Formation of an Intramolecular Periplasmic Disulfide Bond in TcpP Protects TcpP and TcpH from Degradation in Vibrio cholerae.

UNLABELLED: TcpP and ToxR coordinately regulate transcription of toxT, the master regulator of numerous virulence factors in Vibrio cholerae. TcpP and ToxR are membrane-localized transcription factors, each with a periplasmic domain containing two cysteines. In ToxR, these cysteines form an intramolecular disulfide bond and a cysteine-to-serine substitution affects activity. We determined that the two periplasmic cysteines of TcpP also form an intramolecular disulfide bond. Disruption of this intramolecular disulfide bond by mutation of either cysteine resulted in formation of intermolecular disulfide bonds. Furthermore, disruption of the intramolecular disulfide bond in TcpP decreased the stability of TcpP. While the decreased stability of TcpP-C207S resulted in a nearly complete loss of toxT activation and cholera toxin (CT) production, the second cysteine mutant, TcpP-C218S, was partially resistant to proteolytic degradation and maintained ∼50% toxT activation capacity. TcpP-C218S was also TcpH independent, since deletion of tcpH did not affect the stability of TcpP-C218S, whereas wild-type TcpP was degraded in the absence of TcpH. Finally, TcpH was also unstable when intramolecular disulfides could not be formed in TcpP, suggesting that the single periplasmic cysteine in TcpH may assist with disulfide bond formation in TcpP by interacting with the periplasmic cysteines of TcpP. Consistent with this finding, a TcpH-C114S mutant was unable to stabilize TcpP and was itself unstable. Our findings demonstrate a periplasmic disulfide bond in TcpP is critical for TcpP stability and virulence gene expression. IMPORTANCE: The Vibrio cholerae transcription factor TcpP, in conjunction with ToxR, regulates transcription of toxT, the master regulator of numerous virulence factors in Vibrio cholerae. TcpP is a membrane-localized transcription factor with a periplasmic domain containing two cysteines. We determined that the two periplasmic cysteines of TcpP form an intramolecular disulfide bond and disruption of the intramolecular disulfide bond in TcpP decreased the stability of TcpP and reduced virulence gene expression. Normally TcpH, another membrane-localized periplasmic protein, protects TcpP from degradation. However, we found that TcpH was also unstable when intramolecular disulfides could not be formed in TcpP, indicating that the periplasmic cysteines of TcpP are required for functional interaction with TcpH and that this interaction is required for both TcpP and TcpH stability.

The Influence of SV40 polyA on Gene Expression of Baculovirus Expression Vector Systems.

The simian virus 40 polyadenylation signal (SV40 polyA) has been routinely inserted downstream of the polyhedrin promoter in many baculovirus expression vector systems (BEVS). In the baculovirus prototype Autographa californica multiple nucleopolyhedrovirus (AcMNPV), the polyhedrin promoter (very late promoter) transcribes its gene by a viral RNA polymerase therefore there is no supporting evidence that SV40 polyA is required for the proper gene expression under the polyhedrin promoter. Moreover, the effect of the SV40 polyA sequence on the polyhedrin promoter activity has not been tested either at its natural polyhedrin locus or in other loci in the viral genome. In order to test the significance of adding the SV40 polyA sequence on gene expression, the expression of the enhanced green fluorescent protein (egfp) was evaluated with and without the presence of SV40 polyA under the control of the polyhedrin promoter at different genomic loci (polyherin, ecdysteroid UDP-glucosyltransferase (egt), and gp37). In this study, spectrofluorometry and western blot showed reduction of EGFP protein for all recombinant viruses with SV40 polyA, whereas qPCR showed an increase in the egfp mRNA levels. Therefore, we conclude that SV40 polyA increases mRNA levels but decreases protein production in the BEVS when the polyhedrin promoter is used at different loci. This work suggests that SV40 polyA in BEVSs should be replaced by an AcMNPV late gene polyA for optimal protein production or left untouched for optimal RNA production (RNA interference applications).

Identification of the TcpP-binding site in the toxT promoter of Vibrio cholerae and the role of ToxR in TcpP-mediated activation.

ToxR-dependent recruitment of TcpP to the toxT promoter facilitates toxT transcription in Vibrio cholerae, initiating a regulatory cascade that culminates in cholera toxin expression and secretion. Although TcpP usually requires ToxR to activate the toxT promoter, TcpP overexpression can circumvent the requirement for ToxR in this process. To define nucleotides critical for TcpP-dependent promoter recognition and activation, a series of toxT promoter derivatives with single-base-pair transversions spanning the TcpP-binding site were generated and used as plasmid-borne toxT-lacZ fusions, as DNA mobility shift targets, and as allelic replacements of the chromosomal toxT promoter. When present in ΔtoxR V. cholerae overexpressing TcpP, several transversions affecting nucleotides within two direct repeats present in the TcpP-binding region (TGTAA-N(6)-TGTAA) caused defects in TcpP-dependent toxT-lacZ fusion activation and toxin production. Electrophoretic mobility shift assays demonstrated that these same transversions reduced the affinity of the toxT promoter for TcpP. The presence of ToxR suppressed transcription activation defects associated with most, but not all, transversions. Particularly, the central thymine nucleotide of both pentameric repeats was essential for efficient toxT activation, even in the presence of ToxR. These results suggest that the toxT promoter recognition function provided by ToxR can facilitate the interaction of TcpP with the toxT promoter but is insufficient for promoter activation when the TcpP-binding site has been severely compromised by mutation. Thus, the interaction of TcpP with nucleotides of the direct repeat sequences appears to be a prerequisite for toxT promoter activation.

Sequence and organization of the Trichoplusia ni ascovirus 2c (Ascoviridae) genome.

The complete Trichoplusia ni ascovirus 2c (TnAV-2c) genome sequence was determined. The circular genome contains 174,059 bp with 165 open reading frames (ORFs) of greater than 180 bp and two major homologous regions (hrs). The genome is quite A+T rich at 64.6%. Fifty-four ORFs had homologues in other insect viruses, such as ascoviruses, iridoviruses, baculoviruses and entomopoxviruses; 30 ORFs showed low identities with those from different parasitic protozoa and 12 ORFs were unique to TnAV-2c. TnAV-2c has 15 ORFs that could be grouped into six gene families. Three major conserved repeating sequences were identified and were interspersed in two regions. BLAST analyses revealed that there were 16 enzymes involved in gene transcription, DNA replication, and nucleotide metabolism. TnAV-2c has 12 and 25 ORFs sharing high identities with ascovirus and iridovirus homologues, respectively. The codon usage bias appears to be more similar to Spodoptera frugiperda ascovirus 1a than to iridoviruses.