RESUMO
Background: Coronary vasomotor dysfunction (CVDys) comprises coronary vasospasm (CVS) and/or coronary microvascular dysfunction (CMD) and is highly prevalent in patients with angina and non-obstructive coronary artery disease (ANOCA). Invasive coronary function testing (CFT) to diagnose CVDys is becoming more common, enabling pathophysiologic research of CVDys. This study aims to explore the electrophysiological characteristics of ANOCA patients with CVDys. Methods: We collected pre-procedural 12-lead electrocardiograms of ANOCA patients with CVS (n = 35), CMD (n = 24), CVS/CMD (n = 26) and patients without CVDys (CFT-, n = 23) who participated in the NL-CFT registry and underwent CFT. Heart axis and conduction times were compared between patients with CVS, CMD or CVS/CMD and patients without CVDys. Results: Heart axis, heart rate, PQ interval and QRS duration were comparable between the groups. A small prolongation of the QT-interval corrected with Bazett (QTcB) and Fridericia (QTcF) was observed in patients with CVDys compared to patients without CVDys (CVS vs CFT-: QTcB = 422 ± 18 vs 414 ± 18 ms (p = 0.14), QTcF = 410 ± 14 vs 406 ± 12 ms (p = 0.21); CMD vs CFT-: QTcB = 426 ± 17 vs 414 ± 18 ms (p = 0.03), QTcF = 413 ± 11 vs 406 ± 12 ms (p = 0.04); CVS/CMD vs CFT-: QTcB = 424 ± 17 vs 414 ± 18 ms (p = 0.05), QTcF = 414 ± 14 vs 406 ± 12 ms (p = 0.04)). Conclusions: Pre-procedural 12-lead electrocardiograms were comparable between patients with and without CVDys undergoing CFT except for a slightly longer QTc interval in patients with CVDys compared to patients without CVDys, suggesting limited cardiac remodeling in patients with CVDys.
RESUMO
Background: Coronary artery spasm (CAS), encompassing epicardial and microvascular spasm, is increasingly recognized as cause of angina in patients with non-obstructive coronary artery disease (ANOCA). However, various spasm provocation testing protocols and diagnostic criteria are used, making diagnosis and characterization of these patients difficult and interpretation of study results cumbersome. This review provides a structured overview of the prevalence, characterization and prognosis of CAS worldwide in men and women. Methods: A systematic review identifying studies describing ANOCA patients with CAS was performed. Multiple outcomes (prevalence, clinical features, and prognosis) were assessed. Data, except for prognosis were pooled and analysed using random effects meta-analysis models. Results: Twenty-five publications (N = 14.554) were included (58.2 years; 44.2% women). Percentages of epicardial constriction to define epicardial spasm ranged from >50% to >90%. Epicardial spasm was prevalent in 43% (range 16-73%), with a higher prevalence in Asian vs. Western World population (52% vs. 33%, p = 0.014). Microvascular spasm was prevalent in 25% (range 7-39%). Men were more likely to have epicardial spasm (61%), women were more likely to have microvascular spasm (64%). Recurrent angina is frequently reported during follow-up ranging from 10 to 53%. Conclusion: CAS is highly prevalent in ANOCA patients, where men more often have epicardial spasm, women more often have microvascular spasm. A higher prevalence of epicardial spasm is demonstrated in the Asian population compared to the Western World. The prevalence of CAS is high, emphasizing the use of unambiguous study protocols and diagnostic criteria and highlights the importance of routine evaluation of CAS in men and women with ANOCA. Systematic Review Registration: https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/display_record.php?RecordID=272100.