[Clinician and researcher at the time. Is it possible?] / Clínico e investigador a la vez, ¿se puede?

Research in clinical practice arises as a constant need for improvement to provide better care to patients, train better human resources and make a daily reflection on the amount of scientific information we receive every day. We want to reflect on how the Centro de Adiestramiento en Investigación Clínica (CAIC) from our healthcare activity changed our practice.

La investigación en la práctica clínica surge como una necesidad constante de mejora, a fin de dar una atención de mayor calidad a los pacientes, formar recursos humanos más preparados y hacer una reflexión diaria ante la cantidad de información científica que recibimos todos los días. Queremos hacer una reflexión de como el Centro de Adiestramiento en Investigación Clínica (CAIC) desde nuestra actividad asistencial cambió nuestra práctica.

[Lower urinary tract symptoms in medical residents as reflection of a stressful work environment.] / Síntomas del tracto urinario inferior como reflejo del ambiente laboral hospitalario en médicos residentes.

OBJECTIVE: To determine if the presence of moderate to severe lower urinary tract symptoms in medical resident are associated with workplace bullying. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Cross-sectional study conducted in medical residents. Moderate to severe lower urinary tract symptoms were defined as greater than 8 points on the International Prostate Symptom Score. Residents were classified as bullied if their total score on the Negative Acts Questoinnarie-Revised, was above 41 points. Perceived bullying was considered as present when any positive answer was documented in a specific question to measure this variable. Bivariate analysis to determine statistical differences between presence of lower urinary tract symptoms and exposure to both types of bullying was performed using χ² . The magnitude and directions of all associations were determined by calculating the Odds Ratio with 95% level of confidence. RESULTS: 209 residents were included, 63% men; 68% reported at least one lower urinary tract symptom, of which, 56% were mild, 10% moderate and 2% severe. The prevalence of bullying was 42% while perceived bullying was present in 39%. Residents with ≥8 points on the International Prostate Symptom Score had higher risk of being exposed to bullying (OR: 2.8, 95% CI: 1.1-6.7, p=0.01) and/or perceived bullying (OR: 3.1 95% CI: 1.3-7.5, p=0.00). Female gender had greater risk than man for presenting lower urinary tract symptoms at basal state (OR: 2.8, 95% CI: 1.1-6.6, p=0.01). CONCLUSIONS: Medical residents with moderate or severe urinary tract symptoms may be related to bullying. Being a woman is associated with an increased risk of developing LUTS.

OBJETIVO: Determinar si la presencia de síntomas del tracto urinario inferior moderados a severos en médicos residentes se asocian con la exposición a bullying laboral.MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: Estudio transversal realizado en médicos residentes. Se definió síntomas del tracto urinario inferior moderados a severos como más de 8 puntos en el Índice Internacional de Síntomas Prostáticos. Los residentes se consideraron como expuestos a bullying si el puntaje total en la Escala de Conductas Negativas era mayor a 41 puntos. Se consideró como bullying percibido cualquier respuesta positiva en una pregunta específica para medir esta variable. Se realizó un análisis bivariado utilizando la χ² para determinar diferencias estadísticas entre la presencia de síntomas del tracto urinario inferior y la exposición a ambos tipos de bullying. La magnitud y dirección de las asociaciones se establecieron calculando el Odds Ratio con un intervalo de confianza al 95%. RESULTADOS: Se incluyeron 209 residentes, 63% hombres; 68% refirieron algún síntoma del tracto urinario, de los cuales, 56% fueron leves, 10% moderados y 2% severos. La prevalencia de bullying fue de 42% y el bullying percibido se presentó en el 39%. Los residentes con ≥8 puntos en el Índice Internacional de Síntomas Prostáticos tuvieron mayor riesgo de estar expuestos a bullying (OR: 2,8, IC 95%: 1,1-6,7, p=0,01) y bullying percibido (OR: 3,1 95% CI: 1,3-7,5, p 0,00). Ser mujer se asoció con mayor riesgo de presentar síntomas del tracto urinario inferior (OR: 2,8, IC 95%: 1,1-6,6, p=0,01). CONCLUSIONES: Los médicos residentes con síntomas del tracto urinario moderados o severos pueden estar relacionados a bullying. Ser mujer se asocia a mayor riesgo de presentar STUI.

[Stone free rate assesment after percutaneous nephrolithotomy using nephrolitometric nomogram]. / Evaluación de la tasa libre de litos posterior a la nefrolitotomía percutánea mediante el nomograma nefrolitométrico.

BACKGROUND: Percutaneous nephrolithotomy remains the standard of care for kidney stones larger than 2cm. Therefore, setting a prognosis for complete stone resolution through this method is essential. The prognostic tools available have limited prediction. OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the stone-free rate in patients undergoing percutaneous nephrolithotomy with the Clinical Research Office of the Endourological Society nomogram and suggest modifications to improve the classification. MATERIAL AND METHODS: We analyzed a retrospective cohort of patients undergoing percutaneous nephrolithotomy applying the nephrolithometric nomogram specified. We modified the scale dividing the patients into 3groups: i from 80 to 110 points, II from 111 to 170 points, and III more than 170 points, respectively assessing the stone-free rate (Kruskall-Wallis test was performed, p<0.05). RESULTS: A total of 126 patients were included. According to the nehrolithometric nomogram the stone-free rate was 12.5% for patients with fewer than 111 points and 70.9% for those with 111 points or more. In the modification proposed for groups I, IIand III the stone-free rate was 12.5%, 50% and 80% respectively (p=0.000). CONCLUSIONS: Evaluation using the nephrolithometric nomogram demonstrated accurate stone-free rate prediction for complex and simple stones, with a lack of discrimination for patients with intermediate scores. Our modification enabled better differentiation of the intermediate groups from the high and low stone-free rate groups.

[Prognostic factors of morbimortality in patients with emphysematous pyelonephritis]. / Factores pronósticos de morbimortalidad en pacientes con pielonefritis enfisematosa.

BACKGROUND: Emphysematous pyelonephritis (EPN) is a severe infection of the urinary tract, caused by gas accumulation within the collecting system, the renal parenchyma, and/or the perirenal tissue. The cause of this infection is not known at all; however, it has been suggested that it is produced by the glucose fermentation provoked by enterobacteriaceae or anaerobic organisms. Our objective was to evaluate the predictors of morbidity and mortality in patients diagnosed with EPN. METHODS: It was carried out a historical cohort study of patients diagnosed with EPN in our hospital from March 2005 to December 2014. Patients with adverse outcome were identified. We defined adverse outcome as patients requiring stay in intensive care unit, who presented nephrectomy and/or who died. A multiple regression analysis was conducted to establish the relation of each clinical factor with the adverse outcome. RESULTS: 73 records were included for analysis, 48 were women (65.8 %) and 25 men. Diabetes, urolithiasis, E. coli infection and septic shock occurred in 68.5, 68.5, 63, and 15.1 %, respectively. We found that leukocytosis ≥12 000 µl (OR 43.65, 95 % CI 2.36-805, p <0.001), thrombocytopenia ≤120 000 µl (OR 363, 95 % 9.2-14208, p <0.0001), and Huang's radiological class 3 (OR 62, 95 % CI 4-964, p < 0.001) were factors significantly associated with adverse outcome. CONCLUSION: Thrombocytopenia, leukocytosis and Huang's radiological class 3 are associated with adverse outcome in patients with EPN.

Introducción: La pielonefritis enfisematosa es una infección grave del tracto urinario caracterizada por la presencia de gas en los sistemas colectores, en el parénquima renal o en el tejido perirrenal; su causa no es del todo conocida, pero se ha sugerido que se debe a la fermentación de glucosa por enterobacterias y anaerobios. El objetivo fue evaluar los factores pronósticos de morbimortalidad en pacientes con diagnóstico de pielonefritis enfisematosa. Métodos: estudio de cohorte histórica en pacientes con diagnóstico de pielonefritis enfisematosa que ingresaron a nuestro hospital de marzo de 2005 a diciembre de 2014. Se identificaron los pacientes con desenlace adverso definido como aquel que requirió estancia en unidad de cuidados intensivos, nefrectomía o muerte. Se realizó una regresión logística múltiple para obtener la relación de cada factor pronóstico con el desenlace adverso. Resultados: Fueron evaluados 73 pacientes (48 mujeres [65.8 %]). Diabetes, litiasis urinaria, infección por Escherichia coli y el estado de choque se presentaron en 68.5 %, 68.5 %, 63 % y 15.1 %, respectivamente. Fueron factores significativos para desenlace adverso la leucocitosis ≥ 12 000 µL (RM 43.65, IC 95 % 2.36-805, p < 0.001), la trombocitopenia ≤ 120 000 µL (RM 363, IC 95 % 9.2-14208, p < 0.0001), y la clase radiológica 3 de Huang (RM 62, IC 95 % 4-964, p < 0.001). Conclusión: la trombocitopenia, la leucocitosis y la clase radiológica 3 se asociaron con un desenlace adverso en los pacientes con pielonefritis enfisematosa.

[Prevalence of urinary tract symptoms in women with diabetes mellitus]. / Prevalencia de síntomas urinarios en mujeres con diabetes mellitus.

BACKGROUND: The objective was to evaluate the prevalence of urinary tract symptoms and the impact in the quality of life in women with diabetes, the association with DM and neuropathy evolution time and glycemic control. METHODS: A cohort of women from the DiabetIMSS program was evaluated from January 2011 to 2013. The personal history, time of DM diagnosis, neuropathy, urinary symptoms, glycemic control and quality of life impact were noted. RESULTS: A total of 169 women were evaluated. The median age was 58 years (29-85) and DM main evolution time was 9 years (0.5-31). Urinary tract symptoms were present in 128 (75.7 %) patients. Stress and urge incontinence were predominantly present (45.3 and 40.6 % respectively), followed by obstructive and irritative symptoms (25 and 10.1 % respectively). The impact in the quality of life was mild-moderate in 91.1 % of the patients. At least one criteria for neuropathy was noted in 154 (91.1 %) patients. Neuropathy evolution time was longer in the symptomatic group (12 vs 4.8 months). Symptoms were mainly present in patients with more than one year of neuropathy; p < 0.05. CONCLUSION: There is a high prevalence of urinary tract symptoms in diabetic women. The only associated risk factor was neuropathy. No significative association was found between the rest of the factors.

Introducción: la diabetes mellitus (DM) conlleva un aumento de la ingesta de líquidos y del gasto urinario por el estado hiperosmolar al que induce a los que la padecen. El objetivo fue evaluar la prevalencia de síntomas urinarios en mujeres con DM, su impacto en la calidad de vida y su asociación con el tiempo de diagnóstico de DM, neuropatía y control glucémico. Métodos: en una cohorte de mujeres del programa DiabetIMSS evaluamos, de enero de 2011 a enero de 2013, sus antecedentes, neuropatía y síntomas urinarios, control glucémico e impacto en la calidad de vida mediante entrevista, medición de peso, exámenes paraclínicos y cuestionarios (ICIQ-SF, IPSS y QoL). Resultados: entrevistamos 169 mujeres con mediana de edad de 58 años (29-85) y mediana al diagnóstico de DM de 9 años (0.5-31). Presentaron síntomas urinarios 128 (75.7 %), principalmente incontinencia urinaria de esfuerzo y urgencia (45.3 y 40.6 %), síntomas obstructivos (25 %) e irritativos (10.1 %). Su impacto en la calidad de vida fue de leve a moderado (91.1 %). Presentaron neuropatía 154 (91.1 %), con un tiempo mayor de evolución en las pacientes sintomáticas (12 frente a 4.8 meses), igualmente prevalecieron los síntomas urinarios en aquellas con neuropatía de más de un año de evolución, p < 0.05. Conclusión: la prevalencia de síntomas urinarios en mujeres diabéticas es elevada, con el tiempo de evolución de neuropatía como único factor asociado. El tiempo de evolución de DM y una determinación de HbA1c no evidenciaron asociación significativa.

[The use of S.T.O.N.E. scale in patients undergoing percutaneous nephrolithotomy]. / USO DE LA ESCALA DE S.T.O.N.E. EN PACIENTES SOMETIDOS A NEFROLITOTOMÍO PERCUTÁNEA.

OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to apply the S.T.O.N.E. scale on our patients undergoing PCNL to predict stone free rate and complications using the modified Clavien scale. METHODS: A historical cohort of patients undergoing PCNL was analyzed. All patients with computed tomography to assess stone-free rate with the S.T.O.N.E. scale and complications were evaluated by the modified Clavien scale. RESULTS: In 102 patients 104 procedures were performed; the mean age was 48.4 years and 71% were women. The distribution of cases were classified as mild: 6.7%, moderate: 63.5% and severe: 29.8%. The stone free rate after the first procedure globally reached 58% and by grade was: mild 85.7%, moderate 71.2% and severe 25%. The RR for residual stones after the first procedure was 2.4 for moderate grade (CI 0.3 to 15, p=0.03) and 4.9 for severe grade (CI 0.7 - 30.9, p=0.08). The overall complication rate was 33%, separately Clavien 1: 14.4%, 2: 9.6%, 3a: 2.9%, 3b: 2.9% 4:1.9%, 5:1%. CONCLUSIONS: The S.T.O.N.E. scale applied in our population can predict accurately and easily stone free rate in patients undergoing PCNL. We found no predictive association for this scale on complications.

[Intrarectal povidone-iodine to reduce the risk of genitourinary infections after transrectal prostate biopsy]. / Iodopovidona intrarrectal y riesgo de infección genito- urinaria posterior a biopsia prostática transrectal.

BACKGROUND: The aim of this study is to compare two different preparations in patients undergoing transrectal prostate biopsies samples (TPBS) and assess the prevalence of genitourinary infections (GUI). METHODS: A historical cohort of patients undergoing TBPS for suspected prostate cancer. Two groups were compared: one with endorectal lubricant jelly and another with the addition of a povidone-iodine lubricating jelly. Complications were evaluated at three weeks. A bivariate analysis was performed by calculating the OR (95 % CI) to determine if the additional endorectal povidone-iodine pre-TBPS reduced GUI and other complications. RESULTS: 185 patients (Group I n = 86, Group II n = 96) were evaluated. 45 and 25 % had genitourinary tract infection (OR: 0.4, CI: 0.2-0.9, p = 0.004); fever was presented in 21 and 10 % respectively (OR: 0.42, CI: 0.1-0.9, p = 0.04). CONCLUSIONS: A reduction was observed in the presence of genitourinary infections in patients who had intrarectal povidone-iodine preparation applied.

Introducción: el objetivo de este estudio es comparar dos preparaciones distintas en pacientes sometidos a la toma de biopsias prostáticas transrectales (BPTR) y evaluar la prevalencia de infecciones genitourinarias (IGU). Métodos: se compararon dos grupos de pacientes con sospecha de cáncer de próstata sometidos a Biopsia Prostática Transrectal (BPTR): Con jalea lubricante endorrectal (grupo l, cohorte histórica) y con jalea lubricante más iodopovidona (grupo II, cohorte prospectiva). Se evaluaron las complicaciones a las tres semanas. Se realizó un análisis bivariado, calculando su OR (IC: 95 %) para determinar si la iodopovidona endorrectal adicional previa a la BPTR disminuye las IGU y otras complicaciones. Resultados: Se evaluaron 185 pacientes (Grupo I n = 86; grupo II n = 96). Tuvieron infección del tracto genitourinario el 45 y 25 % (OR: 0.4, IC: 0.2-0.9, p = 0.004); la fiebre se presentó en el 21 y 10 % respectivamente (OR: 0.42, IC: 0.1-0.9, p = 0.04). Conclusiones: Se observó una reducción en la presencia de infecciones genitourinarias en pacientes a quienes se aplicó en su preparación iodopovidona intrarrectal.

[Evaluation of 2 inanimate models to improve percutaneous fluoroscopy-guided renal access time]. / Evaluación de 2 modelos inanimados para mejorar el tiempo de acceso renal percutáneo guiado por fluoroscopia.

BACKGROUND: Training devices for percutaneous renal access are expensive, have hazardous biological materials, or radiation. Two devices were designed that eliminate some or all of these characteristics (ManiPERC and iPERC). OBJECTIVE: To compare the improvement in access time to the posterior lower calix with 2 inanimate models in a group of Urology residents. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Quasi-experimental clinical trial with 16 Urology residents to compare the improvement over time of percutaneous renal access by training in 2 inanimate models (iPERC: simulated fluoroscopy and ManiPERC: real fluoroscopy). RESULTS: Subjects were assigned to one of 2 groups (iPERC and ManiPERC) and a video analysis of all of them was performed before and after 20 training sessions. Both groups improved their access time; with iPERC from 133.88±41.40 to 76±12.62s (p=0.006) and from 176.5±85.81 to 68.75 to 18.40s (p=0.007) with ManiPERC. Comparing iPERC versus ManiPERC there was no difference between them in improving access time (ANCOVA: Model F (1.13)=1.598, p=0.228). CONCLUSIONS: Both models are equivalent in improving skills; however, even though none of them generated bio-waste, the absence of radioactive emissions makes iPERC the more advantageous model.

Prognostic factors of morbidity in patients undergoing percutaneous nephrolithotomy.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the preoperative and perioperative predictive factors of morbidity/mortality in patients undergoing percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL), using the Clavien's classification. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We performed a retrospective chart review of patients who underwent PCNL between January 2005 and January 2012. Preoperative and postoperative factors, such as age, obesity, surgical risk, Charlson comorbidity index, stone complexity, access calix, type of dilator used, and surgery time, were evaluated as predictors of complications. RESULTS: A total of 354 patients were included in the study. Of these, 56% were women, with the average age of 47±12.5 years. Stone-free rate for noncomplex calculi was 85% and for complex calculi it was 68%. A total of 103 complications were recorded (29.3%). According to the modified Clavien classification system, 32 (9%) were grade 1, 39 (11%) were grade 2, 16 (4.5%) were grade 3A, 8 (2.3%) were grade 3B, 3 (0.8%) were grade 4A, 1 (0.3%) was grade 4B, and 4 (1.1%) were grade 5. In multivariate analysis female gender (odds ratio [OR] 3.1, confidence interval [CI] 1.1-8.0), Charlson score of ≥3 (OR 23.2, CI 3.5-151.1), complex stone (OR 4, CI 1.6-9.6), and duration of surgery of ≥120 minutes (OR 2.9, CI 1.2-6.9) were associated with major complications. CONCLUSIONS: PCNL is a safe procedure with acceptable efficacy for the resolution of renal calculi. The safety of the procedure should improve, especially to reduce the presence of severe complications (Clavien ≥3). We identified factors that are associated with severe complications: female gender, high Charlson, complex calculi, and surgical length ≥120 minutes.

[Clinical practice guideline. Traumatic urethral stenosis in males]. / Guía de práctica clínica. La estenosis de uretra postraumática en el hombre.

The incidence of urethral stenosis in Mexico had not been documented. At the Centro Médico Nacional La Raza, during the year 2010, 629 patients with urethral stenosis were attended as outpatient consultation: 85 % with previous urethral stenosis and 15 % with urethral treatment complication. Urethral stenosis is a chronic illness, with multiple etiological origins and the handling is controversial. It has a great negative impact for the patients and the recurrence reaches 85 %. The treatment consisted of an invasive approach (urethral dilations, endoscopy procedure) and open surgery (urethroplasty). The World Health Organization and World Alliance take the world challenge about the urinary tract infections associated with the attention of patients, focused on urethral stenosis. The objective of the following clinical guide is to offer to the health professional a clinical tool for making decisions in the handling of the hardship or masculine urethral stenosis, based on the best available evidence, carrying out in systematized form with bibliographical research using validated terms of the MeSH: urethral structures, in the databases Trip database, PubMed, Guideline Clearinghouse, Cochrane Library and Ovid.

En México no está documentada la incidencia de la estenosis de uretra en forma consistente. En 2010, en el Centro Médico Nacional La Raza se reportaron 629 pacientes en consulta externa, 85 % de uretra anterior y 15 % de uretra posterior. La estenosis uretral es una enfermedad crónica, de etiología variada y manejo controvertido, con gran impacto negativo para los pacientes y recurrencia hasta de 85 %. El tratamiento puede ser instrumentado (dilataciones, cirugía endoscópica) y por cirugía abierta (uretroplastia). La Organización Mundial de la Salud y Alianza Mundial la consideran un reto de la atención de la salud. El objetivo de la siguiente guía es ofrecer al profesional de la salud, una herramienta clínica para la toma de decisiones en la atención de la estenosis uretral masculina, basada en la mejor evidencia identificada mediante la búsqueda bibliográfica sistematizada en las bases de datos Tripdatabase, PubMed, Guideline Clearinghouse, Cochrane Library y Ovid.

[VVF: laparoscopic versus open surgical abdominal]. / Fistula vesicovaginal: abordaje abierto abdominal versus laparoscópico.

BACKGROUND: Vesico vaginal fistula is the most common acquired fistula of the urinary tract that originates from an abnormal communication between the bladder and vagina, its main manifestation is transvaginal urine output and significantly affects the quality of life of women suffer. OBJECTIVE: To compare the success and complications of open abdominal versus laparoscopic surgical treatment of patients with vesicovaginal fistula (VVF). MATERIAL AND METHODS: A retrospective, observational, comparative study of patients with a diagnosis of VVF. We included patients with a diagnosis of VVF with full clinical documentation and at least one evaluation after 3 months of surgery. All patients underwent surgical closure type O'Conor and grouped into two groups: Group I: Open abdominal and group II: Laparoscopic. Age, body mass index (BMI), size, location of the fistula, surgical time, intraoperative bleeding, and length of hospital stay were compared. RESULTS: Twenty seven patients with a diagnosis of VVF were evaluated. Eighteen patients had open abdominal surgery (group I) and 9 laparoscopic (group II). The average age was 42.8 vs 41.4 years, the average size of the VVF was 0.9 vs 1.3 cm, the success rate was 94.4 vs 77%, p> 0.05, for group I and II respectively. There were differences in favor of group II with respect to days of using transurethral catheter, days of hospitalization and postoperative bleeding, p<0.05. CONCLUSIONS: In our experience we believe that the laparoscopic approach is an excellent alternative to traditional abdominal approach, although it requires experience in laparoscopic pelvic surgery.

Percutaneous nephrolithotomy in crossed fused renal ectopia: superior calyceal access under fluoroscopic control.

OBJECTIVE: To present a case report of crossed fused renal ectopia treated with percutaneous nephrolithotomy at our hospital and to perform a literature review. METHODS/RESULTS: We present the case of a male with renal calculi in a crossed ectopic and fused kidney, treated satisfactorily with percutaneous nephrolithotomy in a one-stage surgery through an upper pole access CONCLUSIONS: Percutaneous nephrolithotomy is a minimally invasive procedure with good results and low morbidity in this kind of patients. It is technically demanding and requires surgeon's ability and experience.

Outcomes and complications of sphincterotomy with bladder neck incision in neurologically healthy male patients with voiding dysfunction.

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the efficacy, complications and outcomes of sphincterotomy with bladder neck incision in patients with voiding dysfunction (VD). METHODS: We evaluated our prospectively established urologic urodynamic database and identified the records of 30 male patients with VD that underwent sphincterotomy between Octuber 1993 and December 2008. The IPSS and urodynamics were analyzed before and after surgery, we recorded the outcomes and complications. Numerical data were analyzed with Student`s t and Wilcoxon tests (p < 0.05). ANOVA was used for the follow up. RESULTS: Thirty patients underwent sphincterotomy with a mean age of 41 years (range 18-63 years). Statistical differences (p< 0.05) were found for: maximum flow rate (17.61 ± 7.7 vs 23.5 ± 12.19 ml/s), detrusor pressure (73.53 ± 21.51 vs 47.4 ± 16.24 cmH20), maximum cystometric capacity (462.74 ± 224.2 vs 382.2 ± 167.48 ml), functional urethral length (64.3 ± 22.6 vs 42.2 ± 18.4 mm), Maximum urethral pressure (120.1 ± 46.8 vs 59.23± 22.67 cmH20), total urethral closure area (3315 ± 1269.7 vs 1189 ± 49.23 cmH20*mm) and postvoid residual volume (161.3 ± 177.9 vs 57 ± 100.8 ml). The IPSS improved and was stable at 60 months (p < 0.02). No significant association was found to develop incontinence after the procedure. CONCLUSION: Sphincterotomy for male patients with dysfunctional voiding improves voiding dynamics with a low rate of complications and minimum risk of incontinency.

Laparoscopic management of retrocaval ureter: case report and literature review.

BACKGROUND: Retrocaval ureter is a rare congenital anomaly with an incidence of approx. 1/1000 live births. Recently, the laparoscopic approach has become the gold standard for treatment, relegating open surgery as a second option. CLINICAL CASE: We present the case of a 27-year-old male with a 2-year history of colicky pain in the right flank radiating to the ipsilateral thigh and genital region. The patient was initially treated with a right double-pigtail catheter stent due to obstructive uropathy as evidenced by ultrasound. He underwent laparoscopic ureteral anteposition with a successful outcome and has remained asymptomatic during a 12-month follow-up. CONCLUSIONS: Retrocaval ureter is a rare entity that requires a high grade of suspicion for initial diagnosis to provide adequate and opportune treatment that will have repercussions on kidney function and quality of life for the patient. Open surgery has traditionally been the treatment of choice; however, in recent decades laparoscopic surgery has been practiced more during this era of minimally invasive therapy, without yet displacing open surgery in our country.

[Subtrigonal sling with abdominal fascia for treatment of complex stress urinary incontinence]. / Cabestrillo subtrigonal con aponeurosis abdominal en el tratamiento de incontinencia urinaria de esfuerzo compleja.

BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to describe the technique of subtrigonal sling with abdominal fascia and demonstrate its usefulness in resolving complex stress urinary incontinence (SUI). METHODS: We performed a cohort, longitudinal, observational study in adult females who attended the Urodynamics Department of the Hospital de Especialidades, Centro Medico Nacional Siglo XXI, Mexico City, with recurrent SUI or with risk factors for recurrence, whether or not associated with urge urinary incontinence (UUI). RESULTS: Between 1995 and 2006, 40 patients were included. Mean follow-up was 41.95 months (9-106), and the average patient age was 55 years. In 35 patients (87.5%) SUI was resolved, in two patients (5%) it improved, and in three patients (7.5%) it persisted. Of the 40 study patients, 18 had UUI and in only 7/18 patients (39%) was it resolved postoperatively. UUI de novo was noted in 12/40 patients (30%). One patient presented crural hernia, two patients presented postincisional hernia and two patients required blood transfusion. No patient presented acute urinary retention or urinary voiding problems postoperatively. CONCLUSIONS: Results obtained by this surgical technique are effective and long-lasting in patients with complex SUI. We did not observe bladder emptying dysfunction but there were formations of abdominal wall hernias. The minimally invasive approach consisting of the subtrigonal placement of synthetic tapes may maintain efficacy with minimal morbidity.

[Lumboscopic adrenalectomy for pheochromocytoma in a patient with multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2B]. / Adrenalectomía lumboscópica en un paciente con feocromocitoma y neoplasia endocrina múltiple tipo 2B.

Multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2B (MEN 2B) is an autosomal dominant syndrome characterized by medullary thyroid carcinoma, pheochromocytoma, a marfanoid habitus and mucosal ganglioneuromatosis. We present a case of a 35-year-old male with MEN 2B with right adrenal pheochromocytoma diagnosed biochemically and radiologically and treated by laparoscopic adrenalectomy. Diagnosis of pheochromocytoma includes detection of catecholamines in urine and plasma and radiological tests such as computed axial tomography, nuclear magnetic resonance imaging and metaiodobenzylguanidine scintigraphy. Laparoscopic techniques have become standard for treatment of tumors of the adrenal glands.

Cabestrillo subtrigonal con aponeurosis abdominal en el tratamiento de incontinencia urinaria de esfuerzo compleja / Subtrigonal sling with abdominal fascia for treatment of complex stress urinary incontinence

Objetivo: Describir la técnica de cabestrillo subtrigonal con fascia abdominal y demostrar su utilidad en la resolución de la incontinencia urinaria de esfuerzo compleja. Material y métodos: Estudio de cohorte longitudinal y observacional en mujeres adultas que acudieron al Servicio de Urodinamia, Hospital de Especialidades, Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI, para tratamiento de incontinencia urinaria de esfuerzo recidivante o con factores de riesgo para recidiva, asociada o no a incontinencia urinaria de urgencia. Resultados: Entre 1995 y 2006 incluimos 40 pacientes; el seguimiento fue de 41.95 meses (rango 9 a 106) y el promedio de edad de 55 años. En 35 pacientes (87.5 %) fue resuelta la incontinencia urinaria de esfuerzo, dos pacientes mejoraron (5 %) y tres persistieron (7.5 %) con la incontinencia. De las 40 pacientes, 18 presentaban incontinencia urinaria de urgencia y solo en siete de éstas (39 %) se resolvió después de la cirugía. La incontinencia urinaria de urgencia de novo se presentó en 12 (30 %). Una tuvo hernia crural, dos hernia posincisional y dos requirieron transfusión sanguínea. Ninguna evidenció problemas de vaciamiento urinario posterior a la cirugía. Conclusiones: Los resultados con la técnica descrita son eficaces y duraderos en pacientes con incontinencia urinaria de esfuerzo recidivante o factores de riesgo para recidiva. No se observó disfunción de vaciamiento vesical, sin embargo, hubo hernias abdominales. El abordaje de mínima invasión para colocar las cintas sintéticas en posición subtrigonal podría mantener la eficacia con mínima morbilidad.

BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to describe the technique of subtrigonal sling with abdominal fascia and demonstrate its usefulness in resolving complex stress urinary incontinence (SUI). METHODS: We performed a cohort, longitudinal, observational study in adult females who attended the Urodynamics Department of the Hospital de Especialidades, Centro Medico Nacional Siglo XXI, Mexico City, with recurrent SUI or with risk factors for recurrence, whether or not associated with urge urinary incontinence (UUI). RESULTS: Between 1995 and 2006, 40 patients were included. Mean follow-up was 41.95 months (9-106), and the average patient age was 55 years. In 35 patients (87.5%) SUI was resolved, in two patients (5%) it improved, and in three patients (7.5%) it persisted. Of the 40 study patients, 18 had UUI and in only 7/18 patients (39%) was it resolved postoperatively. UUI de novo was noted in 12/40 patients (30%). One patient presented crural hernia, two patients presented postincisional hernia and two patients required blood transfusion. No patient presented acute urinary retention or urinary voiding problems postoperatively. CONCLUSIONS: Results obtained by this surgical technique are effective and long-lasting in patients with complex SUI. We did not observe bladder emptying dysfunction but there were formations of abdominal wall hernias. The minimally invasive approach consisting of the subtrigonal placement of synthetic tapes may maintain efficacy with minimal morbidity.

[Urachus cystopexy: new technique for bladder suspension associated to the Burch's technique in the treatment of cystocele and stress urinary incontinence. Long-term follow-up]. / Uraco-cistopexia: nueva técnica de cisto-suspensión asociada al Burch para el tratamiento del cistocele e incontinencia urinaria de esfuerzo, seguimiento a largo plazo.

OBJECTIVES: To compare long term efficacy and morbidity in patients with stress urinary incontinence treated using Burch's colpopexy versus Burch's colpopexy plus urachus-cystopexy. METHODS: Retrospective, longitudinal comparative, observational study in 129 patients with stress urinary incontinence (SUI) or mixed urinary incontinence (MUI). Fifty four patients underwent Burch's colpopexy (group B) and 75 patients underwent Burch's colpopexy and urachus-cystopexy (group B U). These patients completed inclusion criteria from January 1994 to March 2005. The severity of SUI was evaluated by means of the number of pads used in 24 hours. Cure was defined as patients not using any pad for urinary leakage; improvement, when the number of pads used decreased to one pad a day; and failure when the patients used more than 1 pad in 24 hours. In MUI the urge urinary incontinence (UUI) component was evaluated separately. RESULTS: After 12 months of follow-up, 47 patients of group B and 67 patients of group BU were evaluated analyzing cure/improvement. Either one were observed in 74.4% (29/6) and 97% (58/7) respectively (p = 0.001). At 24 months follow up, in 35 patients of group B and 42 of group BU, a rate of 65.7% (22/3) and 97.6% (37/4) was observed respectively (p = 0.014). MUI was present in 53.7% of group B and 58.6% patients of group BU. An independent analysis was made on urge urinary incontinence (UUI) in these patients at 12 months; 53.1% of group B and 19.4% of group BU had UUI (p = 0.000). At 24 months, 50% of patients of group B and 26.19% of group BU had UUI (p = 0.029). De novo UUI was present in 19.4% of group B and 5.97% of group BU (p = 0.000) at 12 months follow-up, and in 17.64% of patients of group B and 13.95% of group BU (p = 0.005) at 24 months. Complications related to urachus-cystopexy presented trans-operatively: vesical injury in 3 of the initial cases, solved with bladder closure in two layers and vesical catheter for 7 days approximately. CONCLUSIONS: Burch's procedure in addition to urachus-cystopexy was better for the treatment of SUI and UUI than Burch's procedure alone in a long term clinical follow-up. Surgical fixation of the urachus to the anterior abdominal wall provides extra support to the bladder and probably reduces its displacement during strength, avoiding tension of urethral and bladder neck fixations and increasing the efficacy of Burch's procedure.

Adrenalectomía lumboscópica en un paciente con feocromocitoma y neoplasia endocrina múltiple tipo 2B / Lumboscopic adrenalectomy for pheochromocytoma in a patient with multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2B

La neoplasia endocrina múltiple tipo 2B es un padecimiento autosómico dominante, conlleva carcinoma medular de tiroides, feocromocitoma, ganglioneuromas en mucosas e intestino y habitus marfanoide. Se presenta el caso de un paciente de 35 años de edad con diagnóstico de neoplasia endocrina múltiple tipo 2B y feocromocitoma suprarrenal derecho, tratado con adrenalectomía lumboscópica. El diagnóstico del feocromocitoma incluye detección de catecolaminas en suero y orina, estudios de imagen como tomografía axial computarizada, resonancia magnética nuclear y gammagrama con metaiodobencilguanidina. En la actualidad el abordaje laparoscópico se ha convertido en el tratamiento de elección.

Multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2B (MEN 2B) is an autosomal dominant syndrome characterized by medullary thyroid carcinoma, pheochromocytoma, a marfanoid habitus and mucosal ganglioneuromatosis. We present a case of a 35-year-old male with MEN 2B with right adrenal pheochromocytoma diagnosed biochemically and radiologically and treated by laparoscopic adrenalectomy. Diagnosis of pheochromocytoma includes detection of catecholamines in urine and plasma and radiological tests such as computed axial tomography, nuclear magnetic resonance imaging and metaiodobenzylguanidine scintigraphy. Laparoscopic techniques have become standard for treatment of tumors of the adrenal glands.

[Ejaculatory duct obstruction]. / Obstrucción de conductos eyaculadores.

BACKGROUND: Prostatic cysts are rare lesions with a reported incidence from 1 to 7.9%. They have been associated with primary infertility. The main characteristic is the benign course and positive prognosis after correct surgical management. CLINICAL CASES: We present three clinical cases, two with primary infertility and another with a history of primary infertility who presented with recurrent hemospermia and refractory medical treatment. All patients had hypospermia and alteration of the seminal parameters represented by moderate oligospermia (MOS), asteno- and teratozoospermia, in addition to hemospermia in two patients. Diagnosis was confirmed by transrectal ultrasound. Transurethral resection (TUR) of the cyst was performed in two cases and resection of the veru montanum in one, obtaining improvement in the seminal parameters after 1 month of follow-up and acceptable parameters for spontaneous conception at 6 months. CONCLUSIONS: Infertility associated with partially obstructed ejaculatory ducts may be suspected clinically by hypospermia. Transrectal ultrasound is essential to confirm the diagnosis. TUR of this lesion reestablishes the free passage of semen in almost all patients, with potential recovery of fertility 6 months after treatment.