Graphene and Graphene Oxide as a Support for Biomolecules in the Development of Biosensors.

Graphene and graphene oxide have become the base of many advanced biosensors due to their exceptional characteristics. However, lack of some properties, such as inertness of graphene in organic solutions and non-electrical conductivity of graphene oxide, are their drawbacks in sensing applications. To compensate for these shortcomings, various methods of modifications have been developed to provide the appropriate properties required for biosensing. Efficient modification of graphene and graphene oxide facilitates the interaction of biomolecules with their surface, and the ultimate bioconjugate can be employed as the main sensing part of the biosensors. Graphene nanomaterials as transducers increase the signal response in various sensing applications. Their large surface area and perfect biocompatibility with lots of biomolecules provide the prerequisite of a stable biosensor, which is the immobilization of bioreceptor on transducer. Biosensor development has paramount importance in the field of environmental monitoring, security, defense, food safety standards, clinical sector, marine sector, biomedicine, and drug discovery. Biosensor applications are also prevalent in the plant biology sector to find the missing links required in the metabolic process. In this review, the importance of oxygen functional groups in functionalizing the graphene and graphene oxide and different types of functionalization will be explained. Moreover, immobilization of biomolecules (such as protein, peptide, DNA, aptamer) on graphene and graphene oxide and at the end, the application of these biomaterials in biosensors with different transducing mechanisms will be discussed.

Readmission Rates of Patients with Schizophrenia Treated with Depot Antipsychotics versus Oral Antipsychotics in a Community Hospital.

This is a pilot study comparing the 30 and 60 day relapse rates for schizophrenic patients treated with long-acting injectable antipsychotics versus traditional oral antipsychotics in a community hospital setting. This is a retrospective cohort study and medical records were reviewed to gather data involving readmission rates. We analyzed the data using relative risk (RR) for the 30 days and 60 days after patient discharge from the behavioral health unit of a community hospital.