Deep vein thrombosis following hip fracture and prevalence of hyperhomocysteinaemia in the elderly.

INTRODUCTION: The prevalence of deep vein thrombosis (DVT) in the West is reported to be as high as 50% after hip surgery. A study performed 14 years ago showed the incidence in Singapore to be <10%. Lately, some case-control and cross-sectional studies have suggested hyperhomocysteinaemia as an independent risk factor for DVT. This study investigates the local incidence of DVT and plasma hyperhomocysteinaemia in elderly patients presenting with proximal hip fracture. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We recruited 104 consecutive patients from April 2001 to November 2001 who satisfy certain criteria. Firstly, patients of both genders who were >55 years old with radiological diagnosis of neck of femur fracture, intertrochanteric or subtrochanteric fracture. Secondly, these patients must not have any haemorrhagic or thrombogenic disease. Thirdly, patients were not given folate and B complex pre- or postoperation. Duplex ultrasound was then done for these patients on the 5th to 7th postoperative day. RESULTS: The incidence of DVT above the trifurcation was 7.7%, no incidence of pulmonary embolism (PE) was detected. The incidence of hyperhomocysteinaemia was 52.3%. CONCLUSIONS: The incidence of DVT in the local population after proximal hip fracture is much lower than in the West. The use of DVT prophylaxis in Asians should be selective to avoid incurring extra cost and its associated morbidity. Case-control studies and cross-sectional studies clearly indicate that hyperhomocysteinaemia is an independent risk factor for venous thrombosis. Given the high incidence of hyperhomocysteinaemia in our elderly with hip fracture, the prophylactic correction of hyperhomocysteinaemia with folate and vitamin B supplements is justified.

The operative treatment of closed tibial fractures.

The tibia is a subcutaneous bone. Operative fixation of tibial fractures is a demanding undertaking. Thirty-five patients with 36 tibial fractures were admitted to our institution between May 1995 and April 1996. The patients were predominantly male (male to female ratio of 4) and the average age of the patients was 31.4 years (range 14 to 67 years). Ten fractures were located in the proximal third, 18 in the middle third and 8 in the distal third. The indications for operation included displaced intra-articular fragments, failed conservative treatment, compartment syndrome, multiple fractures and unstable fracture configuration. Operative procedures included plating in 29 cases and nailing in 7 cases. These patients were reviewed retrospectively and assessed for complications and radiological and functional outcome. The overall results were satisfactory in 88.9% and poor in 11.1%. The complications were reviewed and various factors affecting the incidences analysed. Three deep infections occurred. All were found after discharge from inpatient care. A prolonged interval between admission and surgery as well as high energy of impact are thought to be the main contributing factors.

The use of the external fixator in the treatment of intra-articular fractures of the distal radius.

BACKGROUND: A study to assess the use of the external fixator in the treatment of intra-articular fractures of the distal radius was initiated in late 1994. METHOD: Thirty patients with these fractures have been treated at our hospital between 1991 and 1994 with the use of either the AO or the Pennig external fixator. The patients were assessed at least one year post-operatively (mean 90.2 weeks) after a course of physiotherapy. RESULTS: The majority of patients (65%) had either good or excellent results, based on objective and subjective criteria. The common complications included early finger stiffness, pintract infections and loss of reduction.

Surgical results of open reduction and plating of humeral shaft fractures.

Thirty-five patients who sustained humeral shaft fractures were treated by open reduction internal fixation using AO techniques between 1992 and 1997. Open fractures occurred in 8 patients. Primary radial nerve palsy was present in 5 cases. In 16 patients an open fracture or multiple trauma, or both were indications for surgery. Eight osteosynthesis were performed after failed conservative treatment. The complications encountered were non-union (2 cases), osteomyelitis (2 cases), secondary radial nerve palsy (3 cases) and repeat surgery (4 cases). Bony union averaged 5.3 months radiographically. All cases of radial nerve palsy recovered eventually. Twenty-seven patients reported no pain. Twenty-six patients had full range of motion in the shoulder and elbow. Thirty-three patients had full muscle strength. Open reduction internal fixation gives good results provided correct indications and principles of fixation are adhered, and is a good alternative to conservative treatment. We advocate operative reduction internal fixation and nerve exploration in fractures associated with radial nerve palsy.

Simultaneous open dislocations of the interphalangeal and metacarpo-phalangeal joints in a thumb--a case report.

Simultaneous dislocations of the interphalangeal and metacarpo-phalangeal joints are rare. Most of the previous reports in the literature concerned closed injuries which were not associated with neurovascular involvement and were easily reduced and had favourable outcomes. They were also mainly due to a dorsally directed force on a hyperextended digit. We report a case of this rare injury due to a torsion force in a power drill accident resulting in an open injury with neurovascular damage and gangrene of the thumb distal to the wound despite re-vascularisation attempts.

Massive chylothorax after anterior fusion of the thoracic spine.

We report a case of massive chylothorax occurring postoperatively in a patient with Potts paraplegia who underwent transthoracic anterior debridement and fusion of the T7 and T8 vertebrae. This is an uncommon complication of anterior spinal surgery but has a significant morbidity and mortality. Diagnosis of the condition and the institution of the appropriate therapy will reduce this significantly. The treatment principles are continuous tube drainage, nutritional support and reduction of chyle production. In 50% of cases a surgical procedure will be required. There are a variety of techniques available. We describe a technique that uses a pedicled intercostal muscle flap, which to our knowledge, has not been described previously. Among the other techniques, video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery is the most promising because of its low morbidity.

A case report on gangrene following simultaneous traumatic open metatarsophalangeal and interphalangeal dislocations of the left big toe.

Simultaneous metatarsophalangeal and interphalangeal dislocations of the big toe are rare injuries. Gangrene of the big toe following open dislocations was reported in a 20-year-old man.

Necrotising fasciitis: an entity revisited.

Necrotising fasciitis is a disease that still carries a high morbidity and mortality despite our better understanding and advances in treatment since 1924 when Meleney first studied it. In our Department of Orthopaedics, this condition appears to be on the increase, and we therefore felt this entity deserved a restudy. Since 1985, 15 cases were seen, of which 10 were encountered in 1989. There were no recorded case prior to 1985. Our initial results show that the background and outcome parallel that of previous authors. Most were elderly with some form of underlying chronic disease. The duration from symptom onset to presentation was short, with many being in a state of septicaemia at the time of admission with fever, metabolic acidosis and marked leucocytosis. Repeated desloughings were common, and four ended up with some form of limb amputation. As with Meleney's study, the consistent pathogen cultured was B-haemolytic streptococcus. Our recommendation is that we should be more aware of this entity in view of its fulminant course, with early and aggressive surgical intervention being the keystone to management.

Septic arthritis in the newborn--a 17 years' clinical experience.

Septic arthritis is an uncommon, yet serious disorder in the newborn. Most patients survive with permanent handicaps. We encountered 11 cases of neonatal septic arthritis in the Hospital over the past 17 years (1971-87), an incidence of 0.12 per 1000 livebirths or 0.67 per 1000 admissions to the neonatal nursery. The clinical experience is presented. The diagnosis of septic arthritis in the newborn is more difficult than in the older children. Joint swelling (10/11), tenderness (9/11) and limitations of joint movement (8/11) were the common presenting clinical signs. Constitutional symptoms (fever, leucocytosis, gastrointestinal disturbances) were unremarkable. More than half of the babies (6/11) were prematurely born. The knees and the hips were frequently infected, many had multiple joint involvement (6/11). Septic arthritis commonly manifested between 20-40 days of life. The causative agents viz. Staphylococcus aureus (4/11), Candida (2/11), Citrobacter (1/11) and Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus MRSA (4/11) showed that septic arthritis was a nosocomial infection. Many babies (9/11) had insertion of intravascular catheter for 1-3 weeks and 9/11 babies had concomitant positive blood culture, 2/11 coexisting osteomyelitis and 1, meningitis. Though there was no death, majority of the babies had joint destruction and severe handicap. Early diagnosis including frequent examinations of joints, prompt treatment and control of nosocomial infection are important in management.