An Evaluation of the Wear Resistance of Electroplated Nickel Coatings Composited with 2,2,6,6-Tetramethylpiperidine 1-oxyl-Oxidized Cellulose Nanofibers.

In this study, the wear resistance of nickel (Ni)-cellulose nanofiber (CNF) composite electroplated films on steel plates (JIS SPCC, cold-rolled steel) was evaluated, including their surface and microstructural properties. In the CNF sample, 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine 1-oxyl (TEMPO)-oxidized CNF was used. As a result of the ball-on-disk abrasion test, in which steel (SUJ2) balls were used as the counterpart material, the plated film obtained with the addition of 1 g/L of CNF to the plating solution showed the highest wear resistance in this study. Compared to the conventional Ni-plated film without CNF, the abrasion loss volume on the plated side was reduced by approximately 79%, and that on the ball side was reduced remarkably by 94%. A microstructural analysis of the abrasion scars showed areas where co-deposited CNFs were stretched in the direction of abrasion, suggesting that the wear reduction effect was caused by sliding between the individual CNFs within the aggregates. Moreover, the hardness of the plated film increased when the Ni crystallite size became finer. It was confirmed that the co-deposition of fine CNFs is effective in improving hardness, whereas the co-deposition of a certain degree of aggregated CNFs is effective in exhibiting the wear reduction effect.

Correction: Liu et al. Microstructure and Properties of SUS304 Stainless Steel Joints Brazed with Electrodeposited Ni-Cr-P Alloy Coatings. Materials 2021, 14, 4216.

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Microstructure and Properties of SUS304 Stainless Steel Joints Brazed with Electrodeposited Ni-Cr-P Alloy Coatings.

In this study, an amorphous Ni-13.4Cr-11.6P (mass%) alloy coating with a thickness of 30 µm was deposited on the surface of SUS304 stainless steel as a brazing filler metal to conduct brazing. The differential thermal analysis measurements indicate that the electrodeposited Ni-13.4Cr-11.6P alloy has a melting point of approximately 892 °C, which is almost consistent with that of the commercial BNi-7 filler metal. The microstructure, shear strength, and fracture mode of the brazed joint were investigated using an electron probe X-ray microanalyzer, a scanning electron microscope, an optical microscope, and a universal testing machine. The results showed that the brazed filler metal is filled between the SUS304 stainless steel plates without any flaws in the brazed seam. The P-containing phases, i.e., the Cr-P rich phase and the (Ni,Fe)3P phase, were formed in the brazed seam. The shear strength of the brazed joint obtained in this study is 59.0 MPa. The fracture occurs in the brazed filler zone, where the brittle P-containing phases are present. Galvanic current measurement results showed that the brazed Ni-13.4Cr-11.6P alloy coating has a better corrosion resistance than that of the brazed Ni-11P alloy coating, which can be attributed to the formation of a large amount of Ni-Fe solid solution and Cr-P rich phase in the top layer of the brazed Ni-13.4Cr-11.6P alloy coating.

Low Cycle Fatigue Characteristics of Oxygen-Free Copper for Electric Power Equipment.

The effect of heat treatment on tensile and low cycle fatigue properties of the oxygen-free copper for electric power equipment was investigated. The heat treatment at 850 °C for 20 min, which corresponds to the vacuum brazing process, caused the grain growth and relaxation of strain by recrystallization, and thus, the residual stress in the oxygen-free copper was reduced. The tensile strength and 0.2% proof stress were decreased, and elongation was increased by the heat treatment accompanying recrystallization. The plastic strain in the heat-treated specimen was increased compared with that in the untreated specimen under the same stress amplitude condition, and thus, the low cycle fatigue life of the oxygen-free copper was degraded by the heat treatment. Striation was observed in the crack initiation area of the fractured surface in the case of the stress amplitude less than 100 MPa regardless of the presence of the heat treatment. With an increase in the stress amplitude, the river pattern and the quasicleavage fracture were mainly observed in the fracture surfaces of the untreated specimens, and they were observed with striations in the fracture surfaces of the heat-treated ones. The result of the electron backscattered diffraction (EBSD) analysis showed that the grain reference orientation deviation (GROD) map was confirmed to be effective to investigate the fatigue damage degree in the grain by low cycle fatigue. In addition, the EBSD analysis revealed that the grains were deformed, and the GROD value reached approximately 28° in the fractured areas of heat-treated specimens after the low cycle fatigue test.

Effect of Small Amount of Ni Addition on Microstructure and Fatigue Properties of Sn-Sb-Ag Lead-Free Solder.

The effect of the addition volume of Ni on the microstructures and tensile and fatigue properties of Sn-6.4Sb-3.9Ag (mass%) was investigated using micro-size specimens. The addition of Ni into Sn-6.4Sb-3.9Ag tends to increase the number of grains formed in the solidification process and produce a high-angle grain boundary. An amount of 0.1% proof stress of Sn-6.4Sb-3.9Ag decreases with an increase in the Ni addition volume at a strain rate of 2.0 × 10-1 s-1. The effect of the addition of Ni into Sn-6.4Sb-3.9Ag on tensile strength is negligible at both 25 °C and 175 °C. The elongation of Sn-6.4Sb-3.9Ag decreases with an increase in the Ni addition volume at 25 °C according to the fracture mode change from ductile chisel point fracture to shear fracture. The effect of the addition of Ni into Sn-6.4Sb-3.9Ag on the elongation is negligible at 175 °C. The low cycle fatigue test result shows that the fatigue life does not degrade even at 175 °C in all alloys investigated. The fatigue life of Sn-6.4Sb-3.9Ag-0.4Ni (mass%) is superior to those of Sn-6.4Sb-3.9Ag and Sn-6.4Sb-3.9Ag-0.03Ni (mass%) in the high cycle fatigue area. The electron back scattering diffraction (EBSD) analysis result shows that fine recrystallized grains are generated at the cracked area in Sn-6.4Sb-3.9Ag-0.4Ni in the fatigue test at 175 °C, and the crack progresses in a complex manner at the grain boundaries.

Microstructure and Fatigue Behaviors of Dissimilar A6061/Galvannealed Steel Joints Fabricated by Friction Stir Spot Welding.

The microstructures, tensile shear properties, and tensile shear fatigue properties of dissimilar A6061/Galvannealed steel joints fabricated by friction stir spot welding (FSSW) were investigated. Fe4Al13 phases form as the intermetallic compound (IMC) layer at the joint interface between the A6061 matrix and the galvannealed layer consisting of FeZn7, Fe, and Zn. At the edge of the joint, the stirred layer in which the A6061 matrix and the galvannealed layer are stirred also forms. Moreover, the solidified part of the residual melt discharged from the joint area forms at the outer peripheries of the joint. In this study, FSSW was conducted for two total welding durations: 9 and 10 s. Although the thickness of the remaining A6061 sheet in the welded area decreased with an increase in the welding time, the effects of the total welding time on tensile shear and tensile shear fatigue properties were negligible. A fatigue fracture occurred in the A6061 matrix and at the joint interface at the high cycle fatigue region and the low cycle fatigue region, respectively. In the case of the interfacial fracture, the crack was generated in the solidified part of the residual melt or at the interface between the solidified part and the stirred layer.