Influence of gender on periodontal outcomes: A retrospective analysis of eight randomized clinical trials.

AIMS: To explore the influence of gender on periodontal treatment outcomes in a dataset of eight RCTs conducted in Brazil, United States, and Germany. METHODS: Clinical parameters were compared between men and women with stages III/IV grades B/C generalized periodontitis at baseline and 1-year post-therapy, including scaling and root planing with or without antibiotics. RESULTS: Data from 1042 patients were analyzed. Men presented a tendency towards higher probing depth (p = .07, effect size = 0.11) and clinical attachment level (CAL) than women at baseline (p = .01, effect size = 0.16). Males also presented statistically significantly lower CAL gain at sites with CAL of 4-6 mm at 1-year post-therapy (p = .001, effect size = 0.20). Among patients with Grade B periodontitis who took antibiotics, a higher frequency of women achieved the endpoint for treatment (i.e., ≤4 sites PD ≥5 mm) at 1 year than men (p < .05, effect size = 0.12). CONCLUSION: Men enrolled in RCTs showed a slightly inferior clinical response to periodontal therapy in a limited number of sub-analyses when compared to women. These small differences did not appear to be clinically relevant. Although gender did not dictate the clinical response to periodontal treatment in this population, our findings suggest that future research should continue to explore this topic.

Is Diet a Determining Factor in the Induction of Gingival Inflammation by Dental Plaque? A Secondary Analysis of Clinical Studies.

The aim was to determine the association between plaque and gingival inflammation reported by dietary interventions. Data of four clinical studies dealing with changed nutrition and gingival examination were reanalyzed with regard to gingival inflammation (GI), plaque (PI), and bleeding on probing (BOP). Dietary changes basically involved avoiding sugar, white flour and sweetened drinks and focusing on whole foods for 4 weeks. The control groups were to maintain their usual diet. All participants had to reduce their oral hygiene efforts. Linear regression models taking the clustering of the data due to several studies into account were applied. In total, data of 92 participants (control groups: 39, test-groups 53) were reanalyzed. While both groups showed a slight increase in dental plaque, only the test groups showed a significant decrease in inflammatory parameters: GI (mean value difference End-Baseline (Δ): -0.31 (±SD 0.36)) and BOP (Δ: -15.39% (±16.07)), both p < 0.001. In the control groups, there was a constant relation between PI and GI, while the experimental group showed a decreasing relationship in GI/PI (p = 0.016), and even an inverted relationship BOP/PI under a changed diet (p = 0.031). In conclusion, diet seems to be a determining factor how the gingiva reacts towards dental plaque.

Impact of the uninstructed use of a herbal, ayurvedic toothpaste on parameters of gingival health in periodontal aftercare patients: A randomized, double-blinded, two-arm parallel-group study.

AIM: The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of the uninstructed use of a toothpaste containing herbal ayurvedic ingredients on parameters of gingival health in a cohort of periodontal aftercare patients affected by gingival inflammation compared to the use of a standard, non-herbal toothpaste. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The monocentric, randomized, double-blinded, two-arm parallel-group intervention was performed in a cohort of 88 periodontal aftercare patients with clinical signs of gingival inflammation. At baseline, bleeding on probing (BoP), gingival index (GI) and Quigley-Hein plaque index (QHI) were recorded. Subsequently, the study patients were randomly provided with a herbal ayurvedic toothpaste (n = 44) or a conventional, non-ayurvedic control toothpaste (n = 44) and without additional oral hygiene training instructed to use it 2× daily for the next 28 days. On day 28, BoP, GI and QHI were recorded again. RESULTS: At baseline, there were no significant differences between both groups. On day 28, mean GI and BoP scores were significantly lower (p < 0.001) compared to baseline in both groups. Differences between the groups could not be verified. Mean QHI scores did not change significantly between day 0 and day 28 in both groups. CONCLUSIONS: The impact of uninstructed toothbrushing with an ayurvedic toothpaste on the manifestation of gingival inflammation in periodontal aftercare patients is not significantly different to the use of a conventional, non-herbal toothpaste.

Clinical benefits of systemic amoxicillin/metronidazole may depend on periodontitis stage and grade: An exploratory sub-analysis of the ABPARO trial.

AIM: Assessment of treatment response after systemic amoxicillin/metronidazole adjunctive to subgingival instrumentation (SI) according to stages and grades of the 2018 classification of periodontal diseases. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We carried out exploratory re-analysis of the placebo-controlled, multi-centre ABPARO trial (52; 45/60 years of age; 205 males, 114 active smokers). Patients were randomized to SI with systemic amoxicillin 500 mg/metronidazole 400 mg (three times a day for 7 days, n = 205; ANTI) or placebo (n = 200; PLAC) and maintenance therapy every 3 months. Patients were reclassified according to the 2018 classification (stage/extent/grade). Treatment effect was the percentage of sites per patient with new attachment loss ≥1.3 mm (PSAL ≥ 1.3 mm) at 27.5 months post-baseline/randomization. RESULTS: All patients were assigned according to the stage (n = 49 localized stage III, n = 206 generalized stage III, n = 150 stage IV). Because of missing radiographs, only 222 patients were assigned to grades (n = 73 B, n = 149 C). Treatment (PLAC/ANTI) resulted in PSAL ≥ 1.3 mm (median; lower/upper quartile) in localized stage III (PLAC: 5.7; 3.3/8.4% vs. ANTI: 4.9; 3.0/8.3%; p = .749), generalized stage III (8.0; 4.5/14.3% vs. 4.7; 2.4/9.0%; p < .001), stage IV (8.5; 5.1/14.4% vs. 5.7; 3.3/10.6%; p = .008), grade B (4.4; 2.4/6.7% vs. 3.6; 1.9/4.7%; p = .151) and grade C (9.4; 5.3/14.3% vs. 4.8; 2.5/9.4%; p < .001). CONCLUSIONS: In generalized periodontitis stage III/grade C, a clinically relevant lower percentage of disease progression after adjunctive systemic amoxicillin/metronidazole was observed compared to placebo (PLAC: 9.7; 5.8/14.3% vs. ANTI: 4.7; 2.4/9.0%; p < .001).

Impact of Dietary Nitrate on the Recovery of Therapy-related Vascular Health Impairments Following Standard Periodontal Aftercare Therapy: a Hypothesis-generating Subanalysis.

This follow-up study assessed the impact of a nitrate-rich diet on salivary nitrate/nitrite levels and the recovery of therapy-induced vascular impairments in a cohort of 39 periodontitis patients treated by standard subgingival mechanical plaque removal (PMPR). At baseline, saliva samples for nitrate/nitrite analysis were collected, and peripheral/central blood and augmentation pressure was documented using the Arteriograph recording system. Immediately after, PMPR vascular parameters were reassessed. All study patients received a randomly allocated supply of a lettuce beverage to be consumed for 14 days, containing either a daily dosage of 200 mg nitrate (test group, n = 20) or being void of nitrate (placebo group, n = 19). At day 14, salivary and vascular parameters were reassessed. Initial salivary and vascular parameters did not differ significantly between the groups. PMPR impaired all vascular parameters in both groups with no differences between the groups. At day 14, salivary nitrate/nitrite levels of the test group were significantly elevated compared to baseline. All vascular parameters had significantly recovered from the impairment inflicted by PMPR. In the placebo group, by contrast, salivary parameters did not differ significantly from baseline, and the recovery of impaired vascular parameters was restricted to a significant improvement of diastolic blood pressure. Correlation analysis identified a significant inverse correlation between salivary nitrate/nitrite sum and central/peripheral blood pressure and augmentation pressure. In conclusion, the data of this subanalysis suggest that increasing salivary nitrate/nitrite levels by a diet rich in nitrate may improve recovery of therapy-induced vascular impairments after PMPR.

Long-term changes in the subgingival microbiota in patients with stage III-IV periodontitis treated by mechanical therapy and adjunctive systemic antibiotics: A secondary analysis of a randomized controlled trial.

AIM: To explore whether adjunctive antibiotics can relevantly influence long-term microbiota changes in stage III-IV periodontitis patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This is a secondary analysis of a randomized clinical trial on periodontal therapy with adjunctive 500 mg amoxicillin and 400 mg metronidazole or placebo thrice daily for 7 days. Subgingival plaque samples were taken before and 2, 8, 14 and 26 months after mechanical therapy. The V4-hypervariable region of the 16S rRNA gene was sequenced with Illumina MiSeq 250 base pair paired-end reads. Changes at the ribosomal sequence variant (RSV) level, diversity and subgingival-microbial dysbiosis index (SMDI) were explored with a negative binomial regression model and non-parametric tests. RESULTS: Overall, 50.2% of all raw reads summed up to 72 RSVs (3.0%) that were generated from 163 stage III-IV periodontitis patients. Of those, 16 RSVs, including Porphyromonas gingivalis, Tannerella forsythia and Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, changed significantly over 26 months because of adjunctive systemic antibiotics. SMDI decreased significantly more in the antibiotic group at all timepoints, whereas the 2-month differences in alpha and beta diversity between groups were not significant at 8 and 14 months, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Mechanical periodontal therapy with adjunctive antibiotics induced a relevant and long-term sustainable change towards an oral microbiome more associated with oral health.

Impact of a Specific Collagen Peptide Food Supplement on Periodontal Inflammation in Aftercare Patients-A Randomised Controlled Trial.

Background: This controlled clinical trial evaluated the impact of a specific collagen peptide food supplement on parameters of periodontal inflammation in aftercare patients. Methods: A total of 39 study patients were enrolled. At baseline, bleeding on probing (BoP; primary outcome), gingival index (GI), plaque control record (PCR), recession (REC) and probing pocket depth (PPD) for the calculation of the periodontal inflamed surface area (PISA) were documented. After subsequent professional mechanical plaque removal (PMPR), participants were randomly provided with a supply of sachets containing either a specific collagen peptide preparation (test group; n = 20) or a placebo (placebo group; n = 19) to be consumed dissolved in liquid once daily until reevaluation at day 90. Results: PMPR supplemented with the consumption of the specific collagen peptides resulted in a significantly lower mean percentage of persisting BoP-positive sites than PMPR plus placebo (test: 10.4% baseline vs. 3.0% reevaluation; placebo: 14.2% baseline vs. 9.4% reevaluation; effect size: 0.86). Mean PISA and GI values were also reduced compared to baseline, with a significant difference in favor of the test group (PISA test: 170.6 mm2 baseline vs. 53.7 mm2 reevaluation; PISA placebo: 229.4 mm2 baseline vs. 184.3 mm2 reevaluation; GI test: 0.5 baseline vs. 0.1 reevaluation; GI placebo: 0.4 baseline vs. 0.3 reevaluation). PCR was also significantly decreased in both experimental groups at revaluation, but the difference between the groups did not reach the level of significance. Conclusions: The supplementary intake of specific collagen peptides may further enhance the anti-inflammatory effect of PMPR in periodontal recall patients.

Oral health status of adult hypophosphatasia patients: A cross-sectional study.

AIM: This study evaluated the oral health status of adult patients with hypophosphatasia (HPP). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Parameters of oral health assessment comprised decayed/missing/filled teeth (DMFT) index, probing pocket depth and clinical attachment level (CAL) as well as documentation of tooth loss and periodontal health status according to CCD/AAP criteria. Findings were compared with national reference data (DMS V survey) reporting oral health status in age-related controls. Within-group comparisons were made between the HPP patients harbouring one versus two alkaline phosphatase liver/bone/kidney type (ALPL) gene variants. RESULTS: Of 80 HPP patients (64 female) with a mean age of 46.4 years (range 24-78) and one (n = 55) or two (n = 18) variants (n = 7 lacking testing) within the ALPL gene, those with two variants displayed substantially higher tooth loss rate (14.0 ± 9.3) than those affected by only one ALPL variant (4.1 ± 5.4), who did not differ substantially from healthy DMS V controls. While DMFT score and severe periodontal diseases (PDs) of HPP patients with one variant only increased with progressing age, the two-variant sub-cohort age independently exhibited increased DMFT scores and a higher rate of severe PDs. CONCLUSIONS: HPP patients affected by two variants of the ALPL gene exhibited a higher risk of periodontitis and tooth loss than the general population, while patients with one variant developed clinically relevant oral disease symptoms with progressing ageing. CLINICALTRIALS: gov identifier: NCT02291497.

The Role of Polymorphisms at the Interleukin-1, Interleukin-4, GATA-3 and Cyclooxygenase-2 Genes in Non-Surgical Periodontal Therapy.

Periodontitis is a multifactorial disease. The aim of this explorative study was to investigate the role of Interleukin-(IL)-1, IL-4, GATA-3 and Cyclooxygenase-(COX)-2 polymorphisms after non-surgical periodontal therapy with adjunctive systemic antibiotics (amoxicillin/metronidazole) and subsequent maintenance in a Caucasian population. Analyses were performed using blood samples from periodontitis patients of a multi-center trial (ClinicalTrials.gov NCT00707369=ABPARO-study). Polymorphisms were analyzed using quantitative real-time PCR. Clinical attachment levels (CAL), percentage of sites showing further attachment loss (PSAL) ≥1.3 mm, bleeding on probing (BOP) and plaque score were assessed. Exploratory statistical analysis was performed. A total of 209 samples were genotyped. Patients carrying heterozygous genotypes and single-nucleotide-polymorphisms (SNP) on the GATA-3-IVS4 +1468 gene locus showed less CAL loss than patients carrying wild type. Heterozygous genotypes and SNPs on the IL-1A-889, IL-1B +3954, IL-4-34, IL-4-590, GATA-3-IVS4 +1468 and COX-2-1195 gene loci did not influence CAL. In multivariate analysis, CAL was lower in patients carrying GATA-3 heterozygous genotypes and SNPs than those carrying wild-types. For the first time, effects of different genotypes were analyzed in periodontitis progression after periodontal therapy and during supportive treatment using systemic antibiotics demonstrating a slight association of GATA-3 gene locus with CAL. This result suggests that GATA-3 genotypes are a contributory but non-essential risk factor for periodontal disease progression.

On the Role of Dietary Nitrate in the Maintenance of Systemic and Oral Health.

The assessment of the significance of nitrates ingested with food has undergone a fundamental change in recent years after many controversial discussions. While for a long time, a diet as low in nitrates as possible was advocated on the basis of epidemiological data suggesting a cancer-promoting effect of nitrate-rich diets, more recent findings show that dietary nitrate, after its conversion to nitrite by nitrate-reducing bacteria of the oral microbiota, is an indispensable alternative source for the formation of nitric oxide (NO), which comprises a key element in the physiology of a variety of central body functions such as blood pressure control, defense against invading bacteria and maintenance of a eubiotic microbiota in the gut and oral cavity. This compact narrative review aims to present the evidence supported by clinical and in vitro studies on the ambivalent nature of dietary nitrates for general and oral health and to explain how the targeted adjuvant use of nitrate-rich diets could open new opportunities for a more cause-related control of caries and periodontal disease.

Outside the limits of bacterial viability: Postbiotics in the management of periodontitis.

Periodontitis is a major cause of tooth loss in adults worldwide and is caused by an unbalanced oral microbiota in a susceptible host, ultimately leading to tissue breakdown and bone loss. Traditionally, the treatment for periodontitis is scaling and root planing; however, some cases require adjuvant therapy, such as antibiotics administration or surgery. Various factors are involved in the pathogenesis and interact in an unpredictable way, increasing the complexity of the disease and making it difficult to manage. In this context, the administration of probiotics aimed at resolving bacterial dysbiosis and the associated dysregulation of the immune system has been employed in clinical trials with encouraging results. However, the use of viable microorganisms is not risk-free, and immunocompromised patients may develop adverse effects. Therefore, the use of inactivated microbial cells, cell fractions, or soluble products and metabolites of probiotics, known as postbiotics, has gained increasing attention. In this commentary, we present the current literature assessing the impact of postbiotics on the growth and metabolism of periodontal pathogens, as well as on the progression of periodontitis in rodents and humans. We also discuss the limitations of the available data and what the scientific community should consider in order to transfer this innovative therapeutic modality from the bench to the bedside.

Impact of a two-stage subgingival instrumentation scheme involving air polishing on attachment gain after active periodontal therapy.

BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to evaluate whether clinical attachment level gain (ΔCAL) in deep untreated periodontal lesions may be improved by a two-stage, subgingival instrumentation scheme involving air polishing. METHODS: This 6-month, randomized, controlled, examiner-masked clinical trial was performed in 44 patients with periodontitis with untreated periodontal lesions ≥6 mm. At baseline, day 28, 84, and 168 CAL, probing depth (PD), bleeding on probing (BOP), and plaque control record (PlaCR) were recorded. After baseline examination control group patients received full-mouth sub- and supragingival instrumentation using scalers and curets. In the test group initial subgingival cleaning was limited to the removal of soft bacterial deposits by air polishing. Subgingival scaling and root planing was performed only after the first re-evaluation at day 28. RESULTS: In deep lesions ≥6 mm a significant reduction of mean CAL scores was observed at day 28 and at day 168 for both experimental groups. Differences between the groups however did not reach the level of significance. Mean PD was also significantly reduced at day 28 and at 168 in both experimental groups, with no significant differences between the groups. Mean BOP scores did not change significantly in both groups during the 168-day observation period. Only in the test group mean PlaCR scores were significantly reduced at day 168 compared with baseline. CONCLUSIONS: Subgingival instrumentation of untreated PD ≥6 mm by air polishing alone results in a significant short-term gain of CAL comparable to conventional scaling and root planing. Its sequential two-step combination with scaling and root planing, however, does not additionally enhance long-term gain of CAL.

The utilization of dental emergency services during COVID-19 pandemic in a German university center: Do we lose vulnerable patients?

OBJECTIVES: The COVID-19 pandemic poses a major challenge to health care worldwide. As a part of the virus containment strategy, health care services were limited to the treatment of essential emergencies. The aim was to evaluate the influence of COVID-19 pandemic on patients' utilization of dental emergency services, focusing on patients vulnerable to severe courses of COVID-19. METHOD AND MATERIALS: Files of 1,299 patients of the Dental School of the University Hospital Wuerzburg between 3 February and 7 June 2020 were retrospectively analyzed. The observation period was divided into pre-lockdown (Pre-L), during lockdown (Dur-L), and post-lockdown (Post-L). Patients' demographics, diagnosis, and medical history including COVID-19 anamnesis were recorded. RESULTS: The number of dental emergency patients decreased by approximately 50% (Pre-L, n = 576; Dur-L, n = 309). Proportions of risk patients among them did not change. Stationary admissions increased by approximately 4% (Pre-L, 12.3% to Dur-L, 16.2%). The most frequent diagnosis was uncontrollable pain (45.6%), originating in 25.2% of endodontic and periodontal diseases. Abscesses (23.0%), dental trauma (16.5%), facial trauma (9.4%), and uncontrollable bleeding (5.5%) followed consecutively. CONCLUSION: Patients with an increased risk for severe courses of COVID-19 infection did not refrain from consulting dental emergency care. Dental emergencies should be treated early to avoid stationary admissions to preserve hospital bed capacities.

Nitrate-rich diet alters the composition of the oral microbiota in periodontal recall patients.

BACKGROUND: This follow-up study evaluated microbiome changes in periodontal recall patients after consuming a nitrate-rich diet that led to a marked decrease of gingival inflammation. METHODS: Subgingival microbial samples of 37 patients suffering from gingival inflammation with reduced periodontium were taken before professional mechanical plaque removal (baseline) and subsequently after 2 weeks of regularly consuming a lettuce juice beverage (day 14) containing a daily dosage of 200 mg of nitrate (test group, n = 18) or being void of nitrate (placebo group, n = 19). Three hundred base pairs paired-end sequencing of the V3-V4 hypervariable region of the 16S rDNA was performed. RESULTS: At baseline, there were no significant differences about the bacterial diversity parameters between the groups (Mann-Whitney U test). After intervention in the test group, Rothia and Neisseria, including species reducing nitrate, increased significantly (negative binomial regression model). Alpha diversity decreased significantly from 115.69 ± 24.30 to 96.42 ± 24.82 aRSVs/sample (P = 0.04, Wilcoxon signed-rank test), accompanied by a significant change in beta diversity (P < 0.001, PERMANOVA). In the control group, however, no genus changed significantly, and alpha-, as well as beta-diversity did not change significantly. CONCLUSIONS: The decrease of gingival inflammation in periodontal recall patients induced by a nitrate-rich diet is accompanied by significant compositional changes within the subgingival microbiome.

Impact of 0.1% octenidine mouthwash on plaque re-growth in healthy adults: a multi-center phase 3 randomized clinical trial.

OBJECTIVES: To investigate plaque inhibition of 0.1% octenidine mouthwash (OCT) vs. placebo over 5 days in the absence of mechanical plaque control. MATERIALS AND METHODS: For this randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind, parallel group, multi-center phase 3 study, 201 healthy adults were recruited. After baseline recording of plaque index (PI) and gingival index (GI), collection of salivary samples, and dental prophylaxis, subjects were randomly assigned to OCT or placebo mouthwash in a 3:1 ratio. Rinsing was performed twice daily for 30 s. Colony forming units in saliva were determined before and after the first rinse. At day 5, PI, GI, and tooth discoloration index (DI) were assessed. Non-parametric van Elteren tests were applied with a significance level of p < 0.05. RESULTS: Treatment with OCT inhibited plaque formation more than treatment with placebo (PI: 0.36 vs. 1.29; p < 0.0001). OCT reduced GI (0.04 vs. placebo 0.00; p = 0.003) and salivary bacterial counts (2.73 vs. placebo 0.24 lgCFU/ml; p < 0.0001). Tooth discoloration was slightly higher under OCT (DI: 0.25 vs. placebo 0.00; p = 0.0011). Mild tongue staining and dysgeusia occurred. CONCLUSIONS: OCT 0.1% mouthwash inhibits plaque formation over 5 days. It therefore can be recommended when regular oral hygiene is temporarily compromised. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: When individual plaque control is compromised, rinsing with octenidine mouthwash is recommended to maintain healthy oral conditions while side effects are limited.

Impact of a toothpaste with microcrystalline hydroxyapatite on the occurrence of early childhood caries: a 1-year randomized clinical trial.

The aim of this trial was to determine whether a toothpaste with microcrystalline hydroxyapatite is not inferior to a fluoride toothpaste in prevention of caries in children. This double-blinded randomized control trial compared two toothpastes regarding the occurrence of caries lesions using International Caries Detection and Assessment System (ICDAS) ≥ code 1 on the primary dentition within 336 days. The test group used a fluoride-free hydroxyapatite toothpaste three times daily while control group used a toothpaste with fluoride. 207 children were included in the intention-to-treat analysis; 177 of them finished the study per protocol. An increase in caries ICDAS ≥ code 1 per tooth was observed in 72.7% of the hydroxyapatite-group (n = 88), compared with 74.2% of the fluoride-group (n = 89). The exact one-sided upper 95% confidence limit for the difference in proportion of participants with ICDAS increase ≥ 1 (-1.4%) was 9.8%, which is below the non-inferiority margin of 20% demonstrating non-inferiority of hydroxyapatite compared to the fluoride control toothpaste. This RCT showed for the first time, that in children, the impact of the daily use of a toothpaste with microcrystalline hydroxyapatite on enamel caries progression in the primary dentition is not inferior to a fluoride control toothpaste (Clinical Trials NCT03553966).

A Multicenter Trial on the Long-term Performance of Direct Composite Buildups in the Anterior Dentition ­ Periodontal Health

PURPOSE: This sub-analysis of our multicenter trial was to assess the long-term periodontal health (PH) of teeth, esthetically reshaped by means of direct composite buildups. MATERIALS AND METHODS: 198 patients who received 667 direct composite buildups on 585 treated teeth (TT) between 01/2001 and 12/2013 were included. PH was assessed for each TT and for an untreated control tooth (CT) by recording the pocket probing depths (PPD), clinical attachment level (CAL), sulcus bleeding index (SBI), and Turesky's modification of the Quigley Hein plaque index (PI). Statistical analysis was performed using the two-sample Student's t-test and Mann-Whitney U-test. Regression models were performed to check for associations between PH and patients' age, gender, age of the buildups, enlargement range, jaw, and tooth type. The level of significance was set at α = 0.05. RESULTS: PI scores were significantly (p < 0.001) higher in TT (1.60 ± 0.81) than in CT (1.41 ± 0.81). Differences between TT and CT regarding PPD (TT: 2.14 ± 0.56/CT: 2.18 ± 0.56), CAL (TT: 2.34 ± 1.05/CT: 2.33 ± 0.92), and SBI (TT: 0.41 ± 0.60/CT: 0.41 ± 0.65) were not statistically significant (p > 0.05). The enlargement range of the TT and the tooth type were not associated with PH. Male patients had significantly higher PPDs, CAL, and SBI values than did female patients. CAL and SBI values increased over time for both the TT and CT. CAL, SBI, and PI values were significantly higher in the mandible and the PPD values in the maxilla. CONCLUSION: Direct composite buildups made for reshaping, change of color or position of teeth did not impair PH in the long term.

Investigation of the levels of different salivary stress markers in chronic periodontitis patients.

BACKGROUND AND AIM: In this study, we aimed to determine the salivary levels of cortisol, α-amylase, ß-endorphin, and chromogranin (CgA) in saliva and to investigate their relationship with periodontitis. METHODS: Thirty-seven female and 43 male periodontitis patients who presented to the Periodontology Department of the XXX University Faculty of Dentistry participated in the study. The individuals were divided into three groups: mild, moderate, or severe chronic periodontitis. Plaque index (PI), gingival index (GI), clinical attachment loss (CAL), and probing depth (PD) measurements were recorded for all the participants. All participants underwent the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory test (STAI 1 and 2). Between 09:00 and 11:00 a.m., saliva samples from the participants were collected into tubes within an average of five minutes. RESULTS: Higher cortisol measurements were detected in the saliva samples of participants with severe chronic periodontitis than in those who had mild chronic periodontitis (P < 0.05). There were statistically significant age differences among patients with mild-moderate, moderate-severe, and mild chronic periodontitis, the severity of the disease increasing with age (P < 0.05). There was also a positive correlation between STAI 1 stress scores and cortisol levels. Similarly, there was a positive correlation between CAL and cortisol levels (P < 0.05). However, a significant difference was found among groups only in terms of salivary cortisol levels (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: Within the limitations of this study, there was found to be a relationship between saliva cortisol levels and periodontitis and between salivary cortisol levels and stress.

Significant Short-Term Shifts in the Microbiomes of Smokers With Periodontitis After Periodontal Therapy With Amoxicillin & Metronidazole as Revealed by 16S rDNA Amplicon Next Generation Sequencing.

The aim of this follow-up study was, to compare the effects of mechanical periodontal therapy with or without adjunctive amoxicillin and metronidazole on the subgingival microbiome of smokers with periodontitis using 16S rDNA amplicon next generation sequencing. Fifty-four periodontitis patients that smoke received either non-surgical periodontal therapy with adjunctive amoxicillin and metronidazole (n = 27) or with placebos (n = 27). Subgingival plaque samples were taken before and two months after therapy. Bacterial genomic DNA was isolated and the V4 hypervariable region of the bacterial 16S rRNA genes was amplified. Up to 96 libraries were normalized and pooled for Illumina MiSeq paired-end sequencing with almost fully overlapping 250 base pairs reads. Exact ribosomal sequence variants (RSVs) were inferred with DADA2. Microbial diversity and changes on the genus and RSV level were analyzed with non-parametric tests and a negative binomial regression model, respectively. Before therapy, the demographic, clinical, and microbial parameters were not significantly different between the placebo and antibiotic groups. Two months after the therapy, clinical parameters improved and there was a significantly increased dissimilarity of microbiomes between the two groups. In the antibiotic group, there was a significant reduction of genera classified as Porphyromonas, Tannerella, and Treponema, and 22 other genera also decreased significantly, while Selenomonas, Capnocytophaga, Actinomycetes, and five other genera significantly increased. In the placebo group, however, there was not a significant decrease in periodontal pathogens after therapy and only five other genera decreased, while Veillonella and nine other genera increased. We conclude that in periodontitis patients who smoke, microbial shifts occurred two months after periodontal therapy with either antibiotics or placebo, but genera including periodontal pathogens decreased significantly only with adjunctive antibiotics.

Effect of periodontal therapy on adipokine biomarkers in overweight.

AIM: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of non-surgical periodontal therapy on circulating levels of the systemic inflammation-associated biomarkers orosomucoid (ORM), high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP), chemerin, and retinol-binding protein 4 (RBP4) in overweight or normal-weight patients with periodontitis at 27.5 months after therapy. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This exploratory subanalysis includes patients from the ABPARO-trial (ClinicalTrials.gov NCT00707369). The per-protocol collective provided untreated periodontitis patients with high (≥28 kg/m2 ) or moderate (21-24 kg/m2 ) BMI. Out of the per-protocol collective, 80 patients were randomly selected and stratified for BMI group, sex, and treatment group (antibiotics/placebo), resulting in 40 overweight and normal-weight patients. Patients received non-surgical periodontal therapy and maintenance at 3-month intervals. Plasma samples from baseline and 27.5 months following initial treatment were used to measure the concentrations of ORM, hsCRP, chemerin, and RBP4. RESULTS: At the 27.5-month examination, ORM and hsCRP decreased noticeably in the overweight group (ORM: p = .001, hsCRP: p = .004) and normal-weight patients (ORM: p = .007, hsCRP: p < .001). Chemerin decreased in the overweight group (p = .048), and RBP4 concentrations remained stable. CONCLUSION: Non-surgical periodontal therapy reduced systemically elevated inflammation-associated biomarkers in periodontitis patients. These improvements were more pronounced in overweight patients than in normal-weight patients.