Early detection of breast cancer through the diagnosis of Nipple Aspirate Fluid (NAF).

The development of breast cancer has been mainly reported in women who have reached the post-menopausal stage; therefore, it is the primary factor responsible for death amongst postmenopausal women. However, if treated on time it has shown a survival rate of 20 years in about two-thirds of women. Cases of breast cancer have also been reported in younger women and the leading cause in them is their lifestyle pattern or they may be carriers of high penetrance mutated genes. Premenopausal women who have breast cancer have been diagnosed with aggressive build-up of tumors and are therefore at more risk of loss of life. Mammography is an effective way to test for breast cancer in women after menopause but is not so effective for premenopausal women or younger females. Imaging techniques like contrast-enhanced MRI can up to some extent indicate the presence of a tumor but it cannot adequately differentiate between benign and malignant tumors. Although the 'omics' strategies continuing for the last 20 years have been helpful at the molecular level in enabling the characteristics and proper understanding of such tumors over long-term longitudinal monitoring. Classification, diagnosis, and prediction of the outcomes have been made through tissue and serum biomarkers but these also fail to diagnose the disease at an early stage. Considerably there is no adequate detection technique present globally that can help early detection and provide adequate specificity, safety, sensitivity, and convenience for the younger and premenopausal women, thereby it becomes necessary to take early measures and build efficient tools and techniques for the same. Through biopsies of nipple aspirate fluid (NAF) biomarker profiling can be performed. It is a naturally secreted fluid from the cells of epithelium found in the breast. Nowadays, home-based liquid biopsy collection kits are also available through which a routine check on breast health can be performed with the help of NAF. Herein, we will review the biomarker screening liquid biopsy, and the new emerging technologies for the examination of cancer at an early stage, especially in premenopausal women.

Exploring Multifactorial Relationships: Assessing the Correlation Between Cardiovascular Health Indicators and Metabolic Markers.

BACKGROUND: The significant global health burden associated with cardiometabolic diseases necessitates a better understanding of the complex interrelationships between metabolic markers and cardiovascular health indicators. Crucial indicators of cardiovascular and metabolic health include metabolic markers such as uric acid and gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT), as well as blood pressure (BP), triglycerides, total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein (HDL), and fasting blood glucose. OBJECTIVE: This study aims to investigate the multifactorial relationships among several parameters such as age, BP, lipid profile, body mass index (BMI), fasting blood glucose levels, and specific metabolic enzymes. METHODS: A willing participant who visited the outpatient clinic and was in good health but did not have a history of cardiovascular disease was enrolled in the study. The collected data were subjected to a cross-sectional analysis. Various biochemical and health parameters such as height, weight, BMI, uric acid, triglycerides, HDL, BP, gender, age, and fasting blood glucose were analyzed, and a Pearson correlation coefficient analysis was performed to evaluate the correlations between these variables. RESULTS: Among the 50 study participants, significant Pearson correlations were observed between metabolic health markers such as BP (systolic and diastolic), fasting blood sugar, total cholesterol, triglycerides, HDL, and BMI. Additionally, a positive correlation was found between these metabolic parameters, including the levels of uric acid and liver enzyme GGT. CONCLUSION: This study illustrates the intricate relationships among lipid profiles, liver enzymes, BP, and other metabolic health markers in the general population. Understanding these associations can help create focused interventions and individualized care plans for metabolic and cardiovascular disorders. Our findings address the complexity of cardiometabolic health and its management by identifying multifactorial risk factors linked to metabolic disorders and cardiovascular diseases.

Molecular methods in cancer diagnostics: a short review.

BACKGROUND: One of the ailments with the greatest fatality rates in the 21st century is cancer. Globally, molecular methods are widely employed to treat cancer-related disorders, and the body of research on this subject is growing yearly. A thorough and critical summary of the data supporting molecular methods for illnesses linked to cancer is required. OBJECTIVE: In order to guide clinical practice and future research, it is important to examine and summarize the systematic reviews (SRs) that evaluate the efficacy and safety of molecular methods for disorders associated to cancer. METHODS: We developed a comprehensive search strategy to find relevant articles from electronic databases like PubMed, Google Scholar, Web of Science (WoS), or Scopus. We looked through the literature and determined which diagnostic methods in cancer genetics were particularly reliable. We used phrases like 'cancer genetics', genetic susceptibility, Hereditary cancer, cancer risk assessment, 'cancer diagnostic tools', cancer screening', biomarkers, and molecular diagnostics, reviews and meta-analyses evaluating the efficacy and safety of molecular therapies for cancer-related disorders. Research that only consider treatment modalities that don't necessitate genetic or molecular diagnostics fall under the exclusion criteria. RESULTS: The results of this comprehensive review clearly demonstrate the transformative impact of molecular methods in the realm of cancer genetics.This review underscores how these technologies have empowered researchers and clinicians to identify and understand key genetic alterations that drive malignancy, ranging from point mutations to structural variations. Such insights are instrumental in pinpointing critical oncogenic drivers and potential therapeutic targets, thus opening the door for methods in precision medicine that can significantly improve patient outcomes. LIMITATION: The search does not specify a timeframe for publication inclusion, it may have missed recent advancements or changes in the field's landscape of molecular methods for cancer. As a result, it may not have included the most recent developments in the field. CONCLUSION: After conducting an in-depth study on the molecular methods in cancer genetics, it is evident that these cutting-edge technologies have revolutionized the field of oncology, providing researchers and clinicians with powerful tools to unravel the complexities of cancer at the genetic level. The integration of molecular methods techniques has not only enhanced our understanding of cancer etiology, progression, and treatment response but has also opened new avenues for personalized medicine and targeted therapies, leading to improved patient outcomes.

Influenza A (H1N1) Virus Outbreak in the Districts of Chhattisgarh: A Cross-Sectional Study.

Background The H1N1 flu is a subtype of the influenza A virus, also known as the swine flu. An entirely new strain of the H1N1 virus started sickening people in the 2009-2010 flu season. It was a novel influenza virus combination that can infect humans, pigs, and birds. It was frequently referred to as the "swine flu." The virus may be able to spread for a little while longer in children and individuals with compromised immune systems. Objective The objective is to investigate the outbreaks of H1N1 among young adults in the Bastar District of Chhattisgarh. Methods Collection of the blood samples of 342 individuals between December 2015 and November 2017 was done. Thirty-one cases of Influenza A (H1N1) PDM09 virus infection were identified and confirmed. The molecular relationship between viruses is identified by the real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) method. Result The majority of samples (n=13) were sourced from Raipur Medical College, followed by contributions from Durg District Hospital (n=5), Raigarh Medical College (n=4), Rajnandgaon District Hospital (n=3), Jagdalpur Medical College (n=2), Bilaspur Medical College (n=2), and smaller contributions from Dhamtari District Hospital and Gariyabandh Primary Health Care. Among these, 31 samples tested positive for Influenza A (H1N1) PDM 2009 virus, with a slightly higher prevalence among 19 female patients. Age-wise distribution revealed higher proportions of positive cases in the age groups of 0-10 years, 31-40 years, and 21-30 years. In the molecular analysis, 154 samples showed no target amplification, while 125 samples exhibited amplification of only Influenza A without subtype (H1) amplification. Remarkably, 31 patients who tested positive for Influenza A (H1N1) died from the virus; most of the deaths were in children under five and middle-aged adults. Conclusion The detection of Influenza A (H1N1) PDM 2009 virus, especially among females, indicates its persistent circulation. Positive cases were prevalent among younger and middle-aged individuals. Molecular analysis showed subtype variations, with significant fatalities observed in children under five and middle-aged adults, emphasizing the severity of the virus across different age groups. It is advised that in order to keep Indian influenza surveillance up to date and robust, more epidemiological data should be gathered, along with information on risk factors like immunization status, hospitalization, and mortality rates should be estimated, and influenza case subtyping should be improved.

Japanese Encephalitis Outbreak in Young Adults of Bastar District in Chhattisgarh: A Short Observational Study.

Background Instant infections in children due to acute encephalitis syndrome (AES) were reported in a tribal district of Bastar in Chattisgarh, India, between August 2018 and August 2019. Objective The study was conducted to explore the possibility of a viral cause indicating an outbreak. Methods Clinical surveys and serological investigation tests were conducted to identify the viral etiology. The Bastar area in Chhattisgarh reported factors such as paddy fields near homes, a high pig-to-cattle ratio, a significant presence of Culex vishnui mosquitoes, low socioeconomic status, and a lack of health awareness among the tribal people. Result This study, conducted at the Late Baliram Kashyap Memorial Government Medical College in Jagdalpur, Bastar, Chhattisgarh, India, analyzed 128 samples from fever cases out of 213 patients visiting the Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) testing center. Among these samples, 71 cases exhibited AES, and subsequent JEV IgM ELISA testing identified 18 cases as JEV-positive, signifying recent JEV infections. Notably, the overwhelming majority (94.44%) of JEV-positive patients were under 16 years old, highlighting the heightened vulnerability of children to JEV illness in the Bastar region. Although male patients accounted for 61.11% of the JEV-positive cases compared to 38.88% of female patients, statistical analysis revealed that this gender disparity was not statistically significant (p-value = 0.18). Conclusion The study emphasizes the significance of identifying the etiology and delivering evidence-based care to patients with AES. Improved diagnosis and management of AES may result from a greater comprehension of the advantages and disadvantages associated with the application and administration of common laboratory and diagnostic algorithms.