The Use of Atomic Force Microscopy in Comprehensive Assessment of the "Mother-Placenta-Fetus" System in Obstetric and Endocrine Pathology during Pregnancy.

Atomic force microscopy is not very popular in practical health care, therefore, its potential is not studied enough, for example, in obstetrics when studying the "mother-placenta-fetus" system. Our study summarizes the possibilities of using atomic force microscopy for detection of various circulatory disorders and vascular changes at the microscopic level in the uterus (endometrium and myometrium), placenta, and umbilical cord in the main variants of obstetric and endocrine pathology. For instance, in the case of endocrine pathologies, changes in the form of stasis, sludge, diapedesis, ischemia, destruction and separation of endotheliocytes in villous blood vessels were found in the mother. The oxygen content in erythrocytes also naturally decreased in pathologies; poikilo- and anisocytosis were observed.

Ultrasensitive detection of inhaled organic aerosol particles by accelerator mass spectrometry.

Accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) was shown to be applicable for studying the penetration of organic aerosols, inhaled by laboratory mice at ultra-low concentration ca. 10(3) cm(-3). We synthesized polystyrene (PS) beads, composed of radiocarbon-labeled styrene, for testing them as model organic aerosols. As a source of radiocarbon we used methyl alcohol with radioactivity. Radiolabeled polystyrene beads were obtained by emulsifier-free emulsion polymerization of synthesized (14)C-styrene initiated by K2S2O8 in aqueous media. Aerosol particles were produced by pneumatic spraying of diluted (14)C-PS latex. Mice inhaled (14)C-PS aerosol consisting of the mix of 10(3) 225-nm particles per 1 cm(3) and 5·10(3) 25-nm particles per 1 cm(3) for 30 min every day during five days. Several millions of 225-nm particles deposited in the lungs and slowly excreted from them during two weeks of postexposure. Penetration of particles matter was also observed for liver, kidneys and brain, but not for a heart.

[Pathophysiological aspects of changing of metabolism in patients with severe mechanical trauma].

The review presents contemporary look at the problem of the cascade of pathophysiological reactions in patients with severe mechanical trauma. In the article described in detail changes hormonal and metabolic parameters in this category patients. In severe cases this leads to the development the syndrome of hypermetabolism-hypercatabolizm. Patients with this syndrome have a resistance to the introduction of exogenous nutrients. Syndrome of hypermetabolism-hypercatabolizm play a leading role in the pathogenesis of critical condition, it determines the outcome of the disease in general. The article studied in detail the pathogenesis of the processes occurring in critically ill patients, taking into account the pathogenetic mechanism of development are possible solutions to this complex issue.

[Blood rheological characteristics of uteroplacental blood flow in severe gestosis].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the clinical and morphological features of uteroplacental blood flow during pregnancy in severe gestosis. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: One hundred and twenty-five patients with severe gestosis were examined. Scanning probe and electron microscopy with macro- and microelement analysis and transmission microscopy were used to study their placentas, umbilical cords, endometrium, myometrium, and maternal blood in severe gestosis. RESULTS: It is shown that circulatory disorders in the structural components of the examined tissues and organs, as well as changes in cytoarchitectonics and red blood cell functional properties may be a component of the trigger of disseminated intravascular coagulation, followed by impaired maternal and fetal vital activity. CONCLUSION: The investigation of the pathomorphological features of the microcirculatory bed in the mother-placenta-fetus system in gestosis has shown that possible methods of their correction should be further sought.

[Effect of body mass reduction on the level of adiponectin in patients with obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus].

Patients with obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus are known to have hypoadiponectinemia partially compensated by switching to low-caloric diet. Reduction of the body mass results in the proportional increase of the adiponectin level and decreased severity of insulin resistance.

[The hormonal metabolic alterations in patients in critical state].

It is established that in patients in critical state occur significant alterations of hormone metabolic parameters. In severe cases, hypermetabolism-hyperkatabolism syndrome is developed. Under this syndrome, the resistance to exogenous introduction of nutrients occurs. The syndrome plays a key role in in pathogenesis of critical state and its course in many respects determine outcome of disease. The article describes in detail the pathogenesis of all cascades of pathologic reactions in severe ill patients subject to pathogenic mechanism of development. The possible approaches to resolve this complicated issue are presented.

[The role of fat tissue in development of metabolic disorders in patients with diabetes mellitus type 2 and obesity].

AIM: To specify changes in clinicolaboratory parameters in reduction of obesity in patients with diabetes mellitus type 2 (DM-2). MATERIAL AND METHODS: Antropometry, densitometry of fat tissue (FT) were made and parameters of fat and carbohydrate metabolism (lipidogram, glycated hemoglobin, immunoreactive insulin), FT secretory activity (leptin, adiponectin, TNF-alpha) were studied in 75 obese DM-2 patients. After the above primary examination all the patients were randomized into 2 groups: group 1 (n = 55) received xenical (120 mg 3 times a day) and kept moderate hypocaloric diet; group 2 (n = 20) received only the above diet therapy. Active treatment lasted 24 weeks. RESULTS: In addition to symptoms of metabolic syndrome (MS) the patients were found to have secretory disturbances of FT activity: elevation of leptin and TNF-alpha levels, subnormal adiponectin. These alterations directly correlated with body mass, FT mass gain, increase in waist circumference. Hyperleptinemia, hyperinsulinemia and hypoadiponectinemia were considered as markers of insulin resistance (IR) and related conditions. Xenical promoted a significant weight loss resulting in a positive trend in the parameters of adipokines, fat and carbohydrate metabolism, in reduction of IR. CONCLUSION: Xenical is beneficial for patients with DM-2 and obesity because it improves metabolic processes.