Analysis of radiation force on a uniaxial anisotropic sphere by dual counter-propagating Gaussian beams.

Based on Maxwell's stress tensor and the generalized Lorenz-Mie theory, a theoretical approach is introduced to study the radiation force exerted on a uniaxial anisotropic sphere illuminated by dual counter-propagating (CP) Gaussian beams. The beams propagate with arbitrary direction and are expanded in terms of the spherical vector wave functions (SVWFs) in a particle coordinate system using the coordinate rotation theorem of the SVWFs. The total expansion coefficients of the incident fields are derived by superposition of the vector fields. Using Maxwell stress tensor analysis, the analytical expressions of the radiation force on a homogeneous absorbing uniaxial anisotropic sphere are obtained. The accuracy of the theory is verified by comparing the radiation forces of the anisotropic sphere reduced to the special cases of an isotropic sphere. In order to study the equilibrium state, the effects of beam parameters, particle size parameters, and anisotropy parameters on the radiation force are discussed in detail. Compared with the isotropic particle, the equilibrium status is sensitive to the anisotropic parameters. Moreover, the properties of optical force on a uniaxial anisotropic sphere in a single Gaussian beam trap and Gaussian standing wave trap are compared. It indicates that the CP Gaussian beam trap may more easily capture or confine the anisotropic particle. However, the radiation force exerted on an anisotropic sphere exhibits very different properties when the beams do not propagate along the primary optical axis. The influence of the anisotropic parameter on the radiation force by CP Gaussian beams is different from that of a single Gaussian beam. In summary, even for anisotropic particles, the Gaussian standing wave trap also exhibits significant advantages when compared with the single Gaussian beam trap. The theoretical predictions of radiation forces exerted on a uniaxial anisotropic sphere by dual Gaussian beams provide effective ways to achieve the improvement of optical tweezers as well as the capture, suspension, and high-precision delivery of anisotropic particles.

MiR-499a-5p promotes 5-FU resistance and the cell proliferation and migration through activating PI3K/Akt signaling by targeting PTEN in pancreatic cancer.

BACKGROUND: Pancreatic cancer (PC) can be considered a representative cancer type of the human body. As demonstrated by some studies, microRNA (miR)-499 is dysregulated in various cancer types including PC, for which chemotherapy involving 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) has long been considered the first-line therapy. However, there are complex and comprehensive mechanisms related to 5-FU, which have not been fully elucidated. This study thus aimed to examine the molecular mechanisms of 5-FU resistance through miR-499a-5p in PC. METHODS: The expression of miR-499a-5p in PC was measured using quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR). MiR-499a-5p was examined in-vivo for its effects on the malignant phenotypes of PC cells. RESULTS: The results of the present study demonstrated miR-499a-5p to be upregulated in PC and 5-FU resistant PC tissues. According to in vitro assays in PC cells (PANC1/FR), miR-499a-5p was found to affect adenosine triphosphate (ATP) binding cassette subfamily B member 1 (P-gp), ATP binding cassette subfamily C member 1 (MRP1), and ATP binding cassette subfamily G member 2 (BCRP), thereby facilitating 5-FU resistance in PC cells. Functions assays indicated that suppressed miR-499a-5p expression inhibited the proliferation and migration of cells but facilitated apoptosis in the PC cell line; by contrast, miR-499a-5p overexpression triggered the inverse phenotypic changes of cells. Concerning the mechanisms involved, miR-499a-5p increased PI3K/Akt signaling by targeting phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN). CONCLUSIONS: Taken together, these findings demonstrate that miR-499a-5p can be potentially applied to PC therapy.

Analysis of lateral binding force exerted on a bi-sphere induced by an elliptic Gaussian beam.

Based on the generalized Lorentz-Mie theory (GLMT) and the localized approximation of the beam shape coefficients, we derived the expansions of incident elliptic Gaussian (EG) beams in terms of spherical vector wave functions (SVWFs). Utilizing multiple scattering (MS) equations and electromagnetic momentum (EM) theory, the lateral binding force (BF) exerted on a bi-sphere induced by an EG beam is calculated. Numerical effects of various parameters such as beam waist widths, beam polarization states, incident wavelengths, particle sizes, and material losses are analyzed and compared with the results of a circular Gaussian (CG) beam in detail. The observed dependence of the separation of optically bound particles on the incidence of an EG beam is in agreement with earlier theoretical predictions. Accurate investigation of BF induced by an EG beam could provide an effective test for further research on BF between more complex particles, which plays an important role in using optical manipulation on particle self-assembly.

Light scattering of a Laguerre-Gaussian vortex beam by a chiral sphere.

Since the development of the generalized Lorenz-Mie theory, electromagnetic scattering by arbitrary beams has drawn growing interest. The Laguerre-Gaussian (LG) vortex beam is well known for its orbital angular momentum. With the aim of investigating the analytical solution to the scattering of a chiral sphere by a LG vortex beam, particular attention is paid to the expansion expression of the LG vortex beam. The expansion coefficients are derived based on the expansion of a Hermite Guassian beam as the LG vortex beam can be expressed as the superposition of Hermite Guassian modes. The numerical results of the incident beam expansion coefficients convergence and the scattered field comparison with the reference prove the validity of the theoretical analysis and computation codes. The results reveal that there exists an optimal sphere size for the maximum scattered field which is determined by the topological charge, beam waist radius, and beam center position. The investigation could provide a foundation for the optical manipulation of chiral particles by a LG vortex beam.

Electromagnetic scattering by a uniaxial anisotropic sphere located in an off-axis Bessel beam.

Electromagnetic scattering of a zero-order Bessel beam by an anisotropic spherical particle in the off-axis configuration is investigated. Based on the spherical vector wave functions, the expansion expression of the zero-order Bessel beam is derived, and its convergence is numerically discussed in detail. Utilizing the tangential continuity of the electromagnetic fields, the expressions of scattering coefficients are given. The effects of the conical angle of the wave vector components of the zero-order Bessel beam, the ratio of the radius of the sphere to the central spot radius of the zero-order Bessel beam, the shift of the beam waist center position along both the x and y axes, the permittivity and permeability tensor elements, and the loss of the sphere on the radar cross section (RCS) are numerically analyzed. It is revealed that the maximum RCS appears in the conical direction or neighboring direction when the sphere is illuminated by a zero-order Bessel beam. Furthermore, the RCS will decrease and the symmetry is broken with the shift of the beam waist center.

Analysis of rainbow scattering by a chiral sphere.

Based on the scattering theory of a chiral sphere, rainbow phenomenon of a chiral sphere is numerically analyzed in this paper. For chiral spheres illuminated by a linearly polarized wave, there are three first-order rainbows, with whose rainbow angles varying with the chirality parameter. The spectrum of each rainbow structure is presented and the ripple frequencies are found associated with the size and refractive indices of the chiral sphere. Only two rainbow structures remain when the chiral sphere is illuminated by a circularly polarized plane wave. Finally, the rainbows of chiral spheres with slight chirality parameters are found appearing alternately in E-plane and H-plane with the variation of the chirality.

Analysis of the radiation force and torque exerted on a chiral sphere by a Gaussian beam.

Under the framework of generalized Lorenz-Mie theory, we calculate the radiation force and torque exerted on a chiral sphere by a Gaussian beam. The theory and codes for axial radiation force are verified when the chiral sphere degenerates into an isotropic sphere. We discuss the influence of a chirality parameter on the radiation force and torque. Linearly and circularly polarized incident Gaussian beams are considered, and the corresponding radiation forces and torques are compared and analyzed. The polarization of the incident beam considerably influences radiation force of a chiral sphere. In trapping a chiral sphere, therefore, the polarization of incident beams should be chosen in accordance with the chirality. Unlike polarization, variation of chirality slightly affects radiation torque, except when the imaginary part of the chirality parameter is considered.

Calculation of electromagnetic scattering by a large chiral sphere.

Expressions of scattering coefficients for calculating scattering by large chiral spheres are derived by using logarithmic derivatives and ratios of Riccati-Bessel functions. The improved expressions can be easily applied to the case of an arbitrarily shaped beam incidence. A simplified expression of the scattered field in the far field is obtained for the case of x-polarized plane-wave incidence. To verify the correctness and accuracy of the theory and codes, our results are compared with those in literature and those calculated by Mie theory. Radar cross sections of a large chiral sphere are numerically studied. It is found that the rainbow phenomenon of a chiral sphere is very different from that of an isotropic sphere.

Calculation of radiation forces exerted on a uniaxial anisotropic sphere by an off-axis incident Gaussian beam.

Using the theory of electromagnetic scattering of a uniaxial anisotropic sphere, we derive the analytical expressions of the radiation forces exerted on a uniaxial anisotropic sphere by an off-axis incident Gaussian beam. The beam's propagation direction is parallel to the primary optical axis of the anisotropic sphere. The effects of the permittivity tensor elements ε(t) and ε(z) on the axial radiation forces are numerically analyzed in detail. The two transverse components of radiation forces exerted on a uniaxial anisotropic sphere, which is distinct from that exerted on an isotropic sphere due to the two eigen waves in the uniaxial anisotropic sphere, are numerically studied as well. The characteristics of the axial and transverse radiation forces are discussed for different radii of the sphere, beam waist width, and distances from the sphere center to the beam center of an off-axis Gaussian beam. The theoretical predictions of radiation forces exerted on a uniaxial anisotropic sphere are hoped to provide effective ways to achieve the improvement of optical tweezers as well as the capture, suspension, and high-precision delivery of anisotropic particles.