Evaluation of Praziquantel effectiveness in treating Nile tilapia clinostomid infections and its relationships to fish health and water quality : By.

This study aimed to conduct a multidisciplinary investigation integrating detailed morphology, molecular characterization, water parameters, histopathology alteration, and the trials of treatment of Clinostomum spp. In this study, 300 Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) were collected from the farmed and wild Nile River at Al Bahr Al Aazam, Giza Governorate to assess Clinostomid infection prevalence. Fish and water samples were collected from private fish farms, and water drains at Dakahlia, and Giza, Egypt. Analysis of the water revealed inadequate water quality, particularly in the fish farms. Snails and piscivorous birds were abundant at fish collection sites. The recovered Clinostomid MCs morphological characteristics and COI gene sequence analysis identified them as Clinostomum complanatum, C. phalacrocoracis, and Euclinostomum heterostomum. Clinostomid MCs disturbed the fish's hematological and biochemical blood parameters. Bath treatment of parasitized fish with praziquantel (2 mg/L for 24 h) revealed a significant reduction in the number of vital MCs vs. infected fish (non-treated). Praziquantel (PZQ) is an effective and safe therapy for controlling Clinostomid infections affecting farmed Nile tilapia. The current findings indicate a link between poor environmental conditions and Clinostomum infections in tilapia. The study highlights the impacts of Clinostomid MCs on fish health and recommends bath treatment with PZQ as an efficient control method for these dangerous parasites to protect human and fish health.

Enhanced wound healing potential of arabincoside B isolated from Caralluma Arabica in rat model; a possible dressing in veterinary practice.

BACKGROUND: Wound management is a critical procedure in veterinary practice. A wound is an injury that requires the body's cells' alignment to break down due to external assault, such as trauma, burns, accidents, and diseases. Re-epithelization, extracellular matrix deposition, especially collagen, inflammatory cell infiltration, and development of new blood capillaries are the four features that are used to evaluate the healing process. Using a natural extract for wound management is preferred to avoid the side effects of synthetic drugs. The current study aimed to assess the effect of major pregnane glycoside arabincoside B (AR-B) isolated from Caralluma arabica (C. arabica) for the wound healing process. METHOD: AR-B was loaded on a gel for wound application. Rats were randomly distributed into six groups: normal, positive control (PC), MEBO®, AR-B 0.5%, AR-B 1%, and AR-B 1.5%, to be 6 animals in each group. Wounds were initiated under anesthesia with a 1 cm diameter tissue needle, and treatments were applied daily for 14 days. The collected samples were tested for SOD, NO, and MDA. Gene expression of VEGF and Caspase-3. Histopathological evaluation was performed at two-time intervals (7 and 14 days), and immunohistochemistry was done to evaluate α -SMA, TGF-ß, and TNF-α. RESULT: It was found that AR-B treatment enhanced the wound healing process. AR-B treated groups showed reduced MDA and NO in tissue, and SOD activity was increased. Re-epithelization and extracellular matrix deposition were significantly improved, which was confirmed by the increase in TGF-ß and α -SMA as well as increased collagen deposition. TNF-α was reduced, which indicated the subsiding of inflammation. VEGF and Caspase-3 expression were reduced. CONCLUSION: Our findings confirmed the efficiency of AR-B in enhancing the process of wound healing and its potential use as a topical wound dressing in veterinary practice.

Immunological and molecular evaluation of zoonotic metacercarial infection in freshwater fish: A cross-sectional analysis.

Improperly cooked fish, carrying active metacercariae (MCs), can pose a significant risk for transmitting fish-borne zoonotic trematodes (FBZTs) to human consumers. This study aimed to enhance our understanding of FBZTs by conducting a comprehensive cross-sectional analysis involving various fish species, such as Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus), African catfish (Clarias gariepinus), and red-belly tilapia (Tilapia zillii). These fish specimens were collected from distinct Egyptian governorates, specifically Giza, Kafr al-Shaykh, and Fayoum. The recovered flukes from experimentally infected domestic pigeons were identified as Prohemistomum vivax, Haplorchis pumilio, and Pygidiopsis genata based on morphological features. Furthermore, the identity of the retrieved adult flukes was confirmed using three species-specific primers for PCR amplification and sequencing analysis of the ITS rDNA region and have been deposited in GenBank with the following accession numbers: P. vivax (OR291421.1 and OR291422.1), P. genata (OP099561.1), and H. pumilio (OM439581.1-OP090510.1). Quantitative real-time PCR targeting the immunological genes Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) and Interleukin-1 (IL-1Β) was employed to compare the cellular immune response between infected with EMCs and uninfected O. niloticus. The results indicated a significant increase in TNF- and IL-1Β levels in FBZTs-infected vs un-infected fishes. Importantly, the presence of adult flukes and EMCs led to substantial histological alterations in both experimentally infected pigeons and naturally infected fish tissues. These changes included the necrosis of fish muscle bundles and a pronounced inflammatory reaction with muscular necrosis in the digestive tracts of experimentally infected pigeons.

The centrosomal protein 83 (CEP83) regulates human pluripotent stem cell differentiation toward the kidney lineage.

During embryonic development, the mesoderm undergoes patterning into diverse lineages including axial, paraxial, and lateral plate mesoderm (LPM). Within the LPM, the so-called intermediate mesoderm (IM) forms kidney and urogenital tract progenitor cells, while the remaining LPM forms cardiovascular, hematopoietic, mesothelial, and additional progenitor cells. The signals that regulate these early lineage decisions are incompletely understood. Here, we found that the centrosomal protein 83 (CEP83), a centriolar component necessary for primary cilia formation and mutated in pediatric kidney disease, influences the differentiation of human-induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) toward IM. We induced inactivating deletions of CEP83 in hiPSCs and applied a 7-day in vitro protocol of IM kidney progenitor differentiation, based on timed application of WNT and FGF agonists. We characterized induced mesodermal cell populations using single-cell and bulk transcriptomics and tested their ability to form kidney structures in subsequent organoid culture. While hiPSCs with homozygous CEP83 inactivation were normal regarding morphology and transcriptome, their induced differentiation into IM progenitor cells was perturbed. Mesodermal cells induced after 7 days of monolayer culture of CEP83-deficient hiPCS exhibited absent or elongated primary cilia, displayed decreased expression of critical IM genes (PAX8, EYA1, HOXB7), and an aberrant induction of LPM markers (e.g. FOXF1, FOXF2, FENDRR, HAND1, HAND2). Upon subsequent organoid culture, wildtype cells differentiated to form kidney tubules and glomerular-like structures, whereas CEP83-deficient cells failed to generate kidney cell types, instead upregulating cardiomyocyte, vascular, and more general LPM progenitor markers. Our data suggest that CEP83 regulates the balance of IM and LPM formation from human pluripotent stem cells, identifying a potential link between centriolar or ciliary function and mesodermal lineage induction.

The Role of Centrosome Distal Appendage Proteins (DAPs) in Nephronophthisis and Ciliogenesis.

The primary cilium is found in most mammalian cells and plays a functional role in tissue homeostasis and organ development by modulating key signaling pathways. Ciliopathies are a group of genetically heterogeneous disorders resulting from defects in cilia development and function. Patients with ciliopathic disorders exhibit a range of phenotypes that include nephronophthisis (NPHP), a progressive tubulointerstitial kidney disease that commonly results in end-stage renal disease (ESRD). In recent years, distal appendages (DAPs), which radially project from the distal end of the mother centriole, have been shown to play a vital role in primary ciliary vesicle docking and the initiation of ciliogenesis. Mutations in the genes encoding these proteins can result in either a complete loss of the primary cilium, abnormal ciliary formation, or defective ciliary signaling. DAPs deficiency in humans or mice commonly results in NPHP. In this review, we outline recent advances in our understanding of the molecular functions of DAPs and how they participate in nephronophthisis development.

Polyphenolic compounds from flowers of Hibiscus rosa-sinensis Linn. and their inhibitory effect on alkaline phosphatase enzyme activity in vitro.

Graded concentrations (0.1-100 mg/mL reaction mixture) of the methanolic extract of the flowers of Hibiscus rosa-sinensis Linn., its water-soluble fraction as well as compounds isolated from this fraction were tested for their inhibitory effect on alkaline phosphatase enzyme activity in vitro. Both the methanolic extract and its water-soluble fraction showed significant inhibitory effects on the enzyme activity in vitro. On screening the activity of the compounds isolated from the water-soluble fraction, its high inhibitory activity was attributed to the presence of quercetin-7-O-galactoside which showed a high potent inhibition of the enzyme activity reaching 100% at 100 mg/mL reaction mixture. Phytochemical investigations of the water-soluble fraction were also carried out and afforded ten polyphenolic compounds including two new natural compounds, namely kaempferol-7-O-[6'''-O-p-hydroxybenzoyl-beta-D-glucosyl-(1-->6)-beta-D-glucopyranoside] and scutellarein-6-O-alpha-L-rhamnopyranoside-8-C-beta-D-glucopyranoside). The chemical structure of the isolated compounds was elucidated on the basis of chemical and spectral data.