Computational simulation-based study of novel ZnO Buckyball structures.

A novel Zinc Oxide Buckyball (ZnO-b) system has been optimized using the first principle density functional theory (DFT). The study of the structural, electronic, and optical properties of both the pristine and Al, Ga, and Ag-doped ZnO-b and ZnO-h (ZnO hexagonal) systems have been reported here. A comparative study of the variations which occurred due to changes in the crystal structure, dopant element as well as doping site was done for both systems. The study includes the structural analysis followed by the electronic analysis with the study of Density of States (DOS), Partial Density of States (PDOS), and at last the Optical analysis of the systems. The bandgap engineering due to structural variations in ZnO is observed here as metal-doped ZnO-h structures showed a vast shift towards a smaller bandgap value, showing enhancement in the metallic behaviour, while for ZnO-b it varied between 1.52 eV-2.94 eV with similar doping. It was observed that mostly the value of the cell volume and the bandgap decreases with an increase in the atomic radii of the dopant atoms due to quantum confinement effects. Ag-doped sample has shown a better optical conductivity with lower absorbance as compared to other dopants in the ZnO-b structure, which makes it a suitable material for optoelectronic applications. Overall, in the buckyball structures properties of dopants are predominating whereas, in hexagonal structures, properties of ZnO are predominating. This makes the ZnO-b structure a useful material for biomedical applications along with optoelectronic devices. This work also opens a wide area of study for applications of these novel structures from biomedicines to optoelectronic devices by precisely controlling their physical properties.

Growth and digestive enzyme activities of rohu labeo rohita fed diets containing macrophytes and almond oil-cake.

The impact of plant-based diets on the digestive physiology of rohu Labeo rohita fingerlings (10.66 ±â€¯0.53 g) was evaluated. A diet with all protein supplied by fishmeal was included as a control (F). Four test diets containing 300 g/kg protein were formulated using the following plant ingredients and fishmeal in a 1:1 blend: almond oil-cake Terminalia catappa (FTC), duckweed Lemna minor (FLM), water fern Salvania molesta (FSM) and combination of these three ingredients (FTCLMSM). The final body weight and specific growth rate were significantly higher in rohu fed diet FLM compared to the other treatments. Significantly lower feed conversion ratio in rohu fed diet FLM showed that diet was utilized efficiently in this feeding regime compared to the other diets. The composition of diets also influenced the digestive enzyme activities of the fish. Thus, amylase, trypsin and chymotrypsin activities were significantly higher in rohu fed diet FLM compared to the rohu fed the other diets. Protease activity was significantly higher in rohu fed diets FTC and F and lipase activity was significantly higher in rohu fed diet FTC compared to the rohu fed the other diets. The inclusion of raw duckweed in feed replaced 300 g/kg of dietary fishmeal without affecting growth.

Comparison of broiler chicken performance when fed diets containing meals of Bollgard II hybrid cotton containing Cry-X gene (Cry1Ac and Cry2ab gene), parental line or commercial cotton.

(1) Total and free gossypol contents were 6.2 and 0.8, 5.4 and 0.5, and 6.1 and 0.7 g/kg in meals processed (solvent extracted) from Bollgard (BG) II, non-BG II or commercial cottonseeds, respectively. (2) Broiler chicks were given one of 7 dietary treatments (iso-nitrogenous, 220 and 195 g crude protein/ kg diet at 0 to 21 and 21 to 42 d, respectively, at a metabolisable energy concentration of 12.15 MJ/kg). The treatments were: D1 (control, soybean meal [SBM] based), D2 and D3 (commercial CSM at 100 g/kg of diet with and without additional iron), D4 and D5 (BG II CSM with and without additional iron), and D6 and D7 (non-BG II parental CSM with or without additional iron). (3) Body weight gain, feed intake, feed conversion efficiency, nutrient utilisation, certain blood constituents and carcase traits were not significantly affected by dietary treatments. (4) Weights of bursa and thymus were significantly higher in groups given diets containing BG II or non-BG diets containing added iron. (5) The results suggest that low free gossypol content cottonseed meals, for example, BG II, non-BG II and commercial solvent-extracted CSM could be included at 100 g/kg in broiler diets, safely replacing soybean meal without additional iron.

Calcium and phosphorus requirements of growing Japanese quail.

1. Calcium and phosphorus requirements of growing female Japanese quail during 4 and 5 weeks of age were estimated in a 4 x 3 factorial experiment comprising 5, 7, 9 and 11 g calcium and 5, 6 and 7 g phosphorus/kg diet. 2. Responses in weight gain, bone ash, food intake and food : gain ratio showed no significant differences due to varying dietary calcium and phosphorus concentrations. 3. It appears that growing Japanese quail require not more than 5 g calcium and not more than 5 g phosphorus (2 g available phosphorus)/kg diet (398 mg calcium and 398 mg phosphorus or 159 mg available phosphorus MJ ME).