Surface Characterization, Antimicrobial Activity of Nonthermal Atmospheric-Pressure Plasma Jet on Polyvinyl Siloxane Impression Materials.

Background and Objectives The antimicrobial efficacy of a nonthermal atmospheric-pressure plasma jet (NAPPJ) on dental impression materials was investigated. Materials and Methods Type 3 polyvinyl siloxane was used as the impression material, and air and nitrogen NAPPJ were applied. The antibacterial effect of the NAPPJ was measured using the number of colony-forming units (CFUs) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images of Streptococcus mutans. Surface chemical characteristics of the impression material were examined using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and contact angle measurement. Additionally, physical properties were analyzed through surface roughness measurement, detail reproduction, and strain-in-compression test. Results Compared with the control group, the plasma treatment group showed ruptured bacteria membranes, destroyed bacteria structures, a significant reduction in the number of CFUs, and a significantly reduced contact angle. Further, XPS analysis showed that their surface was significantly richer in hydroxyl groups. The surface roughness, detail reproduction, and strain-in-compression results indicated no significant differences between the plasma treatment and control groups. NAPPJ treatment could remove bacteria from polyvinyl siloxane dental impression materials without changing the surface's physical properties. Conclusion Therefore, it is considered a promising method for disinfection.

[ 64Cu]Cu-Albumin Clearance Imaging to Evaluate Lymphatic Efflux of Cerebrospinal Space Fluid in Mouse Model.

Purpose: Clearance of brain waste in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) through the meningeal lymphatic vessels (mLV) has been evaluated mostly through the fluorescent imaging which has inherent limitations in the context of animal physiology and clinical translatability. The study aimed to establish molecular imaging for the evaluation of mLV clearance function. Methods: Radionuclide imaging after intrathecal (IT) injection was acquired in C57BL/6 mice of 2-9 months. The distribution of [99mTc]Tc-diethylenetriamine pentaacetate (DTPA) and [64Cu]Cu-human serum albumin (HSA) was comparatively evaluated. Evans Blue and [64Cu]Cu-HSA were used to evaluate the distribution of tracer under various speed and volume conditions. Results: [99mTc]Tc-DTPA is not a suitable tracer for evaluation of CSF clearance via mLV as no cervical lymph node uptake was observed while it was cleared from the body. A total volume of 3 to 9 µL at an infusion rate of 300 to 500 nL/min was not sufficient for the tracer to reach the cranial subarachnoid space and clear throughout the mLV. As a result, whole-body positron emission tomography imaging using [64Cu]Cu-HSA at 700 nL/min, to deliver 6 µL of injected volume, was set for characterization of the CSF to mLV clearance. Through this protocol, the mean terminal CSF clearance half-life was measured to be 123.6 min (range 117.0-135.0) in normal mice. Conclusions: We established molecular imaging to evaluate CSF drainage through mLV using [64Cu]Cu-HSA. This imaging method is expected to be extended in animal models of dysfunctional meningeal lymphatic clearance and translational research for disease-modifying therapeutic approaches. Supplementary Information: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13139-022-00746-6.

Pharmaceutical Strategies for Stabilizing Drug Nanocrystals.

BACKGROUND: Nanocrystallization technologies have been widely studied in recent years, as the formulation of drug nanocrystals solves problems of poor drug solubility and bioavailability. However, drug nanocrystals in the size range of 1-1000 nm usually need to be accompanied by stabilizers, such as polymers or surfactants, to enhance their stability. Despite their simplicity, improved dissolution rate, and enhanced bioavailability, the limited stability of nanocrystal formulations has prevented further development. OBJECTIVE: The most effective way to handle this instability is to use stabilizers. This paper reviews various factors to consider for the production of stable drug nanocrystals and provides suggestions to overcome the problems associated with instability, such as aggregation and Ostwald ripening. Through various examples of stabilizers acting via electrostatic and steric stabilization, this review highlights the scope of enhancing the stability of drug nanocrystals. CONCLUSION: Studies on stabilizers used in the production of drug nanocrystals are ongoing; various factors, such as the effect of zeta potential on the stability of drug nanosuspensions, have already been revealed. However, it is necessary to determine the most appropriate stabilizer experimentally based on the various mechanisms and factors have been reviewed since the possible interactions between each drug and stabilizer are diverse.