[Variants in the organization of the cervical portion of the human thoracic duct in prenatal ontogeny]. / Varianty organizatsii sheinoi chasti grudnogo protoka cheloveka v prenatal'nom periode ontogeneza.

Using macro- and microscopic methods stages of formation, forms of spatial and temporal organization and definitive variants of cervical part of human thoracic duct were studied in 49 5-8 wks old embryos, 120 8.5-36 wks old embryo and 10 human newborns. Variability of structure of thoracic duct cervical part is a reflection of parameters characterizing magistralization of jugular prevertebral lymphatic plexus: its depth (maximum, medium, minimum), topographic variant (medial, lateral, combined) and length (small, moderate, significant). With the aspect genetic 3 types of its organization were distinguished: jugular (51%), subjugular (11.3%) and combined (37.7%). In prematurely born children and newborns jugular type of the duct cervical part is the most favourable for the drainage.

[Differences in the structure of the posterior parietal (lumbar) lymphatic bed of the peritoneal cavity in human fetuses and newborns]. / Razlichiia v stroenii zadnego parietal'nogo (poiasnichnogo) limfaticheskogo rusla briushnoi polosti u plodov i novorozhdennykh cheloveka.

The study was performed in 150 corpses of human 8.5-36 wks old fetuses and 10 newborns using the complex of macro-microscopic methods. Primary lymphatic structures of lumbar region (sacs and canals) are transformed into lymphatic plexuses (9.5-10.5 wks) with the following formation of anlages of lumbar lymph nodes inside the invaginations. Variants of lumbar tracts and trunks structure arise during magistralization of lymphatic plexuses (14.5-19.5 wks) and reflect its depth and topographic variant. In intensive, medium and weak magistralization monomagistral, intermediate and plexiform forms develop. Topographic variant of magistralization provides the appearance of right-sided (20%), left-sided (20%) and relatively even bilateral (60% cases) organization of lumbar lymphatic bed on the whole.

[Ultrasonic diagnosis of nodal lesions of the axillary-jugular lymphatic plexus and their evolution]. / Ul'trazvukovaia diagnostika porazhenii limfaticheskikh uzlov iaremno-podmyshechnogo limfokollektora s uchëtom ego geneza.

Axillary lymph nodes of three levels may be adequately differentiated on the basis of the TNM classification by application of layer-by-layer tomographic examination of axillary fossa and thoracic and clavicular-thoracic triangles in the axillary cavity. Echographs show musculus thoracis minor as a distinct point of reference. Topographic features of deep lateral cervical lymph nodes may be used in anatomical identification of internal jugular nodes, transverse cervical artery, accessory nerve and suprajugular lymph nodes. In cases of multiple involvement of lymph nodes, their shape (chain or cluster) may be identified. It can be shown Whether lymph flows are in series, collateral centripetal, collateral centrifugal (recirculatory) or run parallel in metastatic areas. Varying patterns of lymph flow through collateral pathways formed in the axillary-jugular lymph plexus are responsible for the variety of patterns of lesion clusters in the lymph nodes system.

[The development of the thoracic duct lymphangions in the prenatal period of human ontogeny]. / Razvitie limfangionov grudnogo protoka v prenatal'nom periode ontogeneza cheloveka.

The study was performed in 77 fetuses and 10 cadavers of newborns using the complex of methods, the basic one being the total preparation after A. V. Borisov. Thoracic duct lymphangions develop craniocaudad in 13-18 week fetuses. Maximal number of intervalvular segments (up to 35) was observed during the middle of intrauterine development. They achieve definitive number (15-20) by the moment of birth which correlates with active formation of muscular base. The wall of duct in fetus has constructions of capillary, postcapillary, non-muscular and muscular type vessel. Lymphangion is primitive in 13-28 week fetuses and definitive in 29-36 week ones. Local peculiarities of lymphangion myoarchitectonics were shown. The role of accessory beds of the duct in lymph passage was demonstrated.

[Variants in the definitive organization of the human thoracic duct from the positions of its preceding origin]. / Varianty definitivnoi organizatsii grudnogo protoka cheloveka s pozitsii predshestvuiushchego geneza.

The study was performed in 120 corpses of 8.5-36 weeks human fetuses using macro-microscopic methods complex. Thoracic duct definitive organization variants as monotrunk, transitional forms and plexus reflect strong, middle and slight magistralization extent of antevertebral and adjacent plexuses. Peculiarities of the duct regions positions are defined by topographical variants of adaptive reorganizations--left-side, right-side and bilateral ones.

[Variants in the definitive organization of the lumbar lymph-conducting pathways in the applied aspect]. / Varianty definitivnoi organizatsii poiasnichnykh limfoprovodiashchikh putei v prikladnom aspekte.

Topographic-anatomical investigations gave grounds for the description of 4 stages of the development of the posterior parietal bed of the abdominal cavity. On the basis of the embryo-anatomical systematization three morpho-topographic types of the lumbo-lymphatic pathways were established: right-sided (20%), left-sided (20%) and uniform (60%) types, each of them playing a certain part in metastasizing. Embryo-anatomical grounds are given for operative accesses to the superficial group of the right and left lumbar lymphatic pathways.