[Clinical guidelines for male infertility: controversial issues and the need to reach interdisciplinary consensus].

A review of controversial issues about the terminology on male infertility and reproductive function, which is currently used, as well as proposals for updating clinical guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of male infertility and men in infertile couples are presented in the article. An algorithm is described, the elements of which ensure referral of patients based on the possibility and timing of restoration of reproductive function, taking into account the reproductive health of a woman, as well as increasing the likelihood of successful treatment aimed at the birth of a healthy child.

[Cellular-differon organization of vaginal wall muscular tissues in mammals].

Complex histological analysis of vaginal wall muscular tissues was carried out in several species of laboratory animals (mature rats, cats, dogs) and humans. The muscular tunic of vaginal wall was found to be represented by two types of tissue: striated and smooth muscle. Striated muscular tissue of vagina has specific features and consists of two cellular differons: myosymplasts and satellite cells. The smooth muscular tissue is formed by a single cellular differon, in which undifferentiated, differentiating and differentiated cells could be distinguished. Phenotypically, within vaginal smooth muscular tissue, contractile and contractile-secretory smooth myocytes were demonstrated.

Breast cancer immunohistochemical features in young women with BRCA 1/2 mutations.

UNLABELLED: Breast cancer among young women is a rare pathology. In most studies published so far, this patients group is not being analyzed separately. Particularities of this pathology require an additional examination of the immunohistochemical and molecular-genetic markers of the disease for development of the effective treatment protocols. The mutations of BRCA1/2 are the important factor impacting to the disease prognosis along the age of the patient. AIM: To compare the expression of prognostically meaningful immunohistochemical markers such as estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR), HER-2, p53, Ki-67, in tumor cells of the female patients with breast cancer aged less than 36 depending on the presence of absence of mutations in CRCA1/2 genes. METHODS: Two hundred forty-eight patients aged less than 36 at the time of diagnosis of breast cancer were examined clinically. Expression of ER, PR HER-2, p53, Ki-67 was determined by indirect immunohistochemical method. mutations of BRCA1 (185delAG, o5382insC) and BRCA2(6174delT) genes were screened using multiplex PCR in 99 patients. RESULTS: Mutations of BRCA1/2 genes were found in 9.1% of patients. More aggressive clinical course of the disease was seen in mutations carriers, who had 3-years survival of only 55.6%. They did not demonstrated of ER, PR, and HER-2 in 88.0% of the cases. Whereas, patients without BRCA1/2 mutations did no express ER, PR, and HER-2 in only 42.0% of cases. There were no differences between patients with and without mutations in terms of tumor size, presence of metastases in lymph nodes, p53 and Ki-67 expression. CONCLUSION: Presence of BRCA1/2 genes mutations in young women is associated with more aggressiveness of the breast cancer (their 3-years survival is 25,5% less) and absence of the ER, PR, HER-2 receptors, which is unfavorable prognostic factor in terms of hormone therapy. These data should be taken into account at chemotherapy planning, especially in patients with early stages of the disease. There were no differences between patients with and without BRCA1/2 mutations in terms of tumor size, lymph nodes involvement, tumor histology, and p53 and Ki-67 proteins expression.