Characterization and Biomedical Applications of Green-Synthesized Selenium Nanoparticles Using Tridax procumbens Stem Extract.

Background Selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs) are one of the metal nanoparticles that have been widely utilized for their anti-microbial, anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory activities, and other biomedical applications. Tridax procumbens (TP) stem extract is a promising herb species rich in flavonoids, tannins, alkaloids, phytosterols, and hydroxycinnamates, which play a major role in wound healing applications.  Aim The study aims to synthesize SeNPs using TP stem extract, characterizations, and its biomedical applications. Materials and methods SeNPs were synthesized using TP stem extract. The green synthesis of SeNPs was confirmed by ultraviolet-visible (UV-vis) spectra analysis. The synthesized SeNPs were characterized using Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The agar well diffusion method was utilized to evaluate the anti-bacterial properties of the green synthesized SeNPs using TP stem extract. The anti-oxidant effect of SeNPs was tested using the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay, ferric-reducing anti-oxidant power assay (FRAP), and hydroxyl radical scavenging assay (H2O2). The anti-inflammatory effect was investigated using the bovine serum albumin assay and egg albumin denaturation method, and the cytotoxic effect of the green synthesized SeNPs was tested using the brine shrimp lethality (BSL) assay. Results The green synthesis of SeNPs was confirmed using different types of analysis techniques. The characterizations were done by UV-visible spectroscopy analysis, exhibiting a maximum peak at the range of 330 nm. SEM analysis revealed the shape of the nanoparticle to be hexagonal. The agar well diffusion method exhibited the anti-bacterial efficacy of SeNPs against wound microorganisms with a zone of inhibition of 14.6 mm for Escherichia coli (E. coli), 15.8 mm for Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus), and 15.4 mm for Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa). The TP stem-mediated SeNPs showed potential effects in anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory, and cytotoxic activity, which shows very little toxicity. Conclusion Overall, the green synthesis of TP-stem-mediated SeNPs has great potential in biomedical applications. Thus, the synthesized SeNPs exhibit significant anti-bacterial efficacy against wound pathogens. The TP stem-mediated SeNPs showed potential effects in anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory, and cytotoxic activity, which shows low toxicity. Furthermore, the green-synthesized SeNPs can be utilized in therapeutic management.

A Novel Gum Paint Formulation Derived From Licorice and Triphala: Characteristics and Clinical Significance for Improved Oral Health.

BACKGROUND: The clinical use of antimicrobial agents for managing aphthous ulcers and periodontal diseases has long been a subject of intensive research by numerous investigators. As concerns over the side effects and antibiotic resistance associated with conventional therapies persist, there has been a concerted effort to explore alternative medicinal approaches. In line with this objective, our study introduces a novel herbal gum paint designed specifically to address the therapeutic needs of individuals suffering from oral ulcers and periodontal diseases. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The herbal formulation utilized in our study was prepared using extracts derived from Licorice (Glycyrrhiza glabra) and Triphala, a combination of three fruits: Emblica officinalis, Terminalia chebula, and Terminalia belerica. These ingredients were selected based on their documented medicinal properties. The preparation process involved extraction and formulation techniques optimized for maximum efficacy. Antimicrobial activity was assessed using the bacterial culture method, where the formulation's ability to inhibit the growth of specific bacterial strains relevant to oral health was tested. Meanwhile, cytotoxicity was evaluated using the Brine Shrimp Assay method. Statistical analysis was conducted using a one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Tukey post hoc test to validate the significance of our findings with statistical significance set at p<0.05. RESULTS: The formulation exhibited significant activity against microbes when compared to the control. The cytotoxic activity was present at a concentration of 60 and 80µL, which indicated safe usage within specified concentration ranges, highlighting its potential for clinical application without adverse effects on biological systems. Statistically significant differences were obtained between the antimicrobial activity of the formulated gum paint and the commercial gum paint against Candida albicans species at 25 µL and 80 µL (p=0.00). CONCLUSION: The study underscores the promising therapeutic potential of the herbal gum paint developed in this research. By harnessing the natural antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory properties of Licorice and Triphala, the formulated gum paint showed efficacy against C. albicans. These findings contribute to the growing body of evidence supporting the integration of herbal remedies into mainstream oral healthcare practices. Future investigations could further elucidate the mechanisms underlying its therapeutic actions and explore its broader clinical applications in diverse patient populations.

Anticariogenic, Antidiabetic, and Toxicology Evaluation of the Ethanolic Extract of Croton bonplandianum: An In Vitro Study.

Background Herbal medicine has gathered increasing attention in contemporary healthcare practices, offering natural remedies for a wide range of ailments such as skin diseases, liver disorders, bronchitis, and asthma. Among the plethora of medicinal plants, Croton bonplandianum, commonly known as "Ban Tulsi," holds significant medicinal value owing to its diverse pharmacological properties. This study investigated the cytotoxicity, embryotoxicity, antidiabetic, and anticariogenic effects of an ethanolic extract derived from C. bonplandianum. The research objectives were to explore the preparation of an ethanolic extract of C. bonplandianum and employ a multifaceted approach by evaluating its cytotoxicity, embryotoxicity, anticariogenic, and antidiabetic potentials. Materials and methods In this study, the ß-glucosidase inhibitory and the α-amylase inhibitory assays were utilized to evaluate the antidiabetic activity of the C. bonplandianum ethanolic extract. The in vitro cytotoxicity activity was assessed by using the brine shrimp lethality assay (BSLA), and embryotoxicity was evaluated using zebrafish embryos and larvae. Through the agar well diffusion method and the time-kill curve analysis, the anticariogenic activity was evaluated. Results In α-amylase and ß-glucosidase inhibitory assays, the ethanolic extract of C. bonplandianum showed potent antidiabetic properties, near those of standard acarbose. The cytotoxicity evaluation using the BSLA showed less toxicity. The anticariogenic activity of the ethanolic extract of C. bonplandianum was assessed by comparing the standard (Amoxyrite) in terms of its zone of inhibition against oral pathogens such as Streptococcus mutans and Lactobacillus species (spp.). The antibacterial efficiency was validated using a time-kill curve assay in which the study depends on the concentration of the bacterial pathogenic organisms, namely, Lactobacillus spp. and S. mutans. In embryotoxicity evaluation, there were no morphological malformations in zebrafish larvae or embryos when exposed to high concentrations of C. bonplandianum ethanolic extract. Conclusion The ethanolic extract of C. bonplandianum exhibited promising antidiabetic and anticariogenic effects, supporting its conventional usage in alternative medicine. The outcomes of these research analyses suggest the plant potential as a natural source of compounds with bioactive qualities and can be utilized in the healthcare and pharmaceutical industries.

Unlocking estrogen receptor: Structural insights into agonists and antagonists for glioblastoma therapy.

Glioblastoma (GBM), a malignant brain tumor originating in glial cells, is one of the most common primary brain malignancies, affecting one in 100,000 people, typically in the frontal lobe. Estrogens, like estradiol-17 (E2), significantly influence GBM progression, metastasis, and angiogenesis. Estrogen receptors (ERs) are crucial in signal transduction and physiology, making them potential therapeutic targets. However, their roles in GBM pathogenesis remain unclear. This review explores ERs in GBM, focusing on their involvement in tumor immune evasion, modulation of the tumor microenvironment, and the mechanisms underlying GBM progression. Additionally, therapeutic opportunities targeting ERs for GBM treatment are discussed. Estrogen, synthesized primarily in ovaries and in smaller amounts by adrenal glands and fat tissues, regulates reproductive systems, bone density, skin health, and cardiovascular function. The invasive nature and heterogeneity of GBM complicate therapy development. Preclinical findings suggest that endocrine therapy with hormone receptor agonists or antagonists can extend patient survival and improve post-treatment quality of life. The ERß pathway, in particular, shows tumor-suppressive potential, limiting glioma progression with fewer side effects. ERß agonists could become a novel drug class for GBM treatment. Identifying biomarkers and specific therapeutic targets is crucial for early detection and improved prognosis. Estrogen and its receptors are advantageous for GBM treatment due to their regulation of numerous biological processes, ability to penetrate the blood-brain barrier, and genomic and non-genomic control of transcription, making them promising targets for GBM therapy.

Green Synthesis and Investigation of Antimicrobial Activity and Compressive Resilience of Glass Ionomer Cement Modified With Zirconia Nanoparticles: An In Vitro Study.

Background Glass ionomer cement (GIC) serves as a crucial biomaterial in dental restoration, offering applications in filling, lining, and adhesive procedures. Nevertheless, its mechanical properties often fall short, particularly in regions subjected to considerable stress. To address this issue, zirconia nanoparticles are incorporated at specific levels. Aim To assess the antimicrobial efficacy and compressive resilience of GIC modified with zirconia nanoparticles synthesized through green synthesis methods. Material and methods Zirconia nanoparticles were synthesized via a green method utilizing aloe vera extract in solvent form. These nanoparticles were then mixed into GIC at different concentration levels. Group I incorporated zirconia nanoparticles at a concentration of 3%, Group II at 5%, and Group III at 10%, while Group IV was the control, consisting of traditional GIC. Following that, samples were prepared and underwent characterization through various analytical techniques. The ability to inhibit microbial growth and the compressive resilience of the groups were examined. Microbial inhibition against the bacterial strains was assessed through minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), and the ability to withstand compression was gauged by measuring the maximum force the specimen could endure before fracturing. Data underwent analysis with Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows, IBM Corp., Version 24.0, Armonk, NY). Repeated measures of analysis of variance (ANOVA) were utilized to gauge average MIC values and compressive strength. Following this, Tukey's post hoc test was employed for pairwise comparisons. Results The findings indicated, incorporating zirconia nanoparticles into GIC led to an improvement in its antimicrobial effectiveness, with a noticeable enhancement observed as the weight percent (% wt) of the additive increased. This improvement was notably noticeable in its effectiveness against Streptococcus mutans and Lactobacillus, exceeding that of the control with a noteworthy distinction. Furthermore, there were significant enhancements in compressive strength, in Group I (180.48 ± 1.02), Group II (191.25 ± 0.52), and Group III (197.52 ± 0.75), compared to Group IV (167.22 ± 1.235), with significant disparities (p < 0.05). Conclusion The research illustrates that introducing green-synthesized zirconia nanoparticles into GIC leads to heightened bactericidal potency and compressive resilience when contrasted with the control group (Group IV). Notably, the highest concentration of 10% demonstrated the most favourable antimicrobial attributes alongside enhanced strength. Consequently, integrating green-synthesized zirconia nanoparticles into GIC holds potential as a proficient material. In future studies, there should be an exploration of molecular chemistry and bonding mechanisms to enhance our comprehension of its capabilities.

Biomedical Applications of Lauric Acid: A Narrative Review.

Lauric acid, a major component of coconut oil, has been studied for its various health benefits over the years. Lauric acid is a medium-chained fatty acid with several potential biomedical applications based on its antimicrobial action, capacity for drug delivery, tissue engineering scaffolds, and cleansing capabilities. Various studies are carried out in vitro and in vivo using experimental animals, such as rats, shedding light on the efficacy of lauric acid. The studies related to lauric acid were brought under one umbrella and emphasized the need for further research to explore the efficacy of lauric acid in human health. This review aims to scientifically assess the reported data and present a narrative review on lauric acid in medicine.

Comparative Anti-inflammatory Activity of a Nanocomposite-Based Herbal Oral Rinse and a Commercial Oral Rinse.

INTRODUCTION: The present study aimed to evaluate and compare the anti-inflammatory effects of two oral rinse formulations, a commercial oral rinse and an Ocimum tenuiflorum and Ocimum gratissimum (nanocomposites, NCs) oral rinse, using in vitro assays commonly employed to assess anti-inflammatory activity. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The anti-inflammatory potential of the oral rinse formulations was assessed using bovine serum albumin (BSA) denaturation, egg albumin denaturation, and membrane stabilization assays. Diclofenac sodium was used as a reference standard in all assays. The inhibition percentages of BSA denaturation and egg albumin denaturation assays, as well as membrane stabilization effects, were measured at various concentrations of the oral rinse formulations. RESULTS: Both the commercial oral rinse and the Ocimum tenuiflorum and Ocimum gratissimum oral rinse demonstrated significant inhibition of BSA denaturation, indicating their anti-inflammatory potential. The Ocimum tenuiflorum and Ocimum gratissimum (NCs) oral rinse consistently showed higher inhibition percentages than the commercial oral rinse, suggesting stronger anti-inflammatory effects in this assay. In the egg albumin denaturation assay, both formulations exhibited inhibition of protein denaturation, with the Ocimum tenuiflorum and Ocimum gratissimum (NCs) oral rinse showing comparable or slightly higher inhibition percentages. The membrane stabilization assay further supported the anti-inflammatory properties of both formulations, with the Ocimum tenuiflorum and Ocimum gratissimum (NCs) oral rinse demonstrating efficacy comparable to diclofenac sodium. DISCUSSION: The results suggest that Ocimum tenuiflorum and Ocimum gratissimum (NCs) oral rinse may possess stronger anti-inflammatory effects compared to commercial oral rinse, as evidenced by higher inhibition percentages in the BSA denaturation assay. Both formulations showed promising anti-inflammatory activity in the egg albumin denaturation and membrane stabilization assays, indicating their potential for mitigating inflammation. CONCLUSION: The Ocimum tenuiflorum and Ocimum gratissimum (NCs) oral rinse exhibits significant anti-inflammatory effects in vitro, potentially surpassing the efficacy of the commercial oral rinse. Further studies are needed to explore the clinical implications of these findings and to validate the anti-inflammatory properties of the Ocimum tenuiflorum and Ocimum gratissimum (NCs) oral rinse in vivo.

Black seed assisted synthesis, characterization, free radical scavenging, antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory activity of iron oxide nanoparticles.

Iron nanoparticles comprise a significant class of inorganic nanoparticles, which discover applications in various zones by prudence of their few exciting properties. This study achieved the green synthesis of iron oxide nanoparticles (IONPs) by black cumin seed (Nigella sativa) extract, which acts as a reducing and capping agent. The iron nanoparticles and black cumin extract were synthesized in three different concentrations: (01:01, 02:04,01:04). UV-visible spectroscopy, XRD, FTIR, and AFM characterized the synthesized iron oxide nanoparticles. UV-visible spectra show the maximum absorbance peak of 01:01 concentration at 380 nm. The other concentrations, such as 02:04, peaked at 400 nm and 01:04 at 680 nm, confirming the formation of iron oxide nanoparticles. AFM analysis reveals the spherical shape of iron oxide nanoparticles. The XRD spectra reveal the (fcc) cubic crystal structure of the iron oxide nanoparticles. The FTIR analysis's peaks at 457.13, 455.20, and 457.13 cm-1 depict the characteristic iron nanoparticle synthesis. The black cumin extract-mediated iron oxide nanoparticles show substantial antibacterial, antifungal, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity in a dose-dependent manner.

Anti-Inflammatory Effect of Herbal Mouthwash Prepared Using Andrographis Paniculata and Rosa Formulation.

Andrographis (A.) paniculata contains andrograpanin, which is both anti-inflammatory and anti-infective. Rosa comprises over 150-200 species from the family Rosaceae. Rosa exerts various properties, including anti-inflammatory property. Herbal mouthwash was made using A. paniculata leaf powder and Rosa extract. The anti-inflammatory effect was evaluated using an albumin denaturation assay and egg albumin denaturation. The percentage of protein denaturation that is inhibited by the formulation of A. paniculata and Rosa indicates that it has strong anti-inflammatory effect. According to the findings, as concentration is raised, the formulation's anti-inflammatory activity rises. The formulation's percentage inhibition values are also equivalent to those of a typical anti-inflammatory medicine, indicating that it may be effective as a natural anti-inflammatory agent.

Biosynthesis of Strontium Nanoparticles Using Mimosa pudica and its Antioxidant Effect.

A new area of nanotechnology, "green synthesis" studies nanomaterials utilizing natural biomaterials like plants, flowers, and microbesGreen nanoparticle synthesis offers various benefits, such as cost efficiency, pollution reduction, and environmental compatibility. Among nanoparticles, metallic variants have garnered the greatest attention due to their unique physical and chemical attributes. Strontium (Sr), known for promoting growth, aiding bone regeneration, and stimulating calcium signaling, holds significance in the medical domain. Consequently, Sr-based nanoparticles have gained interest in medical and dental applications due to their resemblance to calcium properties. Researchers worldwide are drawn to Mimosa pudica because of its pharmacological properties, including its ability to treat wounds, and its anti-diabetic, anti-toxin, anti-hepatotoxin, and antioxidant effects. Mimosa pudica mediated strontium nanoparticles' antioxidant activity was tested against FRAP assay, H2O2 assay, and DPPH assay with ascorbic acid as standard, where in all three assays, increasing concentration of Mimosa pudica mediated strontium nanoparticles exhibited increasing antioxidant activity which was similar to the ascorbic acid. Hence, this can be used as a novel antioxidant agent in the near future.

Evaluation of Antidiabetic Activity and Cytotoxic Effect of Strontium Nanoparticles Synthesized Using Mimosa Pudica.

Nanotechnology is emerging as a promising approach in the development of novel therapeutic strategies. Nanoparticles, due to their unique physicochemical properties and small size, have the potential to improve the delivery of therapeutic agents, enhance their bioavailability, and increase their efficacy. Among various types of nanoparticles, strontium nanoparticles have gained attention due to their potential antidiabetic activity and cytotoxic effects against cancer cells. Mimosa pudica, also known as "Sensitive Plant" or "Touch-Me-Not," is a medicinal plant known for its diverse pharmacological activities, including antidiabetic and anticancer properties. Recent research has focused on the synthesis of strontium nanoparticles by using Mimosa pudica as a green and sustainable approach. These nanoparticles have shown promising results in terms of their antidiabetic activity and cytotoxic effects against cancer cells. Thus, in this study, the antidiabetic effect was studied using the alpha-amylase inhibitor assay, and the cytotoxic effect was studied using the brine shrimp lethality assay. In these assays, increasing concentration of Mimosa pudica-mediated strontium nanoparticles exhibited increasing antidiabetic and cytotoxic effects, which was similar to the standard used, which is acarbose. Hence, this can be used as a novel antidiabetic and cytotoxic agent in the future.

Preparation of Andrographis Paniculata and Rosa Formulation and its Antibacterial Activity Against Urinary Tract Infection Causing Pathogens.

Andrographis Paniculata also known as the "King of Bitters" is a herbal medicine of the Acanthaceae family which is native to India and Sri Lanka. Andrographis Paniculata is a very useful medicinal plant as it has antioxidant, antidiabetic, antipyretic, anticancer properties. The main antibacterial activity of Andrographis Paniculata is due to the presence of andrographolide and arabinogalactan proteins. The medicinal properties of rose are mostly due to their abundance in phenolic compounds. They have many pharmacological properties like antibacterial, antioxidant, thrombolytic, and anticancer properties. The hips of the rose plant have Vitamin C in a concentration that is three times more than a citrus fruit that can be used in the treatment of a flu or a cold. Mueller-Hinton agar was utilized for this activity to determine the zone of inhibition. The plant extracts with different concentrations were loaded, and the plates were incubated for 24 hours at 37°C. After the incubation time, the zone of inhibition was measured. The results of this study are significant because they demonstrate the antibacterial activity of Andrographis Paniculata and Rosa against three bacterial pathogens. This suggests that the formulation of Andrographis Paniculata and Rosa has potential as a natural antibacterial agent. Further studies are needed to explore the mechanism of action and potential applications of this formulation. In conclusion, the study shows that the formulation of Andrographis Paniculata and Rosa has significant antibacterial activity against Klebsiella, Escherichia Coli, and Enterococcus Faecalis. This suggests that the formulation of Andrographis Paniculata and Rosa has potential as a natural antibacterial agent that could be further explored for its potential use in the treatment of bacterial infections.

Biosynthesis of Cissus rotundifolia Stem-Mediated Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticles and Their Anticariogenic Activity against Streptococcus mutans and Lactobacillus sp.

Introduction: The green synthesis of metal oxide nanoparticles using plant extracts has emerged as an eco-friendly method. Titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO2NPs) were synthesized using Cissus rotundifolia in this study. Titanium dioxide nanoparticles were utilized in restorative medicine for enhanced medicinal properties and in dental composites for their antimicrobial activities. Cissus rotundifolia is recognized as a medicinal plant due to its diverse properties, including mild laxatives, anti-inflammatory, and hyperglycemic activities. Materials and Methods: The antimicrobial activity of the prepared nanoparticles against Lactobacillus Sp. and Streptococcus mutans was evaluated using agar well diffusion method. The bactericidal and bacteriostatic activity of the prepared TiO2NPs was examined using time-kill kinetic analysis. Results: The prepared nanoparticles exhibited potential antimicrobial activity against Lactobacillus sp. (12 mm) at the highest concentration of 100 µg/mL. The prepared nanoparticles also exhibited excellent bactericidal activity against Lactobacillus Sp. and mild bacteriostatic activity against Staphylococcus mutans at the highest concentration of 100 µg/mL. Conclusion: The synthesized TiO2NPs showed significant antimicrobial activity against dental pathogens. The observed anticariogenic activity shows the potential of nanoparticles for dental applications. Hence, the prepared nanoparticles can be used in the field of dentistry as an antimicrobial agent instead of synthetic drugs causing more side effects.

Green Synthesis of Mimosa pudica-Mediated Strontium Nanoparticles and its Anti-Inflammatory Activity.

Background: Considerable focus has been directed toward green synthesis as a dependable, sustainable, and environmentally friendly approach for synthesizing various nanomaterials. Mimosa pudica, a quickly grown pantropical weed, has been used widely for its anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial activity in traditional medicine. The development of strontium-based nanoparticles and nanoparticles linked with strontium has garnered attention in recent years due to their established utility in diverse domains such as effective drug distribution, bioimaging, cancer treatment, and advancements in bone engineering. Aims and Objectives: To examine the green synthesise of strontium nanoparticles using Mimosa pudica and its anti-inflammatory activity. Material and Methods: Mimosa pudica-mediated strontium nanoparticles' anti-inflammatory activity was tested using bovine serum albumin denaturation assay, egg albumin denaturation assay, and membrane stabilization assay with diclofenac sodium as the standard. Result: In all three assays, increasing concentration of Mimosa pudica-mediated strontium nanoparticles exhibited an increasing anti-inflammatory effect, which was similar to the standard diclofenac sodium. Conclusion: Consequently, this holds promise as a new potential anti-inflammatory agent in forthcoming applications.

Cytoplasmic Leakage and Protein Leakage Analysis of Ocimum Gratissimum Stem Extract-Mediated Silver Nanoparticles Against Wound Pathogens.

Aim: The current work intends to examine the antibacterial activity of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) mediated by Ocimum gratissimum stem extract against wound infections. Materials and Methods: To evaluate the membrane damage brought on by AgNPs, analyses of cytoplasmic leakage and protein leakage assays were performed. Results: The outcomes demonstrated that all of the tested bacterial strains were significantly resistant to the AgNPs' antibacterial activity. AgNPs damaged membranes and caused cellular contents to leak in the target pathogens, according to an examination of protein and cytoplasmic leakage. Conclusion: According to the current investigation, AgNPs mediated by Ocimum gratissimum stem extract may be effective antibacterial agents against microorganisms that cause wounds.

Calotropis procera and the Pharmacological Properties of Its Aqueous Leaf Extract: A Review.

Calotropis procera (C. procera) is a versatile plant often used for fuel, fodder, wood, fiber, phytoremediation, medicine, and synthesis of nanoparticles. Its ability to tolerate abiotic stresses and its morphophysiological adaptation have made it popular worldwide. Currently, it is identified as an environmental weed across the world. C. procera owes its therapeutic qualities to the secondary metabolites like tannins, alkaloids, and phenols present in it. New synthetic drugs are being formulated by using these secondary metabolites as a prototype. This review aimed to provide a summary of the chemometric profile, toxicity, and pharmacological activities of the aqueous leaf extract of C. procera based on the current literature.

Exploring the Antimicrobial Potential and Cytotoxic Effects of Different Brassica oleracea Varieties.

INTRODUCTION:  Dental caries has become a substantial global health burden, and many techniques have been used in dentistry to protect the tooth from decay. Brassica oleracea is a green cruciferous vegetable with a good source of vitamins C, K and E, which are also effective antibiotics and antioxidants. These characteristics will shield the oral cavity from pathogenic onslaught and can be considered during the formulation of antimicrobial mouthwash, toothpaste, or dental sealants. MATERIALS AND METHODS:  B. oleracea extract was prepared by heating and condensing the red and green cabbage. Both extracts were assessed for antimicrobial activity (antibacterial and antifungal activities) and cytotoxicity. After incubation, the zone of inhibition was calculated for antibacterial activity and the number of live nauplii for cytotoxicity.  Results: The extract from red cabbage was found to have more effective antibacterial properties than that from green cabbage. The red B. oleracea extract formed the highest zone of inhibition against Candida albicans (20 mm), followed by Enterococcus faecalis (15 mm) and Streptococcus mutans (9 mm). In contrast, the green cabbage extract formed the highest inhibition against E. faecalis (12 mm). The cytotoxicity increases with increased concentration, with the highest toxicity at 20 µL for both extracts.  Conclusion: The properties of B. oleracea can be utilized in dental products such as toothpaste, mouthwash, and dental sealants due to their antibacterial effects. By incorporating B. oleracea extracts into these products, oral health professionals may soon have additional tools to promote oral hygiene and prevent oral infections, offering a natural and effective alternative to traditional oral care ingredients.

Analysing the Anticancer Properties of Pterostilbene Through Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism, and Excretion (ADME) and Molecular Docking Studies.

Aim The aim of this study is to examine the possible therapeutic effect of pterostilbene (PTS), a chemical present in grapes and blueberries, in the treatment of liver cancer by analysing its interactions with important proteins linked to the wingless/integrated (Wnt) signaling system. Objective Using computational techniques like molecular docking and absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME) studies, this research focuses on examining the pharmacokinetics and molecular interactions of PTS with proteins such as vimentin (Vim), glycogen synthase kinase 3 beta (GSK3-ß), epithelial cadherin (E-cadherin), interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-1 beta (IL-1ß), c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), and Wnt, all of which are connected to the Wnt signaling pathway in liver cancer. Methods The study includes the synthesis of proteins and ligands, ADME investigations for PTS, and AutoDock Vina molecular docking simulations to evaluate binding affinities and interactions. PTS is obtained from PubChem, while protein structures are obtained from the Protein Data Bank. Results Strong binding affinities between PTS and essential proteins in the Wnt signaling cascade are shown by molecular docking, which also highlights noteworthy hydrogen bonds, hydrophobic interactions, and electrostatic contacts. According to an ADME study, PTS has advantageous pharmacokinetic properties, such as moderate solubility, membrane permeability, and a minimal chance of drug interactions. Conclusion The extensive study highlights PTS's potential as a viable treatment option for liver cancer. The study promotes its investigation in cutting-edge liver cancer therapy approaches and urges more investigation into the molecular mechanisms, underpinning its anticancer properties. This paper sheds important light on the role of natural chemicals in cancer therapy and emphasizes the need for computational methods in drug discovery.

A Comparative Evaluation of Antimicrobial and Cytotoxic Efficacy of Biosynthesized Silver Nanoparticles and Chemically Synthesized Silver Nanoparticles Against Enterococcus faecalis: An In Vitro Study.

Introduction Effective root canal cleaning and sealing are essential for a successful endodontic procedure. For the purpose of disinfecting root canals, both herbal and non-herbal medications are recommended. This study aimed to analyze the antimicrobial and cytotoxic properties of biosynthesized silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) synthesized from Azadirachta indica/neem and chemically synthesized AgNPs from trisodium citrate (TSC) against oral pathogens to be further used as an irrigant in endodontic treatment. Materials and methods To synthesize A. indica AgNPs, powdered fresh A. indica leaves were weighed, added to double distilled water, heated for 30 minutes, and then combined with silver nitrate solution. TSC was also used to create TSC AgNPs. X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), ocular observation, and the ultraviolet-visible light (UV-vis) spectrum were used to characterize the AgNPs. Studies were conducted on the extract's characteristics, including its cytotoxicity and antibacterial activity. Results The hue shift and peak on the UV-vis spectrophotometer were signs that AgNPs were forming. The XRD pattern showed that the sample included crystalline AgNPs, mostly spherical ones. By using SEM, the presence of AgNPs was also verified. AgNPs that were synthesized showed antimicrobial efficacy against Enterococcus faecalis. Compared to chemically synthesized AgNPs, A. indica AgNPs showed lower minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) values, a bigger zone of inhibition (ZOI), and less cytotoxic action. Conclusion This study demonstrates the minimal cytotoxicity and antibacterial activity of A. indica AgNPs against E. faecalis. This suggests that they might also be employed as root canal cleaners. Before experimenting with animals or cell lines in clinical trials for endodontic treatment, further research should be done.

Assessment of Antibacterial Properties and Cytotoxic Effect of Ethanolic Extracts of Clitoria ternatea and Camellia sinensis Herbal Formulation Against Clinical Pathogens.

Aim The study aims to evaluate the antibacterial properties of ethanolic extracts from Clitoria ternatea and Camellia sinensis against pathogens causing UTI, wound pathogens, and other clinical bacterial infections and their cytotoxic effects using the brine shrimp lethality assay (BSLA). Methods Ethanolic extracts of C. ternatea and C. sinensis were prepared, and their antibacterial activity was tested against Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Enterococcus faecalis using the well diffusion method. The cytotoxicity was assessed through the BSLA, determining the LC50 values for each extract. Results The formulation of both plant extracts exhibited significant antibacterial activity against UTI pathogens, and wound pathogen bacteria showed higher efficacy compared to other studies. The BSLA revealed a dose-dependent increase in toxicity, with C. ternatea extracts demonstrating higher cytotoxicity than C. sinensis. Conclusion The ethanolic extracts of C. ternatea and C. sinensis possess antibacterial properties against UTI-causing bacteria and show cytotoxic effects in a brine shrimp model. These findings suggest the potential of these plants for developing alternative treatments for UTI. However, further research is necessary to fully understand their safety and efficacy in human subjects.