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1.
Medicina (B Aires) ; 72(6): 514-20, 2012.
Artigo em Espanhol | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-23241296

RESUMO

There are significant achievements in the control of animal tuberculosis (tB) in Argentina. the percentage of bovines with apparent tB lesions at the slaughterhouse inspection decreased from 6.7% to 0.6% between 1969 and 2011. on the other hand, the mean percentage of human tB cases due to M. bovis among all those bacteriologically confirmed, was in Santa Fe, an agro-industrial province, 2.3% in the period 1977-2001. It fell to 1.6% by 2011. In the Cetrángolo Hospital (Buenos Aires), it was 0.34% in the period 2001-2005, and 0.36% in 2006-2011. At the Muñiz Hospital, these percentages decreased from 1.75% in 1971 to 0.22% in 2006. Frequency of HIV infection among M. bovis cases varied from 5.9% in santa Fe to 11.1% and 20.5% respectively, in Cetrángolo and Muñiz Hospitals (a reference institution for aids) in Buenos Aires. According to these data M. bovis infection predominates in agro-industrial/ rural areas, showing a slow decrease there as well as in Buenos Aires. Co-infection with HIV is more frequent among patients with M. bovis that in all cases of tB. The situation of M. bovis in Argentina is here compared with that in USA and in several European and Latin American countries. Trends followed by tB in cattle, in humans, and the percentages of M. bovis among them, are not always closely related to move towards the common goal of eradicating tB; the employment of appropriate strategies and the strengthening of control measures are critical in both programs.


Assuntos
Coinfecção/epidemiologia , Mycobacterium bovis/isolamento & purificação , Tuberculose Bovina/epidemiologia , Zoonoses/epidemiologia , Animais , Argentina/epidemiologia , Bovinos , Infecções por HIV/complicações , Infecções por HIV/epidemiologia , Humanos , Incidência , Programas Nacionais de Saúde , População Rural/estatística & dados numéricos , Tuberculose Bovina/complicações , Tuberculose Bovina/prevenção & controle , Zoonoses/prevenção & controle
2.
Medicina (B.Aires) ; 72(6): 514-520, dic. 2012. graf, tab
Artigo em Espanhol | LILACS | ID: lil-662161

RESUMO

Existen importantes logros en el control de la tuberculosis (TB) animal en la Argentina. Los porcentajes de bovinos con lesiones TB halladas en mataderos disminuyeron de 6.7% a 0.7% entre 1969 y 2011. En salud pública, el porcentaje promedio de TB por M. bovis sobre el total de los casos confirmados bacteriológicamente, fue en Santa Fe -provincia agro industrial- 2.3% en el período 1977-2001 y 1.6% entre 2002 y 2011. En Buenos Aires, en el Hospital Cetrángolo, ese porcentaje fue 0.34% (2001-2005) y 0.36% (2006-2011). En el Hospital Muñiz disminuyó de 1.75% en 1971 a 0.22% en 2006. La frecuencia de HIV entre los casos de M. bovis varió de 5.9% en Santa Fe a 11.1% y 20.5% respectivamente en los Hospitales Cetrángolo y Muñiz de Buenos Aires. En conjunto, la infección por M. bovis es más importante en las zonas rurales/ agro industriales, con un lento descenso, también observado en Buenos Aires. La coinfección por HIV es más frecuente en pacientes con M. bovis que en el conjunto de los casos de TB. Comparando la situación de la Argentina con la de EE.UU. y países de Europa y América Latina, se observa que las tendencias de la TB en el ganado, en humanos y la frecuencia relativa del M. bovis en salud pública, no siempre siguen una relación estrecha. Para avanzar hacia la meta común de erradicación de la TB, el empleo de estrategias adecuadas y el fortalecimiento de las medidas de control son fundamentales para ambos programas.


There are significant achievements in the control of animal tuberculosis (TB) in Argentina. The percentage of bovines with apparent TB lesions at the slaughterhouse inspection decreased from 6.7% to 0.6% between 1969 and 2011. On the other hand, the mean percentage of human TB cases due to M. bovis among all those bacteriologically confirmed, was in Santa Fe, an agro-industrial province, 2.3% in the period 1977-2001. It fell to 1.6% by 2011. In the Cetrángolo Hospital (Buenos Aires), it was 0.34% in the period 2001-2005, and 0.36% in 2006-2011. At the Muñiz Hospital, these percentages decreased from 1.75% in 1971 to 0.22% in 2006. Frequency of HIV infection among M. bovis cases varied from 5.9% in Santa Fe to 11.1% and 20.5% respectively, in Cetrángolo and Muñiz Hospitals (a reference institution for aids) in Buenos Aires. According to these data M. bovis infection predominates in agro- industrial/ rural areas, showing a slow decrease there as well as in Buenos Aires. Co-infection with HIV is more frequent among patients with M. bovis that in all cases of TB. The situation of M. bovis in Argentina is here compared with that in USA and in several European and Latin American countries. Trends followed by TB in cattle, in humans, and the percentages of M. bovis among them, are not always closely related. To move towards the common goal of eradicating TB, the employment of appropriate strategies and the strengthening of control measures are critical in both programs.


Assuntos
Animais , Bovinos , Humanos , Coinfecção/epidemiologia , Mycobacterium bovis/isolamento & purificação , Tuberculose Bovina/epidemiologia , Zoonoses/epidemiologia , Argentina/epidemiologia , Infecções por HIV/complicações , Infecções por HIV/epidemiologia , Incidência , Programas Nacionais de Saúde , População Rural/estatística & dados numéricos , Tuberculose Bovina/complicações , Tuberculose Bovina/prevenção & controle , Zoonoses/prevenção & controle
3.
Rev Panam Salud Publica ; 12(1): 26-36, 2002 Jul.
Artigo em Espanhol | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-12202022

RESUMO

OBJECTIVES: To define the effect of influenza epidemics on mortality and to establish the best criterion for predicting mortality so as to provide a method for advance warning of the severity of an influenza epidemic. METHODS: The study was carried out in La Capital, a department in Santa Fe province, Argentina, during 1992-1999. In order to fulfill the first objective, a retrospective analysis was performed with mortality data for pneumonia and influenza in persons over 65 years of age, using the auto-regressive integrated moving averages (ARIMA). The latter were used to determine the excess mortality attributable to influenza epidemics. In order to attain the second objective, a regression analysis was performed so as to study the correlation between weekly morbidity from influenza and monthly mortality from pneumonia or influenza in personas over 65. Morbidity was expressed in terms of three summary measures which were derived from the number of cases of influenza that were reported during the first 35 weeks of the year: the sum total of all cases reported weekly, their standard deviation, and the maximum number of cases in any given week. We included in the analysis the type and subtype of influenza. These four parameters (type and subtype of influenza, along with one of the three summary measures) were compared among themselves in terms of their ability to explain the mortality observed during the first eight months of the year. RESULTS: Epidemics occurred during the winters of 1993, 1995, and 1999 and in the spring of 1997. During those seasons, excess deaths were observed in connection with the circulation of a predominant strain of influenza virus, type A (H3N2). There were no epidemics in the winter months of 1994, 1996, and 1998, despite the circulation of this viral strain. During the winters in which influenza virus strains A (H1N1) and B were in circulation (1992 and 1997, respectively) - both are associated with low mortality figures - no excess deaths were detected. CONCLUSIONS: The number of weekly cases of influenza reported during the peak of the winter season is the best criterion for predicting how much excess mortality can be attributed to the epidemic.


Assuntos
Influenza Humana/mortalidade , Idoso , Argentina/epidemiologia , Área Programática de Saúde , Surtos de Doenças/prevenção & controle , Humanos , Vacinas contra Influenza/uso terapêutico , Influenza Humana/prevenção & controle
4.
Rev. panam. salud pública ; 12(1): 26-36, jul. 2002.
Artigo em Espanhol | LILACS | ID: lil-323691

RESUMO

Objetivos. Descubrir el efecto de las epidemias de influenza sobre la mortalidad y determinar el criterio más apropiado para predecir la magnitud de ésta, a fin de brindar un método que alerte precozmente de la gravedad de una epidemia de influenza. Métodos. El estudio se realizó en La Capital, departamento de la provincia de Santa Fe, Argentina, durante el período de 1992­1999. Para lograr el primer objetivo se llevó a cabo un análisis retrospectivo de los datos de mortalidad por neumonía e influenza en personas mayores de 65 años, utilizando el método autorregresivo integrado de promedios móviles (ARIMA, por el inglés auto-regressive integrated moving averages). Con él se determinó el exceso de mortalidad atribuible a las epidemias de influenza. A fin de alcanzar el segundo objetivo, se efectuó un análisis de regresión para estudiar la relación entre la morbilidad semanal por influenza y la mortalidad mensual por neumonía o influenza en personas mayores de 65 años. La morbilidad se expresó mediante tres medidas resumen calculadas a partir del número de casos notificados durante las primeras 35 semanas epidemiológicas del año (ocho primeros meses calendario): la suma total de los casos notificados semanalmente, su desviación estándar y su número en la semana invernal en que hubo más casos. En este análisis se incluyeron el tipo y el subtipo de influenza. Estos cuatro parámetros (el tipo y subtipo de influenza, junto con una de las tres medidas resumen) se compararon entre sí con respecto a su poder para explicar la mortalidad registrada durante los primeros ocho meses del año. Resultados. Se produjeron epidemias en la estación invernal de 1993, 1995, 1999 y en la primavera de 1997, estaciones en las que se identificó un exceso de muertes asociado a la circulación de una cepa predominante del virus de la influenza de tipo A, la H3N2. Este patrón de exceso de mortalidad es típico de cepas de la influenza del tipo A (H3N2). Durante los inviernos de 1994, 1996 y 1998 no se produjeron epidemias a pesar de haber estado en circulación el virus de la influenza de tipo A (H3N2). En las estaciones invernales relacionadas conla circulación de cepas de la influenza de los tipos A (H1N1) (1992) y B (1997), cuyos patrones suelen asociarse a una baja mortalidad, tampoco se detectó un exceso de muertes. Conclusiones. El número de casos de influenza semanales notificados durante el pico de la estación invernal resulta el mejor parámetro para estimar el impacto de la influenza sobre elnúmero de defunciones


Objectives. To define the effect of influenza epidemics on mortality and to establish the best criterion for predicting mortality so as to provide a method for advance warning of the severity of an influenza epidemic. Methods. The study was carried out in La Capital, a department in Santa Fe province, Argentina, during 1992­1999. In order to fulfill the first objective, a retrospective analysis was performed with mortality data for pneumonia and influenza in persons over 65 years of age, using the auto-regressive integrated moving averages (ARIMA). The latter were used to determine the excess mortality attributable to influenza epidemics. In order to attain the second objective, a regression analysis was performed so as to study the correlation between weekly morbidity from influenza and monthly mortality from pneumonia or influenza in personas over 65. Morbidity was expressed in terms of three summary measures which were derived from the number of cases of influenza that were reported during the first 35 weeks of the year: the sum total of all cases reported weekly, their standard deviation, and the maximum number of cases in any given week. We included in the analysis the type and subtype of influenza. These four parameters (type and subtype of influenza, along with one of the three summary measures) were compared among themselves in terms of their ability to explain the mortality observed during the first eight months of the year. Results. Epidemics occurred during the winters of 1993, 1995, and 1999 and in the spring of 1997. During those seasons, excess deaths were observed in connection with the circulation of a predominant strain of influenza virus, type A (H3N2). There were no epidemics in the winter months of 1994, 1996, and 1998, despite the circulation of this viral strain. During the winters in which influenza virus strains A (H1N1) and B were in circulation (1992 and 1997, respectively)­both are associated with low mortality figures­no excess deaths were detected. Conclusions. The number of weekly cases of influenza reported during the peak of the winter season is the best criterion for predicting how much excess mortality can be attributed to the epidemic


Assuntos
Orthomyxoviridae , Influenza Humana , Surtos de Doenças , Argentina
5.
Rev. panam. salud pública ; 7(1): 35-40, Jan. 2000. ilus, tab
Artigo em Espanhol | LILACS | ID: lil-264723

RESUMO

En marzo-abril de 1998 se identificó en un barrio de la ciudad de Santa Fe (Argentina) un brote de una enfermedad aguda caracterizada por fiebre, cefaleas y mialgias intensas. Se presentan los estudios realizados en relación con este brote y los intentos de identificación de la fuente y del modo de transmisión. Los hallazgos epidemiológicos, serológicos y clínicos indicaron que el agente causal fue Leptospira interrogans. Como prueba de tamizaje se aplicó la técnica de aglutinación macroscópica con antígeno termorresistente, seguida de la prueba de ELISA y, como prueba de confirmación, la aglutinación microscópica frente a 10 serovariedades de L. interrogans. Se estudiaron 32 individuos, 8 perros y 8 muestras de agua. Se registraron 12 casos confirmados, 2 probables y 18 negativos. En seis perros se demostró la existencia de infección y en las muestras de agua se detectó la presencia de espiroquetas móviles. Los sueros humanos reaccionaron con las serovariedades ballum, canicola, icterohaemorrhagiae y pyrogenes, y los caninos con ballum, canicola y pomona. La coaglutinación observada en todos los casos confirmados indica que se trató de casos agudos de leptospirosis, pero no permite identificar la serovariedad causal. Salvo en el caso índice, no se reconoció clínicamente la enfermedad. Varios hechos sugieren que la causa del brote fue la inundación pluvial de la zona estudiada. Los resultados de este estudio resaltan la necesidad de una vigilancia activa de la leptospirosis ante desastres naturales como las inundaciones


In March­April 1998 in a neighborhood in the city of Santa Fe, Argentina, there was an outbreak of an acute disease characterized by fever, headaches, and intense myalgias. This article presents the studies surrounding this outbreak and the attempts to identify the source and the mode of transmission. The epidemiological, serological, and clinical findings indicated that the causative agent was Leptospira interrogans. As a screening test, macroscopic agglutination with heat-resistant antigen was applied, followed by the ELISA test, and, as a confirmatory test, microscopic agglutination for 10 serotypes of L. interrogans. The study covered 32 persons, 8 dogs, and 8 water samples. Among the 32 persons, 12 cases were confirmed, 2 were suspicious, and 18 were negative. Six dogs were found to be infected, and motile spirochetes were found in the water samples. The human sera reacted with the ballum, canicola, icterohaemorrhagiae, and pyrogenes serotypes; the canine sera reacted with the ballum, canicola, and pomona serotypes. The coagglutination found in all the confirmed cases indicates that they were acute cases of leptospirosis, but it was impossible to identify the causal serotype. Except for the index case, the disease was not recognized clinically. Several facts suggest that the outbreak was caused by rain that had flooded the study area. The results of this study emphasize the need for active surveillance of leptospirosis when there are floods and other natural disasters.


Assuntos
Humanos , Animais , Masculino , Feminino , Ensaio de Imunoadsorção Enzimática , Controle de Cheias , Leptospira interrogans/isolamento & purificação , Leptospirose , Argentina
6.
Medicina (B.Aires) ; 59(5,pt.1): 453-8, 1999. tab
Artigo em Espanhol | LILACS | ID: lil-247909

RESUMO

El virus de la inmunodeficiencia humana (HIV) causa un profundo impacto sobre el problema de la tuberculosis (TBC) tanto en los países industrializados como en los en vía de desarrollo. Enfermedades graves causadas por micobacterias no tuberculosas, la mayoría correspondientes al Complejo Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare (MAC), se han vuelto muy comunes en asociación con la inmunosupresión severa. El aumento de complejidad en las enfermedades micobacterianas há estimulado el desarrollo de métodos diagnósticos más rápidos y eficientes. El presente trabajo pretende investigar la especificidad y aplicabilidad de la técnica de cromatografía gaseosa (CG) para el diagnóstico de micobacterias de importancia clínica en Argentina. Se tipificaron mediante CG 183 aislamientos clínicos de micobacterias, empleando como gold standard las pruebas bioquímicas clásicas. Del total de aislamientos analizados, 69 por ciento fueron correctamente identificados a nivel de especie y 5 por ciento incorrectamente. Si sólo se tienen en cuenta los aislamientos que pudieron ser clasificados, 93 por ciento lo fueron correctamente. Entre las especies de mayor interés clínico en Argentina, fueron correctamente identificados todos (40/50). Los aislamientos clasificables de M. tuberculosis, 15/16 aislamientos de M. bovis y 39/43 aislamientos de MAC. La CG representa una técnica rápida y de alto valor predictivo para la identificación de micobacterias en las condiciones de Argentina. Su aplicación en laboratorios de referencia es recomendable en este país u otros de Latinoamérica con una situación epidemiológica de la TBC similar y disponibilidad de esta tecnología.


Assuntos
Mycobacterium/isolamento & purificação , Cromatografia Gasosa , Sensibilidade e Especificidade
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