caspase 8), 1 µM GSK690693 (functional inhibitor of Akt 1∕2∕3 pathways) and, last but not least, 1 µM scutellarin [functional inhibitor of receptor activator of nuclear factor-kappa B ligand (RANKL)] and therefore of the signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) pathway. Firstly, it is really clear that the presence of exosomes in the pro-B lymphocytes culture medium amplified the apoptotic effects of 10 µM Csn-B. The inhibition of tumoral precursors development, namely the pro-B type, might be highly dependent on the inhibition of Akt 1∕2∕3 pathways, the first and most important consequence being apoptosis induced by the activation of NR4A1 orphan nuclear receptors.

Cervico-Dorsal Intramedullary Spinal Cord Abscess with Aspergillus fumigates following Pulmonary Infection in an Immunocompetent Patient.

Invasive forms of aspergillosis of the nervous system are relatively rare and are usually diagnosed in immunocompromised patients. We present the case of a young female patient, treated in the last two months with corticosteroids and antifungal drug for pulmonary aspergillosis, who developed progressive paraparesis. An intramedullary abscess at the C7-D1 level was identified and the lesion was treated with a combination of surgery and antifungal therapy. Histopathologic findings of surgical specimens showed myelomalacia with Aspergillus hyphae and a peripheral rim of neutrophils. We consider that the use of multiple drugs and corticosteroids for our patient's initial community pneumonia could be the factor that transformed her into a mildly immunocompromised individual and permitted the Aspergillus spp. to disseminate through the blood and into the spinal cord. Moreover, we highlight the fact that more attention should be paid to living and working conditions of the patients, as a simple colonization of the lung with Aspergillus spp. could develop, in a short time, into an invasive disease with a high risk of mortality.

Organization of neurochemical interactions in young and older brains as revealed with a network approach: Evidence from proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H-MRS).

Aging is associated with alterations in the brain including structural and metabolic changes. Previous research has focused on neurometabolite level differences associated to age in a variety of brain regions, but the relationship among metabolites across the brain has been much less studied. Investigating these relationships can reveal underlying neurometabolic processes, their interdependency, and their progress throughout the lifespan. Using 1H-MRS, we investigated the relationship among metabolite concentrations of N-acetylaspartate (NAA), creatine (Cr), choline (Cho), myo-Inositol (mIns) and glutamate-glutamine complex (Glx) in seven voxel locations, i.e., bilateral sensorimotor cortex, bilateral striatum, pre-supplementary motor area, right inferior frontal gyrus and occipital cortex. These measurements were performed on 59 human participants divided in two age groups: young adults (YA: 23.2 ± 4.3; 18-34 years) and older adults (OA: 67.5 ± 3.9; 61-74 years). Our results showed age-related differences in NAA, Cho, and mIns across brain regions, suggesting the presence of neurodegeneration and altered gliosis. Moreover, associative patterns among NAA, Cho and Cr were observed across the selected brain regions, which differed between young and older adults. Whereas most of metabolite concentrations were inhomogeneous across different brain regions, Cho levels were shown to be strongly related across brain regions in both age groups. Finally, we found metabolic associations between homologous brain regions (SM1 and striatum) in the OA group, with NAA showing a significant correlation between bilateral sensorimotor cortices (SM1) and mIns levels being correlated between the bilateral striata. We posit that a network perspective provides important insights regarding the potential interactions among neurochemicals underlying metabolic processes at a local and global level and their relationship with aging.

Clinicopathological characteristics and prognostic factors of atypical meningiomas with bone invasion: a retrospective analysis of nine cases and literature review.

BACKGROUND: Meningiomas are the most common primary neoplasms of the central nervous system in adults, arising from the arachnoid cap cells. Thus, grade 2 meningiomas are situated on the border between benignity and malignancy. Among the many prognostic factors that have been investigated in these tumors, bone invasion is one of them. OBJECTIVE: The aim of our study was to identify whether bone invasion influences tumor recurrence and progression-free survival (PFS) in patients with atypical meningiomas (AMs). PATIENTS, MATERIALS AND METHODS: Out of 81 patients with AMs followed over a period of five years, we identified nine patients with bone invasion. We analyzed their demographic, clinical, imaging, and pathological characteristics, such as age, gender, radiological aspects, morphological features, extent of resection, recurrence rate, and PFS over a follow-up period of 60 months. Bone invasion was determined based on preoperative, surgical, and pathological reports. RESULTS: Out of the nine patients with bone invasion, four had convexity meningiomas, four had parasagittal meningiomas and one had a falcine meningioma. Regarding tumor recurrence∕progression, most patients (n=6) recurred within the first 24 months after surgery. Our study showed that the early recurrence/progression of tumor (at 12 months) correlated with extensive presence of malignancy criteria, especially with the presence of 15-18 mitoses∕10 high-power fields, as well as with large foci of spontaneous necrosis, but also with tumor bone infiltration, extensive bone lamellae destruction, and tumor infiltration of adjacent muscle with its atrophy due to tumor compression. Patients with bone invasion had a PFS of 29.3 months, compared to patients without invasion who had a higher PFS (49.3 months). Significant statistical associations were observed between bone invasion and tumor recurrence (p=0.002) and PFS (p=0.004). CONCLUSIONS: Our study emphasizes the importance of a thorough histopathological examination of the surgical specimen, which can provide significant data for the assessment of the progression of an AM [World Health Organization (WHO) grade 2] with bone invasion. AM infiltration in adjacent bone and muscle increases the rate of tumor recurrence and decreases PFS over a follow-up period of 60 months.

Histological findings for the absorption of small and large liposomes - the basis of future drug delivery and contrast media systems.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: The purpose of our study was to obtain and characterize carrier systems in different sizes that can affect oral absorption, since the mechanisms of liposome absorption are not yet fully understood. From stomach to the small intestine, liposomes can be gradually destroyed. Understanding the factors that affect oral absorption leads to developing safe and effective nanosystems to improve the oral delivery of therapeutics. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We determined the efficiency of the absorption of small and large liposomes at the level of gingival mucosa, heart, liver, testicles, kidneys, and lungs, using frozen-section fluorescence microscopy, on rat tissues after liposomes administration. A number of 36 male rats were divided in four groups: control groups, A and C, consisted of six rats each and did not receive liposomes; two other groups, B and D, were the experimental ones, and consisted of 12 male rats each. The animals received small liposomes (75-76 nm) and large liposomes (80-87 nm), respectively, administered either by endogastric tube or intraperitoneal injection. After 24 hours, the animals were sacrificed, and we harvested the organs. We performed frozen sections and analyzed them with fluorescence microscopy. RESULTS: The frozen sections obtained from all organs revealed a higher absorption level of small liposomes in the testicles, liver, and gum, while the large liposomes had a greater affinity for the liver, with variations dependent on the route of administration. CONCLUSIONS: Frozen-section fluorescence microscopy is a reliable technique for visualization of liposome absorption. Based on the size of these nanosystems, we revealed significant absorption for small liposomes in testicles, liver, heart, and gum, and for large liposomes mainly in the liver, compared with the control groups. The study advocates for the usage of liposomes for medical purposes, based on their absorption proprieties.

Surgical, Dermatological and Morphopathological Considerations in the Diagnosis and Treatment of Cutaneous Lymphoproliferative Tumors, Primary CD4.

Primary cutaneous lymphomas are a heterogeneous group of T-cell (CTCL) and B-cell lymphomas (CBCL) developing in the skin and without signs of extracutaneous disease at the time of diagnosis. The term "primary small/medium CD4+ T-cell lymphoma" was changed to "primary small/medium cutaneous CD4+ lymphoproliferative disorder" due to its indolent clinical behavior and uncertain malignant potential. This paper presents a rare case of primary cutaneous lymphoma with small to medium CD4+ T-cells. A 37-year-old patient presented with a tumor in the frontal region that had occurred approximately 8-9 months earlier. The tumor had a diameter of about 8-9 mm, well demarcated macroscopically, it was round in shape, about 6-7 mm high, pink in color, firm in consistency and painless during palpation. Surgical excision of the tumor was performed with a margin of safety of 8 mm and deep to the level of the frontal muscle fascia. The histopathological examination supported the diagnosis of cutaneous lymphoproliferation with a nodular disposition in the reticular dermis and extension around the follicular epithelia and sweat glands, composed mainly of dispersed medium-large lymphocytes. Additional immunohistochemical examination was requested. Immunohistochemical examination confirmed the diagnosis of "primary cutaneous CD4+ small/medium T-cell lymphoproliferative disorder." Patient monitoring was carried out through clinical dermatological controls at 3, 6, and 12 months. After one year, a cranio-cerebral MRI was performed. For the following 5 years, an annual dermatological examination accompanied by cranio-cerebral MRI, blood count, and pulmonary X-ray were recommended. Similarly to all solitary skin lesions, the prognosis is excellent in this case, the only treatment being surgical excision.

Anatomical study of circle of Willis on fresh autopsied brains. A study of a Romanian population.

Because the circle of Willis (CoW) supplies blood to the brain in case of occlusion of one of the cerebral arteries, identification of any change in its classical shape could be useful in the assessment of cerebrovascular morbidity. The purpose of our research was to study the anatomical variants of CoW identified on fresh brains obtained at the clinical autopsies of adult deceased patients belonging to a specific population (Northeastern region of Romania), as no data are available for Romania population up to date. The study group included consecutive patients who died in Prof. Dr. Nicolae Oblu Emergency Clinical Hospital, Iasi, Romania, due to medical causes between January 1, 2014 and June 30, 2016, to whom a clinical autopsy was performed. From a total of 96 circles of Willis, 29.17% presented an atypical morphology. We identified eight types of anatomical variants, which affected simultaneously both the posterior and the anterior parts of CoW in 46.42% of cases. The most frequent anatomical variants were hypoplasia (20.91%), followed by the absence of an artery (3.06%), and partially fetal type artery (2.04%). 67.86% of atypical CoW exhibited more than one anatomical variant of an artery in one circle. We identified nine of the 23 morphological patterns that were published to date, and also nine new types. Our research proved that in the population living in the Northeastern part of Romania the anatomical variations of circles of Willis are very polymorphic, with particular morphological aspects.

Complete oculomotor nerve palsy - first manifestation of gastric adenocarcinoma: clinical experience and literature review.

The diagnosis and management of the alteration of the normal function of the oculomotor nerve (third cranial nerve) varies depending on the characteristics of the paralysis, the age of the patient, and the associated symptoms and signs. Oculomotor nerve palsy may be caused by lesions located anywhere from the oculomotor nucleus to the termination of the third nerve in the extraocular muscles. Although there have been significant advances in neuroimaging to facilitate early diagnosis, the management of a patient presenting with isolated oculomotor palsy is still challenging. This review tackles the case of a 52-year-old patient, with a history of pulmonary tuberculosis (at the age of five), referred to the Department of Ophthalmology, St. Spiridon Emergency Clinical Hospital, Iasi, Romania. The patient had diplopia accompanied by right eyelid ptosis, symptoms that began suddenly 10 days before hospitalization. The clinical examination showed right eye grade II palpebral ptosis, exotropia with limitation of eyeball movements in adduction, supra-∕infraduction. Biomicroscopic examination of the anterior pole revealed the presence of anisocoria and light-near dissociation on the affected side. Numerous investigations were performed to identify the cause, starting with tumoral markers, which were within normal limits. Magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) was performed, and posterior communicating artery aneurysm was ruled out. The endocrinology examination and hormonal laboratory tests were also within normal parameters. Due to suspicions of generalized tuberculosis raised by the infectious disease doctor or presence of secondary lesions, thoraco-abdomino-pelvic computed tomography (CT) scan with contrast agent was done and its findings required gastroenterological exploration. After various explorations, the certainty diagnosis was set by histopathological examination, which revealed gastric adenocarcinoma.

Thymus pathology in myasthenia gravis with anti-acetylcholine receptor antibodies and concomitant Hashimoto's thyroiditis. A four-case series and literature review.

OBJECTIVE: Identifying the morphological features of thymus in patients with myasthenia gravis (MG) with anti-acetylcholine receptor (AChR) antibodies and concomitant Hashimoto's thyroiditis (HT), which were recruited from a single surgical unit of a tertiary referral hospital located in the North-Eastern region of Romania, over a period of 11 years. PATIENTS, MATERIALS AND METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed clinical, imaging, laboratory, thymic pathology, and outcome data that were obtained from medical records of patients with MG and concomitant HT, to whom a thymectomy was performed for a suspected thymic lesion. All the surgical interventions were done in the Third Clinic of Surgery, St. Spiridon Emergency County Hospital, Iasi, Romania, for an 11 years' period, i.e., from January 1, 2000 and December 31, 2010. RESULTS: Four patients (three females and one male) were included. The mean age of the patients at the time of their thymectomy was 40.25 years. Of all patients, 75% had moderate or severe MG, 100% had anti-AChR antibodies, and an electromyographic decrement greater than 25%. All patients have been diagnosed with HT in their past medical history by a full thyroid panel [high thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) values, low free thyroxine (fT4) values, and the presence of the anti-thyroid antibodies] and all of them have been treated with Euthyrox. Our four patients expressed different MG subtypes, each of them being associated with different thymus pathology. Thoracic computed tomography (CT) scan revealed heterogeneous mediastinal masses and established the correct diagnosis only in 25% of cases. The pathological exams also revealed a heterogeneous pattern of thymic lesions. In contrast with other studies, our patients with MG with anti-AChR antibodies and concomitant HT presented atrophic thymus more frequently (50%), but with particular morphological changes of Hassall's corpuscles. Also, 25% of cases were diagnosed with thymic lympho-follicular hyperplasia (TLFH) associated with thymic epithelial hyperplasia. In B2 thymoma, neoplastic epithelial cells expressed cytokeratin 19 (CK19) immunoreactivity, high Ki67 labeling index and strong p63 immunopositivity. CONCLUSIONS: In our series, MG and HT occurred simultaneously, or one of them was diagnosed before the other, raising some new questions regarding the immune mechanism of these two autoimmune diseases. Due to the heterogeneous morphological changes of the thymus that we found in this study, we can hypothesize that thymus is involved in the pathogenic mechanism of MG with anti-AChR-antibodies and concomitant HT development.

Morphological aspects of the vasculogenesis and angiogenesis during prenatal edification of the circle of Willis: a review.

In the literature, there are many articles reporting anatomical variations of circle of Willis (CoW), defined as those changes that lead to the inability of this anastomotic structure to maintain adequate brain flow. Because there is such a wide variation in the configuration of the CoW, its anatomical variations affect the hemodynamics of blood flow, thus contributing to the development of aneurysms or stroke. As such, we consider that a good knowledge of the embryological development of the constituent arteries of the CoW can shed some light on the causes of the appearance of its anatomical variants. Reviewing literature, we will present the embryological development of the constituting arteries of the CoW and will begin with vasculogenesis and angiogenesis of the vascular system as a whole. Then, we will focus on the embryological development of the internal carotid artery (ICA) and its branches because, starting with the embryological day 24, these arteries are the first vessels that begin to develop to provide the necessary blood for the primitive brain. As the hindbrain increases its volume, a larger amount of nutrients is needed. Because a larger amount of blood is required to be provided by the primitive ICAs, there is a need for arterial capacity development and thus the posterior circulation begin to take shape. At this stage, the posterior circulation consists of a plexiform arterial network that receives blood from the carotid artery through the carotid-vertebrobasilar anastomoses. At the 5-8 mm embryonic stage, these anastomoses begin to regress, and the basilar artery and vertebral arteries become independent of the ICA. We are pointing out on the process of regression of these primitive vessels, emphasizing the fact that their persistence represents the starting point for the appearance of anatomic anomalies of the CoW, which are identified in the adult individuals. In this review, we also present and illustrate some developmental abnormalities of the anterior and posterior parts of the CoW.

Clinical and immunohistopathological study of conjunctival melanocytic lesions in pediatric and adolescent patients. A case series.

BACKGROUND: Conjunctival pigmented neoplasia can be benign, premalignant or malignant tumors. Our study aims to establish the epidemiological, gross morphological and immunohistopathological features of the conjunctival pigmented lesions in pediatric and adolescent patients (<18 years), to establish an accurate diagnosis. PATIENTS, MATERIAL AND METHODS: This is a retrospective case series study conducted within two Ophthalmology Clinics from Iasi, Romania, on seven pediatric and adolescent patients. Using the Clinical Observation Chart and the Pathology Registers over a six-years period (January 2015-December 2021), we noted the patients' demographic data, clinical data, and ophthalmological investigations of the lesion, as well as the type of their treatment. All histological sections stained with Hematoxylin-Eosin (HE) and with five antibodies [pan-cytokeratin (pan-CK) AE1∕AE3, S100 protein, Melan A, human melanoma black 45 (HMB45), and Ki67] were re-examined by four pathologists for each case, to identify the type of the conjunctival lesion and its histological and immunohistochemical features. RESULTS: The mean age of all patients was 10.28 years, and the female∕male ratio was 1.3. Right eye was more often affected (71.42%). 71.42% of cases presented an elevated lesion, 57.14% of cases showed a lightly pigmented lesion, but 14.28% of cases exhibited a pink lesion and this feature described the inflamed juvenile conjunctival nevus. In all cases (100%) the conjunctival pigmented tumor was removed with safety margins. The microscopic examination revealed a compound melanocytic nevus in 57.14% cases, a junctional conjunctival nevus in 14.28% cases, an inflamed juvenile nevus in 14.28% cases, and a conjunctival melanoma arising from a pre-existing nevus in 14.28% cases. In all cases of nevi, the nevoid melanocytes showed strong immunopositivity for Melan A and S100 protein, variable and weak immunopositivity for HMB45, and a mean Ki67 labeling index of 1.71%. Conjunctival melanoma revealed strong immunopositivity of tumor cells for HMB45, Melan A and S100 protein, and a Ki67 labeling index of 20%. In all cases, the conjunctival epithelium showed strong immunopositivity for pan-CK AE1∕AE3. All our cases (100%) had a favorable outcome after the surgical removal of the tumor. CONCLUSIONS: Any excision of a conjunctival pigmented lesion must be subject to a systematic immunohistopathological examination, and there is a set of antibodies (anti-HMB45 and anti-Ki67) that are useful for differential diagnosis between a conjunctival nevus and a conjunctival melanoma.

The Myth of Prometheus in metastatic meningioma to the liver: from craniotomy to hepatectomy.

Metastases from intracranial meningiomas are rare, and among them, meningiomas with hepatic dissemination are extremely rare. Therefore, there are currently no guidelines for staging and treatment of metastatic disease in meningioma, a disease that is a challenge for both the clinician and the pathologist. Our literature review revealed 24 cases of liver metastases originating from intracranial meningiomas. We used them to analyze the pathological patterns of dissemination and to assess the different management strategies available, the most efficient and beneficial being surgery and chemotherapy, especially in the case of meningiomas with hepatic and∕or systemic dissemination.