Changes of the Concentration of Short-Chain Fatty Acids in the Intestines of Mice with Different Types of Obesity.

We studied the production of short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) by the intestinal microbiota in mice with obesity caused by a diet and a genetic defect in the leptin receptor gene. In mice, intestinal contents were examined and SCFA were quantitatively assayed by gas chromatography. SCFA concentration in the intestinal contents of mice with alimentary obesity model was significantly lower in the first phase of the experiment (day 14), and the change in their production in dynamics was fundamentally different from this process in the control group (standard diet). The dynamics of the concentration of these metabolites in the model of genetic obesity was similar to that in the control, but the production of SCFA was significantly reduced in mice with leptin resistance in the middle phase (day 60) of the experiment. These findings indicate that the production of SCFA is more influenced by the diet than by leptin resistance.

The Effect of TLR Agonists and Myokines on Secretory Activity of Adipogenically Differentiated MSC Cultures.

We studied the effect of bacterial pathogen-associated molecular patterns and myokines on the secretion of adipokines by mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) and products of their adipogenic differentiation. The secretion of adiponectin, adipsin, leptin, and insulin by adipogenically differentiated cell cultures was quantitatively determined using multiplex ELISA. MSC obtained from the stromal vascular fraction of human subcutaneous adipose tissue were shown to secrete a known adipokine adipsin. The ability of white adipocytes to secrete significant amounts of insulin (in vitro) has been shown for the first time. Control cultures of white adipocytes secreted much higher levels of adiponectin, leptin, and insulin when compared to other adipocytes cultures. On the other hand, beige and brown adipocyte cultures secreted more adipsin than white adipocyte cultures. The influence of myokine ß-aminoisobutyric acid on the secretion of adipsin in MSC, white, beige, and brown adipocytes was also studied.

The Effect of LPS and Flagellin on the Process of Lipolysis in Mesenchymal Stromal Cells during Adipogenic Differentiation.

We analyzed the effects of bacterial pathogen-associated molecular patterns (LPS and flagellin) and adrenergic agonist isoproterenol on the content of total and phosphorylated (Ser552) hormone-sensitive lipase in mesenchymal stromal cells and cell products of their adipogenic differentiation. The expression of hormone-sensitive lipase and an increase in the content of its activated phosphorylated form were demonstrated by Western blotting in cells of all three lines of adipogenic differentiation. Under the influence of flagellin, the content of total and phosphorylated forms of hormone-sensitive lipase increased in brown adipocytes, while LPS induced a decrease in the content of total hormone-sensitive lipase in white adipocytes. We hypothesize that bacterial pathogen-associated molecular patterns can activate lipolysis under pathological conditions associated with slow remodeling of the adipose tissue.

[The study of tryptophan metabolite concentrations in blood serum and fecal extracts from obese children]. / Izuchenie soderzhaniia metabolitov obmena triptofana v syvorotke krovi i kalovykh ékstraktakh u detei s ozhireniem.

We found that changes in the concentrations of tryptophan metabolites in the blood serum and in the intestinal contents are one of the mechanisms for the formation of metabolic coupling in the system "macroorganism-intestinal microbiota", which undergoes significant changes in the development of obesity. Although blood kynurenine remained basically unchanged in obese children we found an increase in some of its serum metabolites: anthranilic, kynurenic and xanthurenic acids. It is noteworthy that in the analysis of fecal matter in obese children, revealed a 2-fold increase in the level of kynurenine while the concentration of kynurenine pathway metabolites corresponded to the level of the group of healthy children. This may indicate the metabolic activation of the microbiota associated with the intestinal mucosa. This is also supported by the absence of statistically significant differences in the concentration of indole in healthy children and in obese children in fecal analyses, and a significant increase in the concentration of indole-3-lactate and indole-3-acetate in the blood serum of obese children.

[Humoral regulation of nutritional status in children].

The purpose of the research was the investigation of the characteristics of insulin resistance, levels of adipokines, myokines and collagen metabolites type I in children in orphanages and social rehabilitation centers (SRC). The study involved 69 children aged 7-12 years. The first group consisted of 20 children from SRC, the second - 16 children living in orphanages, control group included 33 children (1-2 health groups) from wealthy families. The average length of stay of children in SRP was 1.0 (0.5-2.5) month, in orphanages - 38 (22-44) months. The groups were comparable in age and sex. Anthropometric indices were determined, in blood serum glucose concentration was measured by glucose oxidase method, blood serum level of insulin, cortisol, leptin, adiponectin, resistin, apelin, myostatin, collagen metabolites were determined by ELISA. Children from orphanages and SRC had significantly lower anthropometric indices in comparison with the control group. Particularly low parameters were observed in children from SRP, which in growth, body weight, chest circumference and body mass index significantly lagged behind the control group peers. The children from SRP as compared with the control group revealed higher insulin resistance index (3.33±0.49 vs 2.29±0.29, p<0.05) and cortisol level (405.21±38.21 vs 313.08±25.97 nmol/l, p>0.05). There were changes (p<0.05) in blood serum content of adipokines - reduced leptin level (5.35±1.55 vs 14.00±3.10 ng/ml) and increased apelin level (4.07±0.82 vs 2.19±0.41 ng/ml), as well as higher levels (p<0.05) of myostatin (183.95±16.3 vs 116.4±9.4 ng/ml) and C-terminal telopeptide of type I collagen (1.11±0.11 vs 0.72±0.08 ng/ml). The children in orphanages compared with the control group had lower levels of insulin (5.04±0.69 vs 11.3±1.12 µIU/ml), high insulin sensitivity - HOMA-IR was 1.01±0.16. The children in orphanages have even more pronounced reduction in leptin concentration (2.69±0.4 ng/ml), a decrease of resistin (4.99±0.32 vs 7.16±0.70 ng/ml, p<0.05), increased concentration (p<0.05) of apelin (3.53±0.67 ng/ml), myostatin (181.17±10.2 ng/ml) and C-terminal telopeptide of type I collagen (2.70±0.22 ng/ml). Features of hormone and cytokine regulation of metabolism make it particularly urgent to prevent disorders of eating behavior and to promote a healthy lifestyle among children left without parental care.

[The evaluation of changes in concentration of ghrelin, somatotropin, insulin-like growth factor-1, insulin, leptin and thyroid hormones in mother and umbilical blood in case of physiologic pregnancy with normosomia and macrosomia of fetus].

The sample of women with physiologic pregnancy consisting of 40 females with fetus normosomia and 8 females with fetus macrosomia were examined. The examination covered the evaluation of changes in concentration of ghrelin, somatotropin, insulin-like growth factor-I, insulin, leptin and thyroid hormones in mother and umbilical blood. In females with fetus macrosomia the changes in concentration of hormones regulating trophism, energy balance and anabolic processes in organisms of mother and fetus were detected

[Biological functions of allantoin].

A historical review of allantoin research is presented. An increased allantoin level in the trophoblast and serum of pregnant women has been demonstrated. Allantoin concentration decreased in placental tissues and increased in the serum in developing placental insufficiency.

[Role of free radical oxidation processes in the pathogenesis of infectious diseases]. / Rol' protsessov svobodnoradikal'nogo okisleniia v patogenez infektsionnykh boleznei.

Recent literature data on the mechanisms responsible for oxidative stress at infectious diseases and methods of their correction are reviewed.