RESUMO
Nitrous oxide (N2O) is a potent climate gas, with its strong warming potential and ozone-depleting properties both focusing research on N2O sources. Although a sink for N2O through biological fixation has been observed in the Pacific, the regulation of N2O-fixation compared to canonical N2-fixation is unknown. Here we show that both N2O and N2 can be fixed by freshwater communities but with distinct seasonalities and temperature dependencies. N2O fixation appears less sensitive to temperature than N2 fixation, driving a strong sink for N2O in colder months. Moreover, by quantifying both N2O and N2 fixation we show that, rather than N2O being first reduced to N2 through denitrification, N2O fixation is direct and could explain the widely reported N2O sinks in natural waters. Analysis of the nitrogenase (nifH) community suggests that while only a subset is potentially capable of fixing N2O they maintain a strong, freshwater sink for N2O that could be eroded by warming.
Assuntos
Água Doce , Óxido Nitroso , DesnitrificaçãoRESUMO
One new capsaicinoid, N-vanillyl-4E,6E-dien-8-methylnonanamide (4), along with nine known capsaicinoids, capsaicin (1), dihydrocapsaicin (2), N-vanillyloctanamide (3), nordihydrocapsaicin (5), N-vanillyldecanamide (6), homocapsaicin (7), N-vanillyl-4,8-dimethylnonanamide (8), homodihydrocapsaicin II (9), and homodihydrocapsaicin I (10) were isolated from the fruits of Capsicum annuum using semi-preparative high-performance liquid chromatography. The structural characterizations of the isolated compounds were elucidated by spectroscopic data and comparison with the literatures. Bioassays showed that the isolated capsaicinoids significantly reduced the radical length of Lactuca sativa seedling, this inhibition being dose-dependent.
Assuntos
Capsicum/química , Lactuca/efeitos dos fármacos , Plântula/efeitos dos fármacos , Alelopatia , Capsaicina/análogos & derivados , Capsaicina/farmacologia , Capsaicina/toxicidade , Cromatografia Líquida de Alta Pressão , Frutas/química , Lactuca/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Estrutura Molecular , Plântula/crescimento & desenvolvimentoRESUMO
Phytochemical investigation of the water extract from the leaves of Perilla frutescens (Lamiaceae) led to the isolation of a new flavanone, a new chalcone, and a new aurone, namely, (2S)-5,7-dimethoxy-8,4'-dihydroxyflavanone (1), 2',4'-dimethoxy-4,5',6'-trihydroxychalcone (2), and (Z)-4,6-dimethoxy-7,4'-dihydroxyaurone (3), respectively. The structures were unambiguously elucidated on the basis of spectroscopic data. And the absolute configuration of 1 was determined by analysis of electronic circular dichroism spectrum. The isolated compounds were evaluated for their inhibitory effects on xanthine oxidase in vitro. Among them, 2 showed more potent activity than the positive control allopurinol, a well-known XO inhibitor clinically used for treatment of gout. Lineweaver-Burk transformation of the inhibition kinetics data demonstrated that it was a mixed-type inhibitor.[Formula: see text].
Assuntos
Inibidores Enzimáticos/isolamento & purificação , Flavonoides/isolamento & purificação , Perilla frutescens/química , Xantina Oxidase/antagonistas & inibidores , Chalcona/química , Chalcona/isolamento & purificação , Inibidores Enzimáticos/farmacologia , Flavonoides/análise , Flavonoides/farmacologia , Conformação Molecular , Estrutura Molecular , Compostos Fitoquímicos/análise , Extratos Vegetais/química , Folhas de Planta/químicaRESUMO
Xanthine oxidase, an enzyme present in significant levels in the intestine and liver, metabolizes hypoxanthine to xanthine and xanthine to uric acid in the purine catabolic pathway. An inhibitory compound acting against xanthine oxidase was isolated from sweet white clover (Melilotus albus) by bioassay and high-performance liquid chromatography guided separation. It was identified as tricin by spectroscopic analysis. Tricin possessed a potent xanthine oxidase inhibitory activity with an IC50 value of 4.13 µM. Further inhibition kinetics data indicated it to be a mixed-type inhibitor and Ki and KI values were determined to be 0.47 µM and 4.41 µM. To find a rich source of tricin, the distribution of tricin in seven different tissues from four Gramineae species was investigated by high-performance liquid chromatography analysis. The highest amount (1925.05 mg/kg dry materials) was found in the straw of wheat, which is considered as a potentially valuable source of natural tricin.