[Extracorporeal removal of pathogens using a biomimetic adsorber-A new treatment strategy for the intensive care unit : Seraph® 100 Microbind® Affinity Blood Filter and its fields of application]. / Extrakorporale Erregerelimination mit biomimetischem Adsorber ­ eine neue Therapiestrategie für die Intensivmedizin : Seraph® 100 Microbind® Affinity Blood Filter und seine Anwendungsgebiete.

BACKGROUND: In 2019 the World Health Organization (WHO) listed antimicrobial resistance among the top 10 threats to global health. The Seraph® 100 Microbind® Affinity blood filter (Seraph® 100) has been in use since 2019 to eliminate pathogens from the bloodstream in addition to anti-infective pharmacotherapy. It is the first device used to rapidly and efficiently reduce the number of circulating bacteria and viruses. OBJECTIVE: After a background on the concept of extracorporeal pathogen removal in general, this review summarizes the preclinical and clinical data on the Seraph® 100 Affinity Blood Filter. The clinical effect of this treatment and potential therapeutic options are described. METHODS: Structured PubMed review including references published up to February 2024. RESULTS: Case reports, uncontrolled observational studies and data from registries show widespread clinical use of the Seraph® 100 ranging from difficult to treat bacterial (super) infections to viral infections. The treatment can be done as stand-alone hemoperfusion or in combination with all forms of kidney replacement therapy as well as in extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. CONCLUSION: The use of the Seraph® 100 varies in terms of duration, concomitant therapy and clinical settings. Due to the absence of prospective controlled trials the clinical effect cannot be properly evaluated.

Using the Seraph® 100 Microbind® Affinity blood filter under slow flow conditions through 18 G and 16 G central lines.

INTRODUCTION: The Seraph® 100 Microbind® Affinity blood filter (Seraph® 100) has been in use since 2019 for the treatment of fulminant or difficult to treat blood stream infections as an adjunct to pharmacotherapy. In 2020 the device received emergency use authorization by the US Food and Drug Administration for the treatment of critically ill COVID-19 patients with confirmed or imminent respiratory failure. Results of an international registry showed that the Seraph® 100 was operated under blood flow rates of 100-350 mL/min. As those conditions require a large bore central line, a dialysis catheter is currently considered indispensable to operate the Seraph® 100. The use of smaller catheter lumina has neither been evaluated in vitro nor in vivo. METHODS: In vitro pressure data before and after the Seraph® 100 at various blood pump rates (prepump line 16 G, postpump line 18 G) with saline and human plasma were obtained. Further, anecdotal flow and pressure data of two patients treated with the Seraph® 100 for a COVID-19 infection are reported. RESULTS: At a pump speed of 50 mL/min pre-Seraph® pressure using saline was -70 [-70 to -60] mm Hg. In comparison, using plasma pre-Seraph® pressure was lower at -120 [-120 to -105] mm Hg; p < 0.001 (t-test). The post-Seraph® pressure at 50 mL/min using saline of 120 [110-130] mm Hg was not different from plasma at 130 [120-140] mm Hg, p = 0.152 (t-test). Blood flow rates of 50 mL/min did not lead to preAP levels below -250 mm Hg in the two clinical cases. CONCLUSION: Seraph® 100 blood flow rate of 50 mL/min may be achieved using low flow vascular access, allowing to treat a blood volume 72 L in 24 h.

Staphylococcus aureus binding to Seraph® 100 Microbind® Affinity Filter: Effects of surface protein expression and treatment duration.

INTRODUCTION: Extracorporeal blood purification systems represent a promising alternative for treatment of blood stream infections with multiresistant bacteria. OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to analyse the binding activity of S. aureus to Seraph affinity filters based on heparin coated beads and to identify effectors influencing this binding activity. RESULTS: To test the binding activity, we used gfp-expressing S. aureus Newman strains inoculated either in 0.9% NaCl or in blood plasma and determined the number of unbound bacteria by FACS analyses after passing through Seraph affinity filters. The binding activity of S. aureus was clearly impaired in human plasma: while a percent removal of 42% was observed in 0.9% NaCl (p-value 0.0472) using Seraph mini columns, a percent removal of only 10% was achieved in human plasma (p-value 0.0934). The different composition of surface proteins in S. aureus caused by the loss of SarA, SigB, Lgt, and SaeS had no significant influence on its binding activity. In a clinically relevant approach using the Seraph® 100 Microbind® Affinity Filter and 1000 ml of human blood plasma from four different donors, the duration of treatment was shown to have a critical effect on the rate of bacterial reduction. Within the first four hours, the number of bacteria decreased continuously and the reduction in bacteria reached statistical significance after two hours of treatment (percentage reduction 64%, p-value 0.01165). The final reduction after four hours of treatment was close to 90% and is dependent on donor. The capacity of Seraph® 100 for S. aureus in human plasma was approximately 5 x 108 cells. CONCLUSIONS: The Seraph affinity filter, based on heparin-coated beads, is a highly efficient method for reducing S. aureus in human blood plasma, with efficiency dependent on blood plasma composition and treatment duration.

Heparin 2.0: A New Approach to the Infection Crisis.

In April 2020, the US Food and Drug Administration granted emergency use authorization for certain medical devices to be used in patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (CO-VID-19). This included extracorporeal blood purification devices. This narrative review will give a brief overview regarding some of the extracorporeal devices that could be used to treat COVID-19 patients, including the Seraph® 100 Microbind® Affinity Blood Filter, produced by ExThera Medical (Martinez, CA, USA), first licensed in the European Economic Area in 2019. The Seraph® 100 contains ultrahigh molecular weight polyethylene beads with end point-attached heparin and is approved for the reduction of pathogens from the bloodstream either as a single agent or as an adjunct to conventional anti-infective agents. Bacteria, viruses, fungi, and toxins have been shown to bind to the immobilized heparin in a similar way to the interaction with heparan sulfate on the cell surface. This binding is nonreversible and as such, the pathogens are removed from the bloodstream. In this review, we describe the pathophysiological basis and rationale for using heparin for pathogen removal from the blood as well as exploring the technology behind the adaptation of heparin to deprive it of its systemic anticoagulant activity. In addition, we summarize the in vitro data as well as the available preclinical testing and published clinical reports. Finally, we discuss the enormous potential of this technology in an era of increasing antibiotic resistance and high mortality associated with sepsis and consider the application of this as a possible treatment option for COVID-19.

Clearance of chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine by the Seraph® 100 Microbinda Affinity Blood Filter -a device approved for the treatment of COVID-19 patients.

On April 17 2020, the United States Food and Drug Administration granted Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) emergency use authorizations for the Seraph 100 Microbind Affinity Blood Filter. The medical device is aimed to treat critically ill COVID-19 patients with confirmed or imminent respiratory failure. The aim of this life size in vitro pharmacokinetic study was to investigate the in vitro adsorption of chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine from human plasma using equipment that is also used at the bedside. After start of the hemoperfusion, Pre (Cpre ) Seraph plasma levels were obtained at 5 (C5 ), 10 (C10 ), 15 (C15 ), 30 (C30 ), 60 (C60 ), and 120 (C120 ) minutes into the procedure. At two timepoints (5 and 120 minutes) post (Cpost ) Seraph plasma levels were determined that were used to calculate the plasma clearance of the Seraph. Both drugs were determined using a validated HPLC method. Median [IQR] plasma clearance of the Seraph for chloroquine/hydroxychloroquine was 1.71 [0.51-4.38] mL/min/1.79 [0.21-3.68] mL/min respectively. The lack of elimination was also confirmed by the fact that plasma levels did not change over the 120 minutes treatment. As neither chloroquine nor hydroxychloroquine were removed by the treatment with the Seraph dose adjustments in COVID-19 patients undergoing this treatment are not necessary.

Elimination of Staphylococcus aureus from the bloodstream using a novel biomimetic sorbent haemoperfusion device.

Removal of bacteria from the blood by means of extracorporeal techniques has been attempted for decades. In late 2019, the European Union licensed the first ever haemoperfusion device for removal of bacteria from the blood. The active ingredient of Seraph 100 Microbind Affinity Blood Filter is ultrahigh molecular weight polyethylene beads with endpoint-attached heparin. Bacteria have been shown to bind to heparin as they would usually do to the heparan sulfate on the cell surface, thereby being removed from the blood stream. We describe the first case of a female chronic haemodialysis patient in which this device was clinically used for a Staphylococcus aureus infection that persisted for 4 days despite antibiotic therapy. After a single treatment, the bacterial load decreased and the blood cultures at the end of a 4 hour haemoperfusion exhibited no bacterial growth.

In vitro elimination of anti-infective drugs by the Seraph® 100 Microbind® affinity blood filter.

BACKGROUND: In August 2019, the European Union licensed the first ever haemoperfusion device aimed to reduce pathogens in the blood. The core of the adsorber consists of ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene beads with endpoint-attached heparin. These beads utilize pathogen inherent adhesion mechanisms to reduce pathogen load. So far, it is unknown whether the device has an effect on anti-infective drug concentrations. The aim of this study was to investigate the in vitro adsorption of multiple anti-infective drugs from human plasma. METHODS: In this in vitro study, 18 anti-infective drugs were administered to human donor plasma and pumped through the heparin-coated pathogen adsorber (Seraph® 100 Microbind®Affinity Blood Filter; ExThera Medical Corp., Martinez, CA, USA) at a plasma flow rate of 250 mL/min for 60 min. Pre- and post-adsorber plasma samples were quantified after 5, 15, 30 and 60 min. RESULTS: We found a reduction ratio (RR) in anti-infective plasma levels between -1% and 62%. This decrease occurred mainly in the first 5 min of the experiment (RR0-5 -4 to 62%). Mean plasma clearance rates ranged between -11.93 mL/min (fluconazole) and 4.86 mL/min (clindamycin). The highest RRs were measured for aminoglycosides (tobramycin 62% and gentamycin 59%). CONCLUSIONS: The elimination of anti-infective drugs by the Seraph is neglectable in all but 2 of 18 of the investigated substances. Aminoglycosides may be adsorbed by the device during their first pass.