[Changes in deep femoral artery topography during open revascularization of the lower limbs]. / K voprosu ob izmenenii topografii ust'ya glubokoi arterii bedra pri otkrytykh revaskulyariziruyushchikh vmeshatel'stvakh.

OBJECTIVE: To study topographic changes of femoral triangle arteries during open revascularization of the lower limbs. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A retrospective study included 30 men aged 59.6±3 years with atherosclerotic femoropopliteal occlusion and chronic lower limb ischemia IIb-III stage according to the Pokrovsky-Fontaine classification. All patients underwent open reconstructive interventions. Ten patients underwent above-knee femoropopliteal replacement with a synthetic prosthesis, 10 patients - above-knee femoropopliteal bypass with a synthetic prosthesis, 7 patients - above-knee femoropopliteal bypass with autologous vein, 3 patients - below-knee femoropopliteal bypass with autologous vein. Control group consisted of 30 healthy mean aged 60±2 years. Ultrasound was carried out using the Esaote My Lab Alfa scanner (3-12 MHz linear transducer and 3-5 MHz convex transducer). RESULTS: In healthy volunteers, deep femoral artery always arose from common femoral artery under the angle ≤30° in all cases (20° - 93.3% of cases, 30° - 6.7% of cases). In patients with previous surgical treatment, angle of deep femoral artery varied from 35 to 80°. After femoropopliteal bypass grafting with autologous vein, angle of deep femoral artery varied from 35 to 45° (35° - 8 patients, 40° - 1 patient, 45° - 1 patient). After femoropopliteal bypass grafting with a synthetic prosthesis, angle of deep femoral artery increased up to 40-50° (40° - 2 patients, 50° - 8 patients). In case of previous femoropopliteal replacement with a synthetic prosthesis, angle of deep femoral artery increased up to 70-80° (70° - 7 patients, 75° - 2 patients, 80° - 1 patient). CONCLUSION: Normally, angle of deep femoral artery does not exceed 30°. Open reconstructive surgery on femoropopliteal arteries increases this value from 30° to 80°. Minimal changes are observed after femoropopliteal bypass grafting with autologous vein.

[Clinical anatomy of deep femoral vessels in the area of femoral triangle]. / Klinicheskaia anatomiia glubokikh sosudov bedra oblasti bedrennogo treugol'nika.

AIM: The purpose of this study was to specify the anatomy of the deep femoral artery and deep femoral vein within the femoral triangle. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The study was based on the data of anatomical dissection of vessels in the area of the upper third of the femur (20 specimens ) and ultrasonographic duplex angioscanning of patients undergoing routine examination of the vascular system (40 patients, 50 lower extremities). Ultrasonography was performed using linear and convex transducers (frequency 3-13 and 3-5 MHz). RESULTS: In the majority of cases, the deep femoral artery originated from the common femoral artery: in 100% of cases in anatomical dissection and in 98% according to the findings of ultrasound duplex angioscanning. Two trunks of the deep femoral artery were revealed in 14% of cases. The findings of ultrasound duplex angioscanning and those of anatomical dissection demonstrated a high origin of the deep femoral artery in 8% and 10% of cases, respectively. In the majority of cases, the deep femoral artery originated from the posterior surface of the common femoral artery: in 46% of cases on ultrasound duplex angioscanning and in 60% of cases in anatomical dissection; along the posterior lateral surface: in 36% according to the data of ultrasound duplex angioscanning and in 40% on dissection. The origin of the deep femoral artery from the medial surface of the common femoral artery was encountered in 8% cases and in 6% of cases was associated with formation of an atypical saphenofemoral junction. One patient was found to have the origin of one of the trunks of the deep femoral artery from the anterior surface of the common femoral artery. Two trunks of the deep femoral vein were revealed in 84% of cases. The proximal trunk flowed into the femoral vein from the lateral surface immediately beneath the ostium of the deep femoral artery, and the distal trunk - 1-1.5 cm lower from the posterior medial side of the femoral vein. CONCLUSION: The knowledge of variant anatomy of deep femoral vessels is very important for decreasing the risk of iatrogenic lesions during surgical manipulations and false-negative results of diagnostic manipulations. If possible, it is always necessary to preoperatively assess variant anatomy of deep femoral vessels (real-time assessment of topography of vessels by means of ultrasound duplex angioscanning, preoperative marking of vessels).

[Anatomy of foot perforator veins in surgery of varicose veins]. / Anatomiya perforantnykh ven stopy v khirurgii varikoznoi bolezni.

OBJECTIVE: To clarify the role of clinical anatomy of foot and ankle perforator veins (PV) in surgical treatment of varicose vein disease. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Anatomy of foot and ankle PV was assessed in 50 amputated lower extremities by anatomical dissection. RESULTS: There were 4-6 PVs at the medial surface of the foot. These veins connected medial marginal vein and vv. plantaris medialis (VPM). There were 2-3 PVs at the lateral surface of the foot. These veins connected lateral marginal vein and vv. plantaris lateralis (VPL). All PVs on the lateral surface of the foot constitute the neurovascular bundles. PVs flowing into vv. dorsalis pedis are localized on the medial surface of the medial marginal vein at the level of the ankle base. In most cases, we found an arterial branch nearby at the subfascial level. In anterior part of the plantar surface of the foot, we distinguished 4-5 small PVs (~1 mm) flowing into vv. digitales plantares through the commissural orifices of the aponeurosis. There were 6-9 vessels (~1 mm) along the fascial aponeurotic septa. These vessels connected superficial plantar venous network and plantar veins. Small arterial branch was found almost in all cases near these veins. Noteworthy is the area where the plantar veins lie on the quadratus plantae and are covered by a leaf of deep plantar fascia. This anatomy is similar to topography of posterior tibial veins. CONCLUSION: Foot perforator veins constitute the neurovascular bundles as a rule. Plantar vein topography and their relationship with PV confirm an existence of muscular-venous pump of the foot.

[Anatomical aspects of formation of corona phlebectatica]. / Anatomicheskie aspekty formirovaniia corona phlebectatica.

The data concerning the anatomy of perforant veins of the foot can by no means be referred to as insufficiently known. At the same time, these descriptions are encountered rather rarely in the educational-and-methodical literature. To a certain degree, this may be explained by low pathogenetic significance of perforant veins of the foot; however, these data are required for the surgeon in carrying out both standard phlebectomy and sclerotherapy of subcutaneous varicose veins, especially if the zone of surgical intervention is situated immediately on the foot. Also, these data may be important for explaining clinical manifestations of chronic venous insufficiency. The present study was aimed at specifying the anatomical ground of formation of the corona phlebecatica and topography of perforant veins of the foot. The material for the study consisted of 15 lower extremities (cadaveric material) with no evidence of chronic venous diseases. The method of the study - anatomical dissection. From 4 to 6 perforant veins were found on the medial surface of the foot. They directly connected the medial marginal vein and vv. plantaris medialis. From 2 to 3 perforant veins were found on the lateral surface of the foot. They connected directly the lateral marginal vein and vv. plantaris lateralis. Topographically perforant veins pass behind the muscles of the lateral group of the foot, along the lateral intermuscular septum. Perforant veins of each group were found to have lateral affluents part of which independently drained the integumentary tissues of the lateral surfaces of the foot, and part formed anastomoses with the superficial venous plantar net. This makes it possible to characterize perforant veins not only as anastomoses connecting subcutaneous rear venous net with deep veins of the foot and with the superficial plantar net, but also as independently draining vessels. Besides, in the majority of cases, nearby a perforant vein we managed to isolate an artery and a nerve branchlet, originating from a. plantaris and n. plantaris. Hence, perforant veins of the medial and lateral surfaces of the foot constitute the anatomical ground for formation of the corona phlebectatica and are component parts of the neurovascular bundle (vein-artery-nerve).

[Errors in crural perforant veins ligation]. / Oshibki pri ligirovanii perforantnykh ven goleni.

AIM: to assess topographic features and technical aspects of perforant veins ligation in patients with trophic disorders due to varicose disease. RESULTS: There were 13-16 perforant veins of anterior tibial group and 3-8 veins of posterior tibial group which were predominantly localized along Linton line. Also there were 4-6 perforant veins of peroneal group. Postoperative control revealed that 41.63% of veins were missed during surgery regardless method of ligation. Anatomical analysis showed that relationship with deep fascia cruris is determinant factor for errors and dangers of remote ligation of perforant veins and creates high risk of deep vein injury. One of available method to avoid errors during ligation is thorough examination of the wound and use of Turner-Warwick test to confirm dissection of perforant vein and its incompetence. 100% effect of ligation was achieved in all cases after this test. Perforant veins ligation is single pathogenetic treatment for varicose disease class C4-C6. Perforant veins should be ligated under visual control. Intraoperative tests are also advisable.