Predictors of Radial Head Dislocation in Patients with Multiple Hereditary Exostoses.

Background: Radial head dislocation in patients with multiple hereditary exostoses (MHE) is associated with loss of function and cosmetic problems. The treatment of the deformity with radial head dislocation is difficult and the timing of surgical intervention is important. The aim of this study was to evaluate the factors predictive of radial head dislocation in patients with MHE. Methods: Patients diagnosed with forearm deformity due to MHE between 1995 and 2021 were retrospectively evaluated. Radiographic parameters including radial bow (RB), ulnar bow (UB), total radial bow (TRB), total ulnar bow (TUB), percent ulnar length (PUL), ulnar shortening (US), radial articular angle (RAA), modified Masada classification and irregularity of proximal radioulnar joint (PRUJ) of the dislocated group (group D), that is subluxation or dislocation of the radial head, and the located group (group L) were compared. Results: A total of 18 patients and 25 limbs (5 girls and 13 boys) with a mean age of 10.5 years were included. There were significant differences in TUB (22.8° ± 5.6° vs. 10.7° ± 6.5°), PUL (97.5% ± 5.5% vs. 108.2% ± 7.7%) between group D and group L (p < 0.05). Moreover, irregularity of PRUJ on radiographs was more in group D (p < 0.05). Conclusions: It is possible that appropriate radiographic assessment in relation to radial head dislocation may prevent delayed surgical treatment of forearm deformities in MHE. Level of Evidence: Level IV (Diagnostic).

Diagnostic imaging for elbow TRASH lesions in children and usefulness of ultrasonography using standard planes.

Fractures around the elbow in children should be carefully evaluated because the main portion is cartilaginous, and radiographs are not completely reliable. This study aimed to assess the diagnostic imaging for pediatric elbow fractures that require special attention and consider the usefulness of ultrasonography with seven standard planes for the diagnosis. Patients diagnosed with elbow fractures wherein TRASH (The Radiographic Appearance Seemed Harmless) lesions were evaluated retrospectively. The diagnoses on initial radiographs, final diagnoses, additional imaging excluding radiographs, and the treatments were investigated. The standard planes for ultrasonography to detect elbow fractures included an anterior transverse scan at the level of the capitellum and proximal radioulnar joint, an anterior longitudinal scan at the level of the humeroradial and humeroulnar joints, a longitudinal scan along the lateral and medial border of the distal humerus, and a posterior longitudinal scan at the level of the distal humerus. A total of 107 patients with an average age of 5.8 years (range, 0-12 years) at the time of diagnosis were included. Of 46 (43.0%) patients misdiagnosed at the initial radiograph, 19 (17.8%) needed additional treatments due to inappropriate initial management. Ultrasonography using the standard planes was useful for prompt diagnosis and appropriate treatment. Prompt and appropriate evaluation with ultrasonography can prevent the mismanagement of pediatric elbow injuries. Level of evidence: Level IV-retrospective case series.

Congenital Palmar Duplication of the Index Finger: Ventral Polydactyly With Ventral Dimelia.

This report describes the case of a 10-month-old boy who presented with a duplicated index finger enveloped by palmar skin on the palmar side of the first web of the left hand. He was healthy without any other abnormalities except the hand anomaly. Surgical resection of the extra finger was performed with triangular flap at 15 months of age. The resected finger was composed of only palmar components: skin without nail or hair; flexor tendons; and digital nerves branching from the median nerve. Histological examination of the specimen demonstrated similar structures on both palmar and dorsal sides, that is, ridged, hairless, and glabrous skin with a high number of epithelial layers and thick corneous stratum and similar shaped tendons inserted into the symmetrical phalanx. This appears to be the first report in literature of an ectopic palmar index finger, a ventral polydactyly with ventral dimelia.

Open-wedge osteotomy for thumb radial angulation in Apert syndrome using a bone-graft substitute.

A short thumb with radial angulation causes loss of hand function in patients with Apert syndrome. Although past reports have described various procedures for the correction of the thumb, there has been no consensus on the best procedure. This study aimed to assess the clinical and radiographic results of a surgical technique for the correction of a thumb radial angulation deformity: open-wedge osteotomy using a bone-graft substitute. Ten patients (18 thumbs) who underwent open-wedge osteotomy on the proximal phalange using a bone-graft substitute were evaluated retrospectively. The open-wedge osteotomies had been performed at the center of the proximal phalanx. Thumb radial angles and thumb lengths were measured on radiographs, and the clinical results were investigated, including bone union and complications. The median patient age at the time of surgery was 5.8 years, and the average follow-up period was 6.7 years. The average thumb radial angle was 57.3° preoperatively, 6.5° immediately postoperatively, and 19.8° at the most recent follow-up. The average thumb length was 12.1 mm preoperatively, 18.1 mm immediately postoperatively, and 22.3 mm at the most recent follow-up, indicating an extension effect of more than 50% immediately postoperatively. In all cases, the artificial bone had been absorbed and developed into autologous bone, and there were no complications such as infection and skin necrosis. These findings suggest that open-wedge osteotomy with an artificial bone substitute is simple and effective for treating radial-angulation deformities in patients with Apert syndrome. Level of evidence: Level IV - retrospective case series.

Long-term survival of transplanted induced pluripotent stem cell-derived neurospheres with nerve conduit into sciatic nerve defects in immunosuppressed mice.

Since the advent of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), clinical trials using iPSC-based cell transplantation therapy have been performed in various fields of regenerative medicine. We previously demonstrated that the transplantation of mouse iPSC-derived neurospheres containing neural stem/progenitor cells with bioabsorbable nerve conduits promoted nerve regeneration in the long term in murine sciatic nerve defect models. However, it remains unclear how long the grafted iPSC-derived neurospheres survived and worked after implantation. In this study, the long-term survival of the transplanted mouse iPSC-derived neurospheres with nerve conduits was evaluated in high-immunosuppressed or non-immunosuppressed mice using in vivo imaging for the development of iPSC-based cell therapy for peripheral nerve injury. Complete 5-mm long defects were created in the sciatic nerves of immunosuppressed and non-immunosuppressed mice and reconstructed using nerve conduits coated with iPSC-derived neurospheres labeled with ffLuc. The survival of mouse iPSC-derived neurospheres on nerve conduits was monitored using in vivo imaging. The transplanted iPSC-derived neurospheres with nerve conduits survived for 365 days after transplantation in the immunosuppressed allograft models, but only survived for at least 14 days in non-immunosuppressed allograft models. This is the first study to find the longest survival rate of stem cells with nerve conduits transplanted into the peripheral nerve defects using in vivo imaging and demonstrates the differences in graft survival rate between the immunosuppressed allograft model and immune responsive allograft model. In the future, if iPSC-derived neurospheres are successfully transplanted into peripheral nerve defects with nerve conduits using iPSC stock cells without eliciting an immune response, axonal regeneration will be induced due to the longstanding supportive effect of grafted cells on direct remyelination and/or secretion of trophic factors.

Fate and contribution of induced pluripotent stem cell-derived neurospheres transplanted with nerve conduits to promote peripheral nerve regeneration in mice.

BACKGROUND: We previously demonstrated that a bioabsorbable nerve conduit coated with mouse induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-derived neurospheres accelerated peripheral nerve regeneration in mice. OBJECTIVE: We examined the fate and utility of iPSC-derived neurospheres transplanted with nerve conduits for the treatment of sciatic nerve gaps in mice. METHODS: Complete 5-mm defects were created in sciatic nerves and reconstructed using nerve conduits that were either uncoated or coated with mouse iPSC-derived neurospheres. The survival of the neurospheres on the nerve conduits was tracked using an in vivo imaging. The localization of the transplanted cells and regenerating axons was examined histologically. The gene expression levels in the nerve conduits were evaluated. RESULTS: The neurospheres survived for at least 14 days, peaking at 4--7 days after implantation. The grafted neurospheres remained as Schwann-like cells within the nerve conduits and migrated into the regenerated axons. The expression levels of ATF3, BDNF, and GDNF in the nerve conduit coated with neurospheres were upregulated. CONCLUSIONS: Mouse iPSC-derived neurospheres transplanted with nerve conduits for the treatment of sciatic nerve defects in mice migrated into regenerating axons, survived as Schwann-like cells, and promoted axonal growth with an elevation in the expression of nerve regeneration-associated trophic factors.

Bioabsorbable nerve conduits three-dimensionally coated with human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived neural stem/progenitor cells promote peripheral nerve regeneration in rats.

Peripheral nerve regeneration using nerve conduits has been less effective than autogenous nerve grafts. To overcome this hurdle, we developed a tissue-engineered nerve conduit coated with mouse induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-derived neurospheres, for the first time, which accelerated nerve regeneration in mice. We previously demonstrated the long-term efficacy and safety outcomes of this hybrid nerve conduit for mouse peripheral nerve regeneration. In this study, we investigated the therapeutic potential of nerve conduits coated with human iPSC (hiPSC)-derived neurospheres in rat sciatic nerve defects, as a translational preclinical study. The hiPSC-derived quaternary neurospheres containing neural stem/progenitor cells were three-dimensionally cultured within the nerve conduit (poly L-lactide and polycaprolactone copolymer) for 14 days. Complete 5-mm defects were created as a small size peripheral nerve defect in sciatic nerves of athymic nude rats and reconstructed with nerve conduit alone (control group), nerve conduits coated with hiPSC-derived neurospheres (iPS group), and autogenous nerve grafts (autograft group) (n = 8 per group). The survival of the iPSC-derived neurospheres was continuously tracked using in vivo imaging. At 12 weeks postoperatively, motor and sensory function and histological nerve regeneration were evaluated. Before implantation, the hiPSC-derived quaternary neurospheres that three-dimensional coated the nerve conduit were differentiated into Schwann-like cells. The transplanted hiPSC-derived neurospheres survived for at least 56 days after implantation. The iPS group showed non-significance higher sensory regeneration than the autograft group. Although there was no actual motor functional nerve regeneration in the three groups: control, iPS, and autograft groups, the motor function in the iPS group recovered significantly better than that in the control group, but it did not recover to the same level as that in the autograft group. Histologically, the iPS group demonstrated significantly higher axon numbers and areas, and lower G-ratio values than the control group, whereas the autograft group demonstrated the highest axon numbers and areas and the lowest G-ratio values. Nerve conduit three-dimensionally coated with hiPSC-derived neurospheres promoted axonal regeneration and functional recovery in repairing rat sciatic nerve small size defects. Transplantation of hiPSC-derived neurospheres with nerve conduits is a promising clinical iPSC-based cell therapy for the treatment of peripheral nerve defects.

Simultaneous Opposition Tendon Transfer with Median Nerve Decompression for Severe Bilateral Carpal Tunnel Syndrome in Adolescents with Hunter Syndrome: A Case Report.

Although carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) is exceedingly rare in children, its prevalence in those with Hunter syndrome, mucopolysaccharidosis type II, is high. With the advent of hematopoietic stem cell transplantation and enzyme replacement therapy, the survival of patients with Hunter syndrome has dramatically improved. With improved longevity in these patients, CTS continues to progress with age. However, most patients with Hunter syndrome with CTS have generally been treated with an open carpal tunnel release (OCTR) only, without considering the severity. Here, we present a mid-term follow-up of a 16-year-old patient with Hunter syndrome associated with severe bilateral CTS successfully treated by the simultaneous opposition tendon transfer with an OCTR to improve the thumb function. Intraoperatively, the median nerve was constricted and flattened with congestion by the transverse carpal ligament. External and internal neurolysis of the scarred median nerve were performed and found epineural fibrosis and tethered epineurium. An intraneural lipoma of the left median nerve was especially resected with epineurotomy. During neurolysis and tendon transfer, the soft tissue was very viscous, a characteristic of mucopolysaccharidoses. Transferring the tension of the palmaris longus tendon to the abductor pollicis brevis for the thumb palmar abduction should be stronger than routine adult patients because the soft tissue such as the tendon excursion is stickier and more contracted in patients with Hunter syndrome. Postoperatively, a thumb spica splint was applied for 3 weeks, and then active motion exercises were cautiously started to prevent joint contracture. Early recognition and surgical intervention for CTS are essential in patients with Hunter syndrome.

Evaluation of dual release of stromal cell-derived factor-1 and basic fibroblast growth factor with nerve conduit for peripheral nerve regeneration: An experimental study in mice.

BACKGROUND: The development of drug delivery systems has enabled the release of multiple bioactive molecules. The efficacy of nerve conduits coated with dual controlled release of stromal cell-derived factor-1 (SDF-1) and basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) for peripheral nerve regeneration was investigated. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Sixty-two C57BL6 mice were used for peripheral nerve regeneration with a nerve conduit (inner diameter, 1 mm, and length, 7 mm) and an autograft. The mice were randomized into five groups based on the different repairs of nerve defects. In the group of repair with conduits alone (n = 9), a 5-mm sciatic nerve defect was repaired by the nerve conduit. In the group of repair with conduits coated with bFGF (n = 10), SDF-1 (n = 10), and SDF-1/bFGF (n = 10), it was repaired by the nerve conduit with bFGF gelatin, SDF-1 gelatin, and SDF-1/bFGF gelatin, respectively. In the group of repair with autografts (n = 10), it was repaired by the resected nerve itself. The functional recovery, nerve regeneration, angiogenesis, and TGF-ß1 gene expression were assessed. RESULTS: In the conduits coated with SDF-1/bFGF group, the mean sciatic functional index value (-88.68 ± 10.64, p = .034) and the axon number (218.8 ± 111.1, p = .049) were significantly higher than the conduit alone group, followed by the autograft group; in addition, numerous CD34-positive cells and micro vessels were observed. TGF-ß1 gene expression relative values in the conduits with SDF-1/bFGF group at 3 days (7.99 ± 5.14, p = .049) significantly increased more than the conduits alone group. CONCLUSION: Nerve conduits coated with dual controlled release of SDF-1 and bFGF promoted peripheral nerve regeneration.

Nerve capping with a nerve conduit for the treatment of painful neuroma in the rat sciatic nerve.

OBJECTIVE: Treatment of painful neuroma remains difficult, despite the availability of numerous surgical procedures. Recently, nerve capping treatment for painful neuroma using artificial nerve conduits has been introduced in clinical and basic research. However, the appropriate length of the nerve conduit and the pain relief mechanism have not been determined. In this study the authors aimed to investigate nerve capping treatment with a bioabsorbable nerve conduit using the rat sciatic nerve amputation model. Using histological analysis, the authors focused on the nerve conduit length and pain relief mechanism. METHODS: Sixteen Sprague Dawley rats were evaluated for neuropathic pain using an autotomy (self-amputation) score and gross and histological changes of the nerve stump 2, 4, 8, and 12 weeks after sciatic nerve neurectomy without capping. Forty-five rats were divided into 3 experimental groups, no capping (control; n = 15), capping with a 3-mm nerve conduit (n = 15), and capping with a 6-mm nerve conduit (n = 15). All rats were evaluated using an autotomy score and nerve stump histology 12 weeks after neurectomy. The nerve conduit was approximately 0.5 mm larger than the 1.5-mm diameter of the rat sciatic nerves to prevent nerve constriction. RESULTS: The autotomy scores gradually exacerbated with time. Without capping, a typical bulbous neuroma was formed due to random axonal regeneration 2 weeks after neurectomy. Subsequently, the adhesion surrounding the neuroma expanded over time for 12 weeks, and at the 12-week time point, the highest average autotomy scores were observed in the no-capping (control) group, followed by the 3- and the 6-mm nerve conduit groups. Histologically, the distal axonal fibers became thinner and terminated within the 6-mm nerve conduit, whereas they were elongated and protruded across the 3-mm nerve conduit. Minimal perineural scar formation was present around the terminated axonal fibers in the 6-mm nerve conduit group. Expressions of anti-α smooth muscle actin and anti-sigma-1 receptor antibodies in the nerve stump significantly decreased in the 6-mm nerve conduit group. CONCLUSIONS: In the rat sciatic nerve amputation model, nerve capping treatment with a bioabsorbable nerve conduit provided relief from neuroma-induced neuropathic pain and prevented perineural scar formation and neuroinflammation around the nerve stump. The appropriate nerve conduit length was determined to be more than 4 times the diameter of the original nerve.

Computer-Assisted Three-Dimensional Corrective Osteotomy for Malunited Fractures of the Distal Radius Using Prefabricated Bone Graft Substitute.

BACKGROUND: Three-dimensional computed tomography (3D-CT) imaging has enabled more accurate preoperative planning. The purpose of this study was to investigate the results of a novel, computer-assisted, 3D corrective osteotomy using prefabricated bone graft substitute to treat malunited fractures of the distal radius. METHODS: We investigated 19 patients who underwent the computer-assisted 3D corrective osteotomy for a malunited fracture of the distal radius after the operation was stimulated with CT data. A prefabricated bone graft substitute corresponding to the patient's bone defect was implanted and internal fixation was performed using a plate and screws. We compared postoperative radiographic parameters of the patient's operated side with their sound side and analyzed clinical outcomes using Mayo wrist score. RESULTS: All patients achieved bone union on X-ray imaging at final follow-up. The mean differences of palmar tilt, radial inclination and ulnar variance between the operation side and the sound side were 4.3°, 2.3° and 1.2 mm, respectively. The Mayo wrist score was fair in 4 patients and poor in 15 patients before surgery. At the final follow-up after surgery, the scores improved to excellent in 3 patients, good in 11 patients and fair in 5 patients. There were two patients with correction loss at the final follow-up, but no patient complained of hand joint pain. CONCLUSIONS: We believe that computer-assisted 3D corrective osteotomy using prefabricated bone graft substitute achieved good results because it worked as a guide to the accurate angle.

Flexor pollicis longus tendon rupture by sandwiched underlying volar locking plate and distal radius.

Flexor pollicis longus (FPL) tendon rupture is a major complication of volar locking plate fixation for distal radius fractures. The tendon rupture is usually caused by friction between the distal edge of the plate and the FPL tendon, and has been well detected recently with ultrasonography. Rarely, the volar locking plate itself entraps the FPL tendon, leading to its rupture. A 63-year-old man was consistently unable to flex his right thumb after previous surgery for a distal radius fracture at another hospital. Ultrasonography demonstrated loss of tendon gliding and unusual patterns of the FPL tendon. The tendon was sandwiched between the plate and the distal radius, and was penetrated by the distal locking screw, which was comparable to intraoperative findings of complete entrapment and rupture of the FPL tendon from the underlying plate. The tendon defects were repaired using a palmaris longus tendon graft after removing the screws and plate. Finally, he could flex his thumb actively with satisfaction. Unusual patterns of FPL tendon rupture buried under inadequate plate positioning must be recognized, as in this case. Ultrasonographic assessment is routinely recommended to visibly determine any FPL tendon damage after volar locking plate fixation for distal radius fractures.

Protective effect of biodegradable nerve conduit against peripheral nerve adhesion after neurolysis.

OBJECTIVE Peripheral nerve adhesion caused by extraneural and intraneural scar formation after neurolysis leads to nerve dysfunction. The authors previously developed a novel very flexible biodegradable nerve conduit composed of poly(L-lactide) and poly(ε-caprolactone) for use in peripheral nerve regeneration. In the present study, they investigated the effect of protective nerve wrapping on preventing adhesion in a rat sciatic nerve adhesion model. METHODS Rat sciatic nerves were randomly assigned to one of the following four groups: a no-adhesion group, which involved neurolysis alone without an adhesion procedure; an adhesion group, in which the adhesion procedure was performed after neurolysis, but no treatment was subsequently administered; a nerve wrap group, in which the adhesion procedure was performed after neurolysis and protective nerve wrapping was then performed with the nerve conduit; and a hyaluronic acid (HA) group, in which the adhesion procedure was performed after neurolysis and nerve wrapping was then performed with a 1% sodium HA viscous solution. Six weeks postoperatively, the authors evaluated the extent of scar formation using adhesion scores and biomechanical and histological examinations and assessed nerve function with electrophysiological examination and gastrocnemius muscle weight measurement. RESULTS In the adhesion group, prominent scar tissue surrounded the nerve and strongly adhered to the nerve biomechanically and histologically. The motor nerve conduction velocity and gastrocnemius muscle weight were the lowest in this group. Conversely, the adhesion scores were significantly lower, motor nerve conduction velocity was significantly higher, and gastrocnemius muscle weight was significantly higher in the nerve wrap group than in the adhesion group. Additionally, the biomechanical breaking strength was significantly lower in the nerve wrap group than in the adhesion group and HA group. The morphological properties of axons in the nerve wrap group were preserved. Intraneural macrophage invasion, as assessed by the number of CD68- and CCR7-positive cells, was less severe in the nerve wrap group than in the adhesion group. CONCLUSIONS The nerve conduit prevented post-neurolysis peripheral nerves from developing adhesion and allowed them to maintain their nerve function because it effectively blocked scarring and prevented adhesion-related damage in the peripheral nerves.

Bioabsorbable nerve conduits coated with induced pluripotent stem cell-derived neurospheres enhance axonal regeneration in sciatic nerve defects in aged mice.

Aging influences peripheral nerve regeneration. Nevertheless, most basic research of bioabsorbable nerve conduits including commercial products have been performed in very young animals. Results from these studies may not provide information about axonal regeneration in aged tissue, because young nerve tissue holds sufficient endogenous potential for axonal regeneration. The clinical target age for nerve conduit application is most likely going to increase with a rapidly growing elderly population. In the present study, we examined axonal regeneration after sciatic nerve defects in aged and young mice. 5-mm sciatic nerve defects in young (6 weeks old) and aged (92 weeks old) mice were reconstructed using nerve conduits (composed of a poly lactide and caprolactone) or autografts. In addition, in aged mice, sciatic nerve defects were reconstructed using nerve conduits coated with mouse induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSc)-derived neurospheres. Using electrophysiological and histological techniques, we demonstrated axonal regeneration was significantly less effective in aged than in young mice both for nerve conduits and for nerve autografts. However, despite the low regenerative capacity of the peripheral nerve in aged mice, axonal regeneration significantly increased when nerve conduits coated with iPSc-derived neurospheres, rather than nerve conduits alone, were used. The present study shows that aging negatively affects peripheral nerve regeneration based on nerve conduits in mice. However, axonal regeneration using nerve conduits was improved when supportive iPSc-derived neurospheres were added in the aged mice. We propose that tissue-engineered bioabsorbable nerve conduits in combination with iPSc-derived neurospheres hold therapeutic potential both in young and elderly patients. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 106B: 1752-1758, 2018.

Low second to fourth digit ratio in Dupuytren disease.

The ratio of the lengths of the second and fourth digits (2D:4D) has been described as reflecting endogenous prenatal androgen exposure. In general, 2D:4D is lower in men than in women and has potential as a biomarker or predictor for various diseases, athletic ability, and academic performance. Dupuytren disease has digital flexion contractures and is known to predominate in men, but the pathogenesis of the disease remains unclear. To clarify the relationships between Dupuytren disease and endogenous androgens, we performed a retrospective analysis of hand radiographs to investigate 2D:4D in Dupuytren disease. The study included male patients with Dupuytren disease (n = 22) and a control group (n = 18) of male patients with carpal tunnel syndrome. Only unaffected hands, without contractures or osteoarthritis, were evaluated for the purpose of radiographic assessment. The lengths of the phalanx and metacarpal bones in the second and fourth digits were measured by 2 independent observers who each performed 2 sets of measurements separated by a minimum 1-week interval. The 2D:4D was calculated separately for the phalanges and metacarpals, and a combined (phalanx + metacarpal) 2D:4D was also calculated. The reliability of the observer measurements was established using the intraclass correlation coefficient, and both the intra- and interobserver reliability showed excellent agreement. We found that compared with control group, the Dupuytren disease group had significantly lower phalanx and combined 2D:4D. These findings suggest that endogenous prenatal androgens could contribute to the development of Dupuytren disease, leading to its characteristic clinical presentation predominantly in men and affecting the ulnar rays.

The effect of tourniquets on patellofemoral joint congruity during total knee arthroplasty.

BACKGROUND: Incongruity of the patellofemoral joint after total knee arthroplasty (TKA) causes anterior knee pain. Intraoperative congruity tests are necessary to avoid unnecessary lateral retinacular release, and the usage of tourniquets may influence these results. The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of tourniquets on patellofemoral joint congruity during TKA. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Two hundreds and seventeen knees were examined after TKA. Skyline radiographs at 60° and 90° flexion were taken immediately after wound closure before and after tourniquet deflation to compare changes in patellar tilt angle. RESULTS: In the patellar tilt angle at 60° flexion, lateral tilt was observed in 18 knees. Tourniquet deflation changed the patellar tilt angle by a mean -0.7° ± 1.2° (p = 0.030). Medial tilt was observed in 10 knees. Tourniquet deflation changed the patellar tilt angle by 0.9° ± 0.7° (p = 0.004). Tourniquet deflation improved the degree of lateral and medial patellar tilt. In the patellar tilt angle at 90° flexion, lateral tilt was observed in 118 knees. Tourniquet deflation changed the patellar tilt angle by a mean -1.1° ± 1.2° (p < 0.001). Medial tilt was observed in 71 knees. Tourniquet deflation changed the patellar tilt angle by 0.5° ± 1.0° (p < 0.001). Tourniquet deflation improved the degree of lateral and medial patellar tilt. CONCLUSIONS: Tourniquet deflation improved patellofemoral congruity in a statistically significant way, but only to a small extent, indicating low clinical significance. Therefore, intraoperative congruity tests performed with tourniquets in place are reliable.

Limited Wrist Arthrodesis for Scapholunate Advanced Collapse Wrist: Triangle Fixation for Four-Corner Fusion.

BACKGROUND: Limited wrist arthrodesis with scaphoid excision is a useful treatment for scapholunate advanced collapse (SLAC) of the wrist. Multiple Kirschner wires were originally used for internal fixation of the four carpal bones, however long-term cast immobilization, pin tract infection, and hardware removal are still problematic. We introduce and evaluate the clinical outcomes of an internal fixation technique; triangle fixation for four-corner fusion, using three headless screws, as an alternative to conventional multiple Kirschner wires for the treatment of SLAC wrist. METHODS: Five male patients with SLAC wrist secondary to three scaphoid nonunions and two scapholunate dissociations were treated with four-corner fusion using triangle fixation with three Double-threaded Japan screws. The mean age was 59.5 years (35-79 years) and the mean follow-up period was 40 months. After surgery, short arm splints were applied for 3-4 weeks, and then range of motion exercises were initiated. RESULTS: Wrist range of motion and grip strength both improved postoperatively. At the final follow-up evaluation, bone union was completely achieved and satisfactory pain relief was observed in all patients. CONCLUSIONS: Compared with the conventional Kirschner wire technique, the present technique shortens the period of splint immobilization due to a strong compression force in a skewed position, does not require pin removal or cause pin tract infections, and provides satisfactory results.

Anatomical Origins of Radial Artery Perforators Evaluated Using Color Doppler Ultrasonography.

Background The radial artery perforator (RAP) flap has been widely used for covering hand and forearm defects, and real-time accurate perforator mapping is important in planning and elevating the perforator flap. The origins of perforators, especially the superficial and ulnar perforators, arising from the radial artery are very important in the elevation of the RAP flap. Recently, color Doppler ultrasonography (US) using a higher frequency transducer has been developed for high-quality detection of lower flow in smaller vessels. This study aimed to identify the anatomical locations and origins of perforators arising from the radial artery using color Doppler US in healthy volunteers. Methods Twenty forearms of 10 volunteers were examined. Results In total, 120 perforators arising from the radial artery were identified 15 cm proximal to the distal wrist crease, with an average of six perforators per forearm. More than half the perforators (n = 72, 60%) were located within 50 mm proximal to the distal wrist crease. Regarding the perforator origins in the axial view, 40 perforators (33%) were located in the radial aspect of the radial artery, 47 (39%) in the ulnar aspect, 15 (13%) in the superficial aspect, and 18 (15%) in the deep aspect. In total, 62 (52%) perforators were located in the superficial and ulnar areas, which are important in nourishing and elevating the RAP flap. Conclusion We are the first to evaluate RAP using color Doppler US. This noninvasive, convenient, and real-time technique could be useful for preoperative planning and reliably elevating the RAP flaps.

Planning digital artery perforators using color Doppler ultrasonography: A preliminary report.

Digital artery perforator (DAP) flaps have been applied for the coverage of finger soft tissue defects. Although an advantage of this method is that there is no scarification of the digital arteries, it is difficult to identify the location of the perforators during intraoperative elevation of the DAP flap. In this study, anatomically reliable locations of DAPs were confirmed using color Doppler ultrasonography (US) in healthy volunteers. A successful case using an adiposal-only DAP flap for the coverage of a released digital nerve using preoperative DAP mapping with color Doppler US is also described. A total of 40 digital arteries in 20 fingers of the right hands of five healthy volunteers (mean age: 32.2 years old) were evaluated. The DAPs were identified using color flow imaging based on the beat of the digital artery in the short axial view. In total, 133 perforators were detected, 76 (an average of 3.8 per finger) arising from the radial digital artery and 57 (an average of 2.9 per finger) arising from ulnar digital artery. Sixty-three perforators (an average of 3.2 per finger) in the middle phalanges and 70 (an average of 3.5 per finger) in the proximal phalanges were found. Overall, an average of 1.7 perforators from each digital artery was detected in the proximal or middle phalanges. Moreover, at least one DAP per phalanx was reliably confirmed using color Doppler US. Preoperative knowledge of DAP mapping could make elevating the DAP flap easier and safer.