Cesarean Delivery Rate in Nulliparous Women in the Second Stage of Labor When Using Zhang Compared With Friedman Labor Curves: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.

OBJECTIVE: To estimate the cesarean delivery rate in the second stage of labor in nulliparous women when using the Zhang compared with the Friedman labor curve by performing a systematic review and meta-analysis. DATA SOURCES: We explored MEDLINE, EMBASE, Web of Science, CINAHL (Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature), ClinicalTrials.gov, and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials for studies comparing the cesarean delivery rate in the second stage of labor in nulliparous women when using the Zhang compared with the Friedman labor curve. METHODS OF STUDY SELECTION: Two reviewers separately ascertained studies, obtained data, and gauged study quality. The cesarean delivery rate was compared, and odds ratios (ORs) with 95% CIs were estimated. TABULATION, INTEGRATION, AND RESULTS: Five retrospective cohort studies and two randomized controlled trials were identified with 20,165 nulliparous women (10,861 with the Zhang labor curve vs 9,304 with the Freidman labor curve). Studies evaluated women with delivery from June 2010 to May 2017. Two studies were from the United States; two were from Israel; and one each was from China, France, and Norway. The median point prevalence of cesarean delivery in the second stage was 4.0% (95% CI 2.1-14.5%) in cases managed with the Zhang labor curve compared with 5.6% (95% CI 1.8-28.6%) in cases managed with the Friedman labor curves. The overall cesarean delivery rate in the second stage of labor was similar when the Zhang labor curve compared with the Friedman labor curve was used (pooled OR 0.86, 95% CI 0.47-1.57, I2=93%). When the two randomized controlled trials were excluded, the results of the cohort studies continued to demonstrate that the overall cesarean delivery rate in the second stage of labor was similar (pooled OR 0.84, 95% CI 0.42-1.69, I2=92%). CONCLUSION: Nulliparous women have similar cesarean delivery rates in the second stage of labor when either the Zhang or Friedman labor curve is used. SYSTEMATIC REVIEW REGISTRATION: PROSPERO, CRD42022346425.

Primary fetal pleural effusion: Characteristics, outcomes, and the role of intervention.

BACKGROUND: We aimed to present the natural history and outcomes of fetal primary pleural effusions (PPE). METHODS: Fetuses with prenatal diagnosis of PPE delivered between January 2011 and June 2018 were included. Fetal PPE were separated into groups: resolved, stable, or progressive. Progressive PPE was diagnosed, using fetal echocardiography, by the new onset of fetal hydrops or impaired cardiac function. Data were reported as median [range] and n (%). RESULTS: Among 189 fetuses with antenatal diagnosis of pleural effusion, 30 had a PPE. A total of 26.7% (n = 8), 26.7% (n = 8), and 40.0% (n = 12) were classified as resolved, stable, and progressive, respectively; two were lost to follow-up. In 14 cases (50%), there were bilateral pleural effusions. Of the 12 cases in the progressive group, four (33.3%) had amnioreduction, six (50.0%) had thoracentesis, and eight (66.7%) had shunt placement performed. There were two fetal deaths, both in the progressive group, one of which received amnioreduction and the other underwent both thoracentesis and shunt placement prior to demise. CONCLUSION: In more than half of fetuses with prenatal PPE, the effusion remained stable or spontaneously resolved, and the perinatal outcomes were generally favorable. This information will be useful in optimizing the counseling and care of these patients.