Pharmacokinetic studies of the recombinant chicken interferon-α in broiler chickens.

In this study, 24 male and female broiler chickens at 30-day-old were divided into three groups with 8 animals in each group. The animals were administered with recombinant chicken interferon-α (rChIFN-α) at a dose of 1.0 × 106 IU/kg intravenously, intramuscularly or subcutaneously, respectively. Serum samples were collected at different time points post administration, and the titers of rChIFN-α in the blood were determined by cytopathic effect inhibition assay. The results showed that the pharmacokinetic characteristics of rChIFN-α by intramuscular injection and subcutaneous injection were fitted to one compartment open model, and the Tmax was 3.21 ± 0.79 hr and 3.95 ± 0.85 hr, respectively, and the elimination half-life (T1/2) was 6.20 ± 2.77 hr and 5.03 ± 3.70 hr, respectively. In contrast, the pharmacokinetics of rChIFN-α via intravenous injection was in line with the open model of two-compartment and was eliminated in the first order, and the elimination half-life (T1/2) was 4.61 ± 0.84 hr. In addition, compared with those in the intravenous group and the subcutaneous group, the bioavailability of rChIFN-α in the intramuscular group was 82.80%. In conclusion, rChIFN-α was rapidly absorbed and slowly eliminated after intramuscular administration of single dose of rChIFN-α aqueous formulations. Thus, rChIFN-α can be used as a commonly-used therapeutic agent.

Analysis of cancer incidence in Zhejiang cancer registry in China during 2000 to 2009.

OBJECTIVE: The Zhejiang Provincial Cancer Prevention and Control Office collected cancer registration data during 2000 to 2009 from 6 cancer registries in Zhejiang province of China in order to analyze the cancer incidence. METHODS: Descriptive analysis included cancer incidence stratified by sex, age and cancer site group. The proportions and cumulative rates of 10 common cancers in different groups were also calculated. Chinese population census in 1982 and Segi's population were used for calculating age-standardized incidence rates. The log-linear model was used for fitting to calculate the incidence trends. RESULTS: The 6 cancer registries in Zhejiang province in China covered a total of 60,087,888 person-years during 2000 to 2009 (males 30,445,904, females 29,641,984). The total number of new cancer cases were 163,104 (males 92,982, females 70,122). The morphology verified cases accounted for 69.7%, and the new cases verified only by information from death certification accounted for 1.23%. The crude incidence rate in Zhejiang cancer registration areas was 271.5/105 during 2000 to 2009 (male 305.41/105, female 236.58/105), age-standardized incidence rates by Chinese standard population (ASIRC) and by world standard population (ASIRW) were 147.1/105 and 188.2/105, the cumulative incidence rate (aged from 0 to 74) being 21.7%. The crude incidence rate was 209.6/105 in 2000, and it increased to 320.20/105 in 2009 (52.8%), with an annual percent change (APC) of 4.51% (95% confidence interval, 3.25%-5.79%). Age-specific incidence rate of 80-84 age group was achieved at the highest point of the incidence curve. Overall with different age groups, the cancer incidences differed, the incidence of liver cancer being highest in 15-44 age group in males; the incidence of breast cancer was the highest in 15-64 age group in females; the incidences of lung cancer were the highest in both males and females over the age of 65 years. CONCLUSIONS: Lung cancer, digestive system malignancies and breast cancer are the most common cancers in Zhejiang province in China requiring an especial focus. The incidences of thyroid cancer, prostate cancer, cervical cancer and lymphoma have increased rapidly. Prevention and control measures should be implemented for these cancers.

[Comparison between application of fecal occult blood quantitive testing instrument and colloidal gold strip method in colorectal cancer screening].

OBJECTIVE: To compare the performances of fecal occult blood quantitive testing instrument and colloidal gold strip method in colorectal cancer screening. METHODS: A representative random population of 9000 subjects aging between 40 and 74 years old were selected from Xuxiang, Haining city, Zhejiang province, by random cluster sampling method in year 2011. The fecal samples from each subject were separately detected by the two methods, namely fecal occult blood quantitive testing instrument and colloidal gold strip method. The positive result was standardized by hemoglobin concentration (HGB) ≥ 100 ng/ml under the application of quantitive testing instrument, or color-developing by colloidal gold strip method. The positive subjects from either method would be provided a further colonoscopy examination for pathological diagnosis. The positive rate and consistency of the two methods were compared, as well as the positive predictive value and population detecting rate of the colorectal cancer and adenoma. RESULTS: A total of 6475 (71.9%) subjects submitted their two fecal samples according to our requirement in 9000 subjects. There were separately 319 positive cases (4.9%) and 146 positive cases (2.3%) by the performances of fecal occult blood quantitive testing instrument and colloidal gold strip method, including 45 positive in both tests (Kappa = 0.168, 95%CI:0.119-0.217).184 out of the 319 positive cases (57.7%) in the test by quantitive testing instrument and 89 out of 146 positive cases (61.0%) in the test by colloidal gold strip method received the colonoscopy examination. There were no significant statistical differences between the two methods in the positive predictive value of colorectal cancer (P > 0.05) , developing adenoma and non-developing adenoma.However, the population detecting rate of the colorectal cancer and developing adenoma were higher in the test by quantitive testing instrument (26 cases, 0.402%) than it in the test by colloidal gold strip method (10 cases, 0.154%). The difference showed statistical significance (χ(2) = 7.131, P < 0.01). CONCLUSION: The performances of fecal occult blood quantitive testing instrument might be better than colloidal gold strip method in colorectal cancer screening. However, the results need to be further verified.

Reduction of the incidence and mortality of rectal cancer by polypectomy: a prospective cohort study in Haining County.

AIM: To reduce the incidence and mortality of rectal cancer and address the hypothesis that colorectal cancer often arise from precursor lesion(s), either adenomas or non-adenomatous polyps, by conducting a population-based mass screening for colorectal cancer in Haining County, Zhejiang, PRC. METHODS: From 1977 to 1980, physicians screened the population of Haining County using 15 cm rigid endoscopy. Of over 240000 participants, 4076 of them were diagnosed with precursor lesions, either adenomas or non-adenomatous polyps, which were then removed surgically. All individuals with precursor lesions were followed up and reexamined by endoscopy every two to five years up to 1998. RESULTS: After the initial screening, 953 metachronous adenomas and 417 non-adenomatous polyps were detected and removed from the members of this cohort. Further, 27 cases of colorectal cancer were detected and treated. Log-rank tests showed that the survival time among those cancer patients who under went mass screening increased significantly compared to that of other colorectal cancer patients (P<0.0001). According to the population-based cancer registry in Haining County, age-adjusted incidence and mortality of rectal cancer decreased by 41% and 29% from 1977-1981 to 1992-1996, respectively. Observed cumulative 20-year rectal cancer incidence was 31% lower than the expected in the screened group; the mortality due to rectal cancer was 18% lower than the expected in the screened group. CONCLUSION: Mass screening for rectal cancer and precursor lesions with protocoscopy in the general population and periodical following-up with routine endoscopy for high-risk patients may decrease both the incidence and mortality of rectal cancer.