Nefroureterectomía radical lumboscópica con rodete vesical endoscópico, en cáncer urotelial de tracto urinario superior / Lumboscopic radical nephroureterectomy with endoscopic bladder cuff excision in an upper urinary tract urothelial tumor

Los carcinomas uroteliales son el 4to tumor más común. Pueden ubicarse en el tracto urinario inferior (vejiga y uretra) o en el tracto urinario superior (cavidades renales, pelvis renal y uréter). Presentamos una serie de 3 casos, con cuadro de hematuria macroscópica, documentando tumores uroteliales, realizándose en estos casos un abordaje lumboscópico de riñón y una resección endoscópica del rodete vesical. Se realiza nefroureterectomía lumboscópica con resección de rodete vesical endoscópica transuretral. Los 3 pacientes fueron egresados al segundo día posquirúrgico sin complicaciones y en los tres casos el rodete vesical sin evidencia de actividad tumoral, y actualmente en vigilancia con excelente resultados oncológicos. La nefroureterectomía lumboscópica con resección endoscópica del rodete vesical es una técnica reproducible en manos experimentadas, con iguales resultados oncológicos que el abordaje abierto.

Urothelial carcinomas are the 4th most common tumor. They can be located in the lower urinary tract (bladder and urethra) or in the upper urinary tract (renal cavities, renal pelvis, and ureter). We present a series of 3 cases, with a picture of macroscopic hematuria, documenting urothelial tumors, performing in these cases a lumboscopic approach to the kidney and an endoscopic resection of the bladder rim. Lumboscopic nephroureterectomy was performed with transurethral endoscopic bladder rump resection. The 3 patients were discharged on the second postoperative day without complications and in the three cases the bladder rim without evidence of tumor activity, and currently under surveillance with excellent oncological results. Lumboscopic nephroureterectomy with endoscopic resection of the bladder rim is a reproducible technique in experienced hands, with the same oncological results as the open approach.

Experiencia en Nefrectomía Parcial y Enucleación de Tumor Renal Laparoscópico "Zero Isquemia", en Cochabamba, Bolivia

Resumen El manejo quirúrgico de los tumores renales pequeños es la cirugía conservadora de nefronas, este tipo de manejo se reservaba para pacientes seleccionados, con riñón solitario, enfermedad renal crónica o tumores bilaterales. La evidencia sugiere que la nefrectomía parcial laparoscópica es equivalente en términos de resultados oncológicos y superior en las mediciones de calidad de vida comparada al abordaje abierto. Objetivos: determinar los resultados oncológicos en cuanto a bordes libres del tumor y complicaciones quirúrgicas en pacientes sometidos a nefrectomía parcial y enucleación de tumor renal laparoscópico "Zero isquemia". Metodología: estudio retrospectivo, observacional, y comparativo, universo pacientes de la Clínica privada Los Ángeles y de la Caja Nacional de Salud, Hospital Obrero Nº2, Cochabamba, Bolivia, que fueron sometidos a nefrectomía parcial laparoscópica, se agruparon en dos grupos: Grupo I: nefrectomía parcial y Grupo II: enucleación, se analizaron: tamaño y localización del tumor, RENAL score, tiempo quirúrgico, sangrado, días de estancia, complicaciones y reporte histopatológico. Se utilizó el SPSS versión 20 (IBM, Chicago, IL). Resultados: se evaluaron 17 pacientes, 3 fueron excluidos por terminar en cirugía radical, 6 parciales (Grupo I) y 8 enucleaciones (Grupo II). Edad promedio de 45,7 (± 8,6) vs 51,2 (± 6,3) años. Tamaño del tumor 7,8 (2,5-10) vs 3,2 (1-5,7) cm, El RENAL score en global de todos los pacientes fue de baja a moderada, se realizó un análisis por separado, en el grupo I, la distribución fue complejidad baja n=2 (33,3%), moderada n= 1 (16,7%) y alta n= 3 (50%), en el grupo II, baja complejidad n=5 (62,5%), moderada n=2 (25%), alta complejidad n= 1 (12,5%). Hubo diferencias a favor del grupo II (enucleación) en cuanto a tiempo quirúrgico y sangrado transoperatorio, presentando solo 1 caso con fuga urinaria, resuelta con colocación de catéter JJ, se evidencia iguales tiempos de estancia intrahospitalaria, en cuanto a los bordes quirúrgicos, se tuvo 2 (14,2%) casos con bordes positivos 1 para cada abordaje, los cuales se mantienen en vigilancia estrecha. Conclusiones: el abordaje laparoscópico es una opción equiparable al abierto, se obtuvieron iguales resultados en cuanto a control oncológico en relación a bordes libres y con menos complicaciones, aunque se requiere experiencia en cirugía laparoscópica y aumentar el seguimiento en tiempo y mayor número de casos.

Abstract Surgical management of small renal tumors involves nephron-sparing surgery, which used to be reserved for selected patients with a solitary kidney, chronic kidney disease or bilateral tumors. Evidence suggests that laparoscopic partial nephrectomy is equivalent to the open approach in terms of oncologic outcomes and superior in quality of life measures. Objectives: to determine oncologic outcomes regarding tumor free edges and surgical complications in patients undergoing laparoscopic "Zero ischemia" partial nephrectomy and enucleation of renal tumor. Methodology: retrospective, observational, and comparative study, with a universe of patients from Los Angeles private clinic and Caja Nacional de Salud, Hospital Obrero Nº2, Cochabamba, Bolivia, who underwent laparoscopic partial nephrectomy, were grouped in two groups: Group I: partial nephrectomy and Group II: enucleation. The following were analyzed: tumor size and location, RENAL score, surgical time, bleeding, days of stay, complications and histopathological report. SPSS version 20 (IBM, Chicago, IL) was used for statistical analysis. Results: seventeen patients were evaluated, 3 were excluded due to completion of radical surgery, 6 partial nephrectomies (Group I) and 8 enucleations (Group II). Mean age 45.7 (± 8.6) vs 51.2 (± 6.3) years. Tumor size 7.8 (2.5-10) vs 3.2 (1-5.7) cm, The overall RENAL score of all patients was low to moderate, a separate analysis was performed, in group I, the distribution was low complexity 2 (33.3%), moderate n=1 (16.7%) and high n=3 (50%), in group II, low complexity n=5 (62.5%), moderate n=2 (25%), high complexity n=1 (12.5%). There were differences in favor of group II (enucleation) in terms of surgical time and transoperative bleeding, presenting only 1 case with urinary leakage, resolved with placement of a JJ catheter. In terms of surgical edges, there were 2 (14.2%) cases with positive edges, 1 for each approach, which are kept under close surveillance. Conclusions: laparoscopic approach is an option comparable to the open one, equal results were obtained with respect to oncologic control in relation to free edges and with fewer complications, although experience in laparoscopic surgery is required, as well as an increase in follow-up time and a greater number of cases.

Resección laparoscópica de mielolipoma suprarrenal gigante / Laparoscopic resection of giant adrenal myelolipoma

Los mielolipomas suprarrenales son neoplasias suprarrenales benignas compuestas como su nombre lo indica, por tejido adiposo y tejido hematopoyético. Comprenden entre 6 - 16% de los incidentalomas suprarrenales, El tamaño de estos tumores es variable, desde unos pocos milímetros hasta > 10 cm, es entonces cuando se denominan adrenomielolipomas gigantes. Los síntomas de presentación más comunes son: Dolor abdominal: 22,5%, dolor en hipocondrio: 13,9%, dolor en el flanco: 13,9%, masa abdominal: 5,2%, y en raras ocasiones, disnea, dolor en espalda, fiebre, pérdida de peso y virilización. Presentación del caso: paciente masculino de 61 años de edad, con presencia de tumor de 15 x 12 cm, dependiente de glándula suprarrenal derecha, que comprime polo superior de riñón derecho, de -20 UH, compatible con mielolipoma suprarrenal derecho gigante, hallazgos incidentales, durante protocolo de estudio por crecimiento prostático, se realiza procedimiento de resección de tumor suprarrenal por abordaje laparoscópico, con excelentes resultados clínicos, sangrado mínimo y recuperación inmediata. Conclusión: el mielolipoma suprarrenal es un tumor benigno que se diagnostica en la mayoría de los casos de manera incidental, se sabe que clínicamente es no funcional, aunque siempre se deben de hacer estudios hormonales preoperatorios. El tratamiento de los mielolipomas suprarrenales, depende de cada caso clínico, siendo una recomendación el tratamiento quirúrgico de los tumores grandes >5 cm, sugerimos que se pueda optar por el abordaje laparoscópico, por ser el menos invasivo y con menor tasa de complicaciones, además de la recuperación pronta del paciente.

Adrenal myelolipomas are benign adrenal neoplasms composed, as the name implies, of adipose tissue and myeloid (hematopoietic) tissue. They comprise between 6 and 16% of adrenal incidentalomas. The size of these tumors is variable and can vary from a few millimeters to more than 10 cm when they are called giant adrenomyelolipomas. The most common clinical presenting symptoms of adrenal myelolipomas are as follows: Abdominal pain: 22.5%, hypochondrial pain: 13.9%, flank pain: 13.9%, abdominal mass: 5.2%, and rarely, dyspnea, back pain, fever, weight loss and virilization. Presentation of the case: 61-year-old male, with the presence of a 15 x 12 cm tumor, dependent on the right adrenal gland, compressing the upper pole of the right kidney, -20 HU, compatible with giant right adrenal myelolipoma, incidental findings, during study protocol due to prostatic growth, a laparoscopic adrenal tumor resection procedure is performed, with excellent clinical results, minimal bleeding and immediate recovery. Conclusion: adrenal myelolipoma is a benign tumor that is diagnosed incidentally in most cases, it is known to be non-functional clinically, although preoperative hormonal studies should always be done. The treatment of adrenal myelolipomas depends on each clinical case, being a recommendation the surgical treatment of large tumors> 5 cm, we suggest that the laparoscopic approach be chosen, as it is the least invasive and with the lowest rate of complications, in addition of the prompt recovery of the patient.

Tumor de Células de Sertoli Esclerosante Testicular

Resumen Actualmente el tumor de células de Sertoli de tipo esclerosante, se encuentra clasificado como una variante de los tumores de células de Sertoli NOS (sin otra especificación), ya que ambos tumores presentan mutación del gen CTNNB1, codificador de b-catenina, la relevancia de su identificación radica en que esta variante se correlaciona, aunque en un bajo porcentaje, con potencial metastásico.Masculino de 56 años de edad, con cuadro de 7 años de evolución, caracterizado por presentar dolor testicular izquierdo con leve aumento de consistencia en polo inferior de testículo izquierdo, se realiza ecografía testicular, en la que se evidencia lesión heterogénea de 2 cm de diámetro máximo, dependiente de polo inferior de testículo izquierdo; se realiza orquiectomía radical izquierda, con reporte histopatológico: tumor de células de sertoli testicular. Cursando posteriormente con evolución satisfactoria, con cicatrización completa de la herida, y actualmente en vigilancia, sin necesidad de tratamiento adyuvante. Conociendo su relativa rareza y los pocos casos notificados, los tumores testiculares de células de Sertoli siguen siendo un misterio relativo y en la actualidad, continúan siendo un desafío para su diagnóstico. Con este caso, pretendemos apoyar en el conocimiento y fomentar la investigación adicional de estos tumores, con el objetivo de optimizar el diagnóstico, dar un adecuado tratamiento.

Abstract Currently, the sclerosing-type Sertoli cell tumor is classified as a variant of the NOS Sertoli cell tumors (without other specification), because it has been shown that both tumors present mutation in the CTNNB1 gene, which encodes the b-catenin (19), the relevance of its identification lies in the fact that this variant is correlated, although in a low percentage, with metastatic potential. A 56-year-old male, with a 7-year evolution, characterized by presenting left testicular pain with a slight increase in consistency in the lower pole of the left testicle, a testicular ultrasound was performed, which revealed a heterogeneous lesion of 2 cm in diameter maximum, dependent on the lower pole of the left testis; Left radical orchiectomy was performed, with histopathological report: testicular sertoli cell tumor. Later, with satisfactory evolution, with complete wound healing, and currently under surveillance, without the need for adjuvant treatment.Knowing their relative rarity and the few reported cases, testicular Sertoli cell tumors remain a relative mystery and today, they continue to be a challenge for diagnosis. With this case, we intend to support the knowledge and promote additional research on these tumors, with the aim of optimizing the diagnosis and providing adequate treatment.

Resección laparoscópica de adenocarcinoma de uraco / Laparoscopic resection of uraco adenocarcinoma

El adenocarcinoma de uraco es una enfermedad neoplásica rara, con una incidencia de 1 por 5 millones de habitantes. Clínicamente se manifiesta con hematuria (73%), dolor abdominal (14%), disuria (13%), mucosuria (10%), síntomas irritativos (40%), masa palpable en la parte baja del abdomen (17%), bacteriuria (8%), flujo mucoso umbilical (2%). Presentamos el caso de paciente de 45 años, con diagnóstico de adenocarcinoma de uraco, que recibió múltiples tratamientos sin respuesta, realizándose, cirugía radical con resección en bloque de ombligo, uraco, peritoneo, fascia posterior del musculo recto del abdomen y cistectomía parcial, por abordaje laparoscópico, con excelentes resultados oncológicos y estéticos, con recuperación rápida, y sin complicaciones. El papel de la quimioterapia y radioterapia y su beneficio para el paciente aún no está claro. Con este caso queremos aportar con un nuevo caso a la literatura, además de poder mostrar que el manejo con mínima invasión puede ser adecuada en manos expertas, con resultados iguales a la cirugía abierta, con el beneficio ya conocido del abordaje laparoscópico.

Urachal adenocarcinoma is a rare tumor entity, an average incidence of 1 case per 5 million inhabitants is described. Clinically it manifests with hematuria (73%), abdominal pain (14%), dysuria (13%), mucosuria (10%), irritative symptoms (40%), palpable mass in the lower abdomen (17% ), bacteriuria (8%), umbilical mucosal flow (2%). We present the case of a 45-year-old patient with a diagnosis of urachal adenocarcinoma, who received multiple treatments without response, performing radical surgery with en bloc resection of the umbilicus, urachus, peritoneum, posterior fascia of the rectus abdominis muscle and partial cystectomy. by laparoscopic approach, with excellent oncological and aesthetic results, with fast recovery, and without complications. The role of chemotherapy and radiation therapy and their benefit to the patient is still unclear. With this case we want to contribute a new case to the literature, in addition to being able to show that minimally invasive management can be adequate in expert hands, with results equal to open surgery, with the already known benefit of the laparoscopic approach.

Cirugía de mínima invasión en tiempos de COVID-19, es posible? / Minimally invasive surgery in times of COVID-19, is it possible?

El 10 marzo se registran los primeros dos casos de enfermedad por coronavirus (COVID-19) en Bolivia, el 11 marzo se declara como pandemia, afectando la atención de pacientes en todos sus niveles, tanto en el sistema público, privado y seguros. Encontrando a todo el sistema de salud desprovisto de protocolos, y guías de manejo ante esta enfermedad. Los servicios quirúrgicos enfrentan a los desafíos de optimizar la atención de pacientes con patologías de emergencia, posponiendo cirugías electivas. Este retraso en atención definitivamente tendrá efectos negativos, inclusive puede resultar en el diagnóstico tardío de patologías oncológicas. Los servicios quirúrgicos adoptaron protocolos que intentan reducir la cantidad de tiempo en quirófano y el riesgo de complicaciones postoperatorias, en este trabajo se realizó una revisión de las pautas de las asociaciones y guías internacionales para realizar cirugías de mínima invasión, siendo esta una alternativa viable para los pacientes durante la pandemia por COVID-19.

On March 10 the first two cases of coronavirus disease (COVID-19) are recorded in Bolivia, on March 11 it is declared a pandemic, affecting patient care at all levels, both in the public, private and insurance systems. Finding the entire health system devoid of protocols and management guidelines for this disease. Surgical services face the challenges of optimizing the care of patients with emergency pathologies, postponing elective surgeries. This delay in care will definitely have negative effects, and may even result in the late diagnosis of oncological pathologies. The surgical services adopted protocols that try to reduce the time in the operating room and the risk of postoperative complications. In this work we review the guidelines of the international associations for performing minimally invasive surgeries, making this a viable alternative to patients during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Tumor retroperitoneal en el espectro de enfermedades asociadas a igg4 / Retroperitoneal tumor in the clinical spectrum of igg4 related disease

Presentamos el caso de una mujer de 55 años sin antecedentes, que acude por dolor abdominal, se realiza una tomografía abdominopélvica evidenciando un tumor retroperitoneal de aspecto quístico en la periferia de la aorta abdominal, que afecta el riñón izquierdo. Se le realizó una laparotomía exploratoria, nefrectomía izquierda, tumorectomía retroperitoneal y una resección de un fragmento de la aorta abdominal con reporte histopatológico, corroborado por una prueba inmunohistoquímica de fibrosis retroperitoneal y aortitis por IgG4. El espectro de enfermedades relacionadas con IgG4 es de origen inmunológico con la capacidad de involucrar casi cualquier órgano. La epidemiología no es precisa, aunque se observa mayor predilección por la raza asiática, siendo más común durante la séptima década de vida. El diagnóstico radica en la coexistencia de varios parámetros clínicos, laboratoriales e histopatológicos, sin ser ninguno de estos patognomónicos. El objetivo del presente artículo es exponer el reporte de un caso con manifestación inusual de fibrosis retroperitoneal y dar a conocer que la importancia del diagnóstico radica en la decisión terapéutica, ya que cursa con buena respuesta al tratamiento inmunosupresor.

We present the case of a 55-year-old woman, with noclinical pathological history, who presented with abdominal pain, abdominopelvic tomography showing retroperitoneal tumoral in the periphery of the abdominal aorta, which affects the left kidney producing hydronephrosis. Exploratory laparotomy, left radical nephrectomy, retroperitoneal tumorectomy and resection of a fragment of abdominal aorta were performed, with histopathological report, corroborated by immunohistochemistry of retroperitoneal fibrosis and IgG4 aortitis. The spectrum of diseases related to IgG4, are of immunological origin that can involve almost any organ. The epidemiology is not precise, although a greater predilection for the Asian race is observed, being more common in the seventh decade of life, it should be suspected in patients with unexplained pain in one or more organs.The diagnosis lies in the coexistence of several clinical, laboratorial and histopathological parameters, without being any of these pathognomonic. We present a case with unusual presentation of retroperitoneal fibrosis and the importance of the diagnosis lies in the therapeutic decision, since it responds well to immunosuppressive treatment, without requiring surgical management.

Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumors Risk of Recurrence Stratification by Tumor Volume is a Best Predictor Compared with Risk Based on Mitosis and Tumor Size.

PURPOSE: Gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GIST) have the potential to recur and metastasize. Several prognostic schemes have been developed, mostly based on the mitotic count, diameter, and tumor site. However, these systems are not precise enough. The research question was whether the tumor size determined by volumetry allows a better risk stratification than the traditional system, and our aim was to determine the value of tumor volumetry, a feasible and simple parameter, in the recurrence of GIST. METHODS: Seventy-four cases of GIST were studied. The cases presented with non-metastatic disease, which were resected and did not receive imatinib. We compared the clinico-pathologic features of the cases with recurrence against those with non-recurrence and compared the tumor volumetry against the classification system based on tumor size and mitosis. RESULTS: The median age was 58 years (range: 25 to 91 years). Half of the cases were presented in the stomach. The tumor size had a median of 8 cm (range of 1-30 cm). The median mitosis count for 50 HPF was 4 (range 0-92). During the period of study, 16 (21.6%) patients suffered recurrence. The significant differences were that patients with recurrence accounted for more deaths and the follow-up period was larger. The area under the curve (AUC) of the volumetry classification was superior to the AUC of the classification system based on tumor size and mitosis (NIH-criteria) (p = .05). CONCLUSION: Tumor volumetry calculated in the surgical specimen and/or pre-operative tomography was superior to the NIH consensus in stratifying the risk of recurrence in GIST.

Association of ki67 Index with Recurrence in Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumors.

PURPOSE: Gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GIST) have the potential to recur and metastasize. Several prognostic schemes have been developed but none are precise enough and most times the pathologist faces a small biopsy where it is not possible to evaluate the mitotic count. Our aim was to determine the influence of ki67 index and other clinicopathologic characteristics in the recurrence of GIST. METHODS: Forty-three consecutive cases of GIST were studied. The cases presented with non-metastatic disease. We compared the clinicopathologic features of cases with recurrence against those with non-recurrence. The ki67 index was determined by square-millimeters. RESULTS: The median age was 55 years (IQR 45-63), the most frequent site of involvement was the stomach with 21 (48.8%) cases, and the median of tumor diameter was 10 cm (IQR 5.5-17.5). Twenty-six (60.5%) cases were spindle cell, 13 (30.2%) were mixed, and 4 (9.3%) were epithelioid. The median mitosis count for 50 high power fields was 4 (IQR 0-16), while per square millimeter it was 1 (IQR 0-5, range 0-32). The median of the ki67 proliferation index was 5% (IQR 1-20). During the period of study, 11 (25.6%) patients recurred. The only significant differences between patients with GIST with recurrence and without recurrence were the sex and tumor size. CONCLUSION: We did not find an association of the ki67 index with recurrence. The factors associated with recurrence were a high tumor size (> 10 cm) and male sex.

Comparison of 3 Ways of Dissecting the Pancreatoduodenectomy Specimen and Their Impact in the Lymph Node Count and the Lymph Node Metastatic Ratio.

BACKGROUND: Lymph node metastasis (LNM) is a strong prognostic factor in the cancer of the pancreatobiliary tree, but it is influenced by the number of lymph nodes (LNs). The lymph node ratio (LNR) is considered a more reliable factor than the number of LNM. The aim was to examine the LN retrieval and the LNR of 3 pathologic work-up strategies. METHODS: Pancreaticoduodenectomies (n = 165) were analyzed comparing 3 pathological dissection techniques, classified as "control," "Verbeke method," and "Adsay method" groups. RESULTS: The mean of the dissected LNs and the number of cases with >20 LNs were superior in the Adsay method group, compared with the other groups ( P < .001). The LNR was different between the Adsay and Verbeke groups (0.144 vs 0.069, P = .032). The median of the 3 positive LNs was associated with decreased survival compared with an absence of LNM (3-year specific survival of 48% vs 22%, P = .011). In the multivariate analysis, LNM (hazard ratio = 6.148, 95% confidence interval = 2.02-8.1, P = .042) and the evaluation of >15 LNs (hazard ratio = 12.52, 95% confidence interval = 5.51-21.01, P = .001) were independent predictors of survival. CONCLUSION: The Adsay technique for LN retrieval was associated with a better LN count, more cases with LNM, and an LNR >0.1.

Craneoplastia cnn costilla, procedimiento ideal: reporte de un caso / Split rib cranioplasty ideal procedure for Bolivia and the world: case report

aso de craneoplastia con costilla en un paciente con un síndrome de colgajo hundido, hacemos énfasis en la posibilidad de utilizar un injerto autológo, en este caso costilla en lugar de aloinjertos, siempre que sea posible. Las causas del problema fueron un defecto de la bóveda craneal secundaria a una craneotomía por edema cerebral pos-traumático y la colocación de una derivación ventrículo peritoneal. Los resultados obtenidos tanto desde el punto de vista neurofuncional como estético fueron excelentes.

A case of the syndrome of sinking skin flap and his treatment by performing slip rip autograph cranioplasty, the reasons for cranial reconstruction were calvaría defect from previous craniotomy a VP shunt. We emphasize on the convenience of the use of rib auto graft cranioplasty. Results were excellent.