Perceptions and Expectations of Youth Regarding the Respect for Their Rights in the Hospital.

Information obtained from children themselves regarding the characteristics of the ideal hospital that ensure well-being during a hospital stay is scarce. Here, we report the opinions, perceptions, and expectations of 700 children and adolescents about their experiences, assessed through a mixed-method research approach with age-appropriate questionnaires, three open-ended questions, and an analysis of optional pictorial and textual narratives. Most children indicated that, while they acknowledged the expertise of hospital staff, they also noted several shortcomings, e.g., insufficiently understandable medical information as well as emotional and cognitive support. The continuity of schooling and the right to suffer as little as possible were also critical issues. Adolescents valued in particular the quality of care and services provided, the hospital's adherence to equality and non-discrimination rights, and protection systems but negatively perceived several aspects related to play and participation. Significant differences in the co-occurrences of the most frequently used text terms with the keywords "hospital" and "child/adolescent" between age groups highlight variations in the way patients perceive and articulate their experiences within the hospital setting depending on the cognitive processes linked to age. In drawings, prevailing attention was placed on the physical context of the hospital room, with figures expressing mostly negative emotions. Specifically, in this regard, the main emotion in children was sadness, and, in adolescents, it was fear. Overall, these insights are pivotal in the context of our research objectives as they shed light on the nuanced preferences, needs, and perspectives of children and adolescents during their hospital stays. Recognizing the identified shortcomings, we propose recommendations emphasizing the improvement of medical communication clarity, enhancement of emotional and cognitive support, and the improvement of programs to avoid instructional gaps during hospital stays. Addressing these specific needs is critical for a more comprehensive approach to pediatric healthcare provision.

Aetiology, risk factors and microbiota composition in children with prolonged diarrhoea: A prospective case-controlled cohort study.

AIM: Prolonged diarrhoea (ProD) refers to acute-onset diarrhoea that persists for longer than 1 week. As the aetiology, risk factors and management are poorly defined, we prospectively enrolled children hospitalised in a high-income setting to assess these outcomes and investigate the potential role of gut microbiota. METHODS: All children aged 30 days to 14 years admitted for acute-onset diarrhoea lasting 7-14 days were included. Children consecutively admitted in the same period for acute diarrhoea (AD) served as controls. High-throughput sequencing of 16S rRNA gene amplicons was used to analyse stool samples from a subset of patients and healthy controls. RESULTS: Sixty-eight with ProD and 104 with AD were enrolled. Intestinal infections were the main aetiology of diarrhoea in both groups (ProD 92.9% vs. AD 97.8%). ProD children showed a higher prevalence of bacterial infections compared to AD (30.8% vs. 8.9%, p = 0.024). Neither age, host-related factors, nor microbiome alterations were specifically linked to ProD. However, ProD children had a more severe initial clinical presentation than AD. CONCLUSION: ProD is often the result of an unusually severe intestinal infection that runs a course longer than expected but generally resolves without further problems. No specific management or therapies should be undertaken in most cases.

Systemic Cat-Scratch Disease: a "Troublesome" Diagnosis.

Diagnosis of systemic cat scratch disease may be challenging. Here, we describe a case of an immunocompetent girl exhibiting fever and multifocal hepatosplenic abscesses. Diagnostic tests for Bartonella henselae infection (enzyme immunoassay and polymerase chain reaction) were found steadily negative and the diagnosis, suspected on the basis of the Margilet's criteria, was finally confirmed by indirect immunofluorescent antibodies.

The Italian paediatric society raccomandations on children and adolescents extra-domestic activities during the SARS COV-2 emergency phase 2.

BACKGROUND: Due to novel coronavirus infection emergency, restricting measures have been imposed in Italy. As well as adults, also children are limited in their daily routine. MAIN TEXT: As the lockdown period is expected to end on 3rd May 2020, we discuss the opportunity for children to practice safely recreational or physical activity outdoor. CONCLUSION: The Italian Paediatric Society recommends specific recreational and physical activities according to the age of the children and respecting social distancing.

Association between body positioning and gastroesophageal reflux in paediatric age.

AIM: Postural measures are frequently recommended for gastroesophageal reflux (GER) symptoms, despite limited evidence. This was the first study to assess the impact of upright and recumbent body positions on GER episodes in children and adolescents, not just infants. METHODS: We retrospectively assessed the pH-impedance parameters of paediatric patients referred for possible GER-related symptoms to two hospitals in Naples and Rome, Italy, from September 2016 to September 2018. Data were separately obtained for the time that the patients spent in upright and recumbent positions. RESULTS: Data from 187 patients under the age of 18 were collected, at a mean age of just over seven years. We found that the acid exposure time was stable irrespective of changes in body position (P > .05). The mean number of reflux episodes per hour was 2.99 during the upright position and 1.21 during the recumbent position (P < .05), and the mean oesophageal acid clearance time was 44.4 and 93.4 seconds, respectively (P < .05). CONCLUSION: Most paediatric patients experienced reflux in the upright rather than recumbent position, probably as a result of frequent transient lower oesophageal sphincter relaxations while they were awake. In particular, our findings provide new insights into postural measures for reflux in children and adolescents.

Clinical significance and sonographic evolution of enlarged abdominal lymph nodes in children.

AIM: Paediatric evidence about the clinical implications of enlarged abdominal lymph nodes (EALN) is not univocal. The main purpose of our study was to evaluate the clinical significance and the morphological evolution of enlarged abdominal nodes in children with recurrent abdominal pain. METHODS: All children with recurrent abdominal pain diagnosed with EALN were enrolled at the involved centres between September 2017 and June 2018. Number, size, localisation, shape and architecture of nodes were accurately recorded along with clinical and laboratory data at enrolment and after three and six months. RESULTS: A total of 38 children were enrolled. After the six-month study period, 58% of them had lymph nodes reduced in size, 13% had unchanged lymph nodes, and 29% had lymph nodes increased in size. Overall, we observed a gradual, albeit slight reduction in the average size of enlarged nodes over the six-month period. The extent of size changes was not correlated with any clinical parameter. CONCLUSION: Our data suggest that EALN are a non-specific finding, which is not worth a change in the diagnostic and therapeutic management of children with abdominal pain.

Humanization interventions in general pediatric wards: a systematic review.

Humanization of care (HOC) interventions have rarely been evaluated and compared. We systematically reviewed the outcomes of published interventions aimed to improve the HOC for hospitalized children. PubMed and Scopus were used as data sources. Studies published between January 1, 2000, and February 28, 2018, were considered eligible if they reported analysis of results vs. either a control group or baseline, or if they measured patient/family/staff satisfaction. Neonatal age, emergency departments, and subspecialty settings were excluded. Data were extracted using a standardized data extraction form including study design, sample size, intervention, outcome/objective, and evaluation of results or pre- post-intervention satisfaction. Twenty-eight of the 12,012 retrieved articles met the inclusion criteria. Most studies were of moderate to low quality. Only six studies were of high quality. Areas of interest dealt with environment (n = 4), provider-patient relationship (n = 6), pet therapy (n = 5), technology (n = 5), family-centered rounds (n = 2), psychological support (n = 3), and staff training (n = 3). The overall trend of the results indicated that interventions were mostly effective and likely to have beneficial effects on several aspects of pediatric hospitalization.Conclusions: Pending further studies of better research quality, the findings of this review may have policy and practice implications for planning HOC interventions by pediatric healthcare professionals. What is Known: • In pediatrics, humanization of care (HOC) provides assistance focused not only on the child as a patient, but on the whole family. • HOC programs have been developed, but information on the overall outcome of local projects aiming to improve in a practical way the hospital taking charge of pediatric patients is still lacking. What is New: • Local HOC interventions are mostly effective and have beneficial effects on several aspects of hospitalization in general pediatrics wards. • The findings of this review may have practice implications for planning HOC interventions by pediatric healthcare professionals.

Neonatal pertussis diagnosis: low procalcitonin level and high lymphocyte count are able to discriminate pertussis from bacterial and viral infections.

Pertussis is quite frequent and severe among infants; therefore, rapid diagnosis and timely targeted therapy are essential. Although a molecular test for etiological diagnosis is now available, it may not be available everywhere, and therefore adjunctive diagnostic tests are still useful for presumptive diagnosis. We describe the use of procalcitonin (PCT) and lymphocyte count to discriminate among pertussis, bacterial and viral infections. Fourteen infants per group were studied. The decision tree, built considering all available variables, showed a major role of PCT in predicting the different groups. A PCT value equal to or greater than 0.75 ng/ml selected for bacterial infections. A PCT value lower than 0.75 ng/ml and a lymphocyte count equal to or greater than 10,400/mm3 selected the subjects with pertussis, while a lymphocyte count lower than 10,400/mm3 selected for viral etiology. PCT should be used in the diagnosis of infants suspected of having pertussis.

Rhabdomyolysis and coeliac disease: A causal or casual association? A case report and review of literature.

BACKGROUND: Rhabdomyolysis is a rare, potentially life-threatening condition, caused by multiple disorders. The association with Coeliac Disease (CD) has been rarely reported and in these cases muscular damage was imputed to hypokalemia. Herein we describe a new case of severe rhabdomyolysis in a child subsequently diagnosed as affected by CD, and review previous reports. CASE PRESENTATION: A 3-year-old boy was referred for diarrhea, brown urine, muscular pain/weakness, and no history of muscular trauma. At entry, laboratory tests showed elevated levels of creatine kinase (CK) (x100 unv) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) (x10 unv), alanine aminotrasferase (ALT) (x5 unv); electrolytes were within the reference range. Twenty-four hours after admission serum CK peaked 115,000 U/L and transaminases increased up to 30 times unv. Hyperhydration treatment was started with renal function monitoring. Urine output decreased little, while serum creatinine and urea nitrogen stayed within the reference range. Serum potassium levels went down to 2.8 mEq/L at day 3, in spite of supplementation. The patient completely recovered at day 16. Main metabolic causes of rhabdomyolysis were ruled out by appropriate tests. Because of rarely reported cases of CD/rhabdomyolysis, anti-tissue transglutaminase (tTG) antibodies were measured and found positive (IgA 34 U/mL, unv <9). HLA typing was DQA1 05:02, DQB1 03:02. As jejunal biopsy showed patchy villous atrophy, gluten free diet (GFD) was prescribed. One year after starting GFD, histology was normal. REVIEW OF LITERATURE: Literature (search engines: PUB MED and GOOGLE SCHOLAR) from 1980 to 2016 retrieved 8 cases (age range: 12 to 75 years old) previously described. CONCLUSION: The present case suggests to check for CD in children with severe rhabdomyolysis. Because severe rhabdomyolysis itself may elevate the serum potassium levels, hypokalemia might go unrecognized as the cause of muscular damage.

Humanization of pediatric care in the world: focus and review of existing models and measurement tools.

BACKGROUND: The term "humanization" indicates the process by which people try to make something more human and civilized, more in line with what is believed to be the human nature. The humanization of care is an important and not yet a well-defined issue which includes a wide range of aspects related to the approach to the patient and care modalities. In pediatrics, the humanization concept is even vaguer due to the dual involvement of both the child and his/her family and by the existence of multiple proposed models. OBJECTIVE: The present study aims to analyze the main existing humanization models regarding pediatric care, and the tools for assessing its grade. RESULTS: The main Humanization care programs have been elaborated and developed both in America (Brazil, USA) and Europe. The North American and European models specifically concern pediatric care, while the model developed in Brazil is part of a broader program aimed at all age groups. The first emphasis is on the importance of the family in child care, the second emphasis is on the child's right to be a leader, to be heard and to be able to express its opinion on the program's own care. Several tools have been created and used to evaluate humanization of care programs and related aspects. None, however, had been mutually compared. CONCLUSIONS: The major models of humanization care and the related assessment tools here reviewed highlight the urgent need for a more unifying approach, which may help in realizing health care programs closer to the young patient's and his/her family needs.

Early diagnosis and treatment in a child with foodborne botulism.

INTRODUCTION: Foodborne botulism is a neuroparalytic disease caused by ingestion of food contaminated with botulinum toxins. Despite rare the mortality rate is high if untreated. Diagnosis of botulism is still a challenge for clinician, due to the variability of clinical manifestations and disease course. We report on a child with type B botulin intoxication who was early diagnosed and treated underlining that clinical suspicion is crucial to start prompt treatment. CASE PRESENTATION: An 11-year-old boy presented with bilateral ptosis and mydriasis, dry mouth, difficulty in swallowing, dysphonia, urine retention and constipation. Clear sensorium and no fever were observed. Immediately the suspicion of botulism was risen and botulinum antitoxin was administered. 3 days later serum and rectal samples tested positive for Clostridium botulinum. The patient completely recovered when discharged from hospital. DISCUSSION: Foodborne botulism is still possible in developed countries. The confirmation test of botulism requires some days. To avoid long delays between intoxication and diagnosis prompt clinical suspicion is thus crucial. The outcome depends on rapid implementation of appropriate management with intensive respiratory care and antitoxin administration.

Short stature and primary ovarian insufficiency possibly due to chromosomal position effect in a balanced X;1 translocation.

BACKGROUND: Primary ovarian insufficiency (POI) is defined as a primary ovarian defect characterized by absent menarche (primary amenorrhea), a decrease in the initial primordial follicle number, high follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) levels and hypoestrogenism. Although the etiology of a majority of POI cases is not yet identified, several data suggest that POI has a strong genetic component. Conventional cytogenetic and molecular analyses have identified regions of the X chromosome that are associated with ovarian function, as well as POI candidate genes, such as FMR1 and DIAPH2. Here we describe a 10.5-year-old girl presenting with high FSH and luteinizing hormone (LH) levels, pathologic GH stimulation arginine and clonidine tests, short stature, pterygium, ovarian dysgenesis, hirsutism and POI. RESULTS: Cytogenetic analysis demonstrated a balanced reciprocal translocation between the q arms of chromosomes X and 1, with breakpoints falling in Xq21 and 1q41 bands. Molecular studies did not unravel any chromosome microdeletion/microduplication, and no XIST-mediated inactivation was found on the derivative chromosome 1. Interestingly, through immunofluorescence assays, we found that part of the Xq21q22 trait, translocated to chromosome 1q41, was late replicating and therefore possibly inactivated in 30 % metaphases both in lymphocytes and skin fibroblasts, in addition to a skewed 100 % inactivation of the normal X chromosome. These findings suggest that a dysregulation of gene expression might occur in this region. Two genes mapping to the Xq translocated region, namely DIAPH2 and FMR1, were found overexpressed if compared with controls. CONCLUSIONS: We report a case in which gonadal dysgenesis and POI are associated with over-expression of DIAPH2 gene and of FMR1 gene in wild type form. We hypothesize that this over-expression is possibly due to a phenomenon known as "chromosomal position effect", which accounts for gene expression variations depending on their localization within the nucleus. For the same effect a double mosaic inactivation of genes mapping to the Xq21-q22 region, demonstrated by immunofluorescence assays, may be the cause of a functional Xq partial monosomy leading to most Turner traits of the proband's phenotype.

Constitutional 11q14-q22 chromosome deletion syndrome in a child with neuroblastoma MYCN single copy.

Constitutional 11q deletion is a chromosome imbalance possibly found in MCA/MR patients analyzed for chromosomal anomalies. Its role in determining the phenotype depends on extension and position of deleted region. Loss of heterozygosity of 11q (region 11q23) is also associated with neuroblastoma, the most frequent extra cranial cancer in children. It represents one of the most frequent cytogenetic abnormalities observed in the tumor of patients with high-risk disease even if germline deletion of 11q in neuroblastoma is rare. Hereby, we describe a 18 months old girl presenting with trigonocephaly and dysmorphic facial features, including hypotelorism, broad depressed nasal bridge, micrognathia, synophrys, epicanthal folds, and with a stage 4 neuroblastoma without MYCN amplification, carrying a germline 11q deletion (11q14.1-q22.3), outside from Jacobsen syndrome and from neuroblastoma 11q critical regions. The role of 11q deletion in determining the clinical phenotype and its association with neuroblastoma development in the patient are discussed.

Therapeutic approach to bronchiolitis: why pediatricians continue to overprescribe drugs?

BACKGROUND: Bronchiolitis guidelines suggest that neither bronchodilators nor corticosteroids, antiviral and antibacterial agents should be routinely used. Although recommendations, many clinicians persistently prescribe drugs for bronchiolitis. AIM OF THE STUDY: To unravel main reasons of pediatricians in prescribing drugs to infants with bronchiolitis, and to possibly correlate therapeutic choices to the severity of clinical presentation. Also possible influence of socially deprived condition on therapeutic choices is analyzed. METHODS: Patients admitted to Pediatric Division of 2 main Hospitals of Naples because of bronchiolitis in winter season 2008-2009 were prospectively analyzed. An RDAI (Respiratory Distress Assessment Instrument) score was assessed at different times from admission. Enrollment criteria were: age 1-12 months; 1st lower respiratory infection with cough and rhinitis with/without fever, wheezing, crackles, tachypnea, use of accessory muscles, and/or nasal flaring, low oxygen saturation, cyanosis. Social deprivation status was assessed by evaluating school graduation level of the origin area of the patients. A specific questionnaire was submitted to clinicians to unravel reasons of their therapeutic behavior. RESULTS: Eighty-four children were enrolled in the study. Mean age was 3.5 months. Forty-four per cent of patients presented with increased respiratory rate, 70.2% with chest retractions, and 7.1% with low SaO2. Mean starting RDAI score was 8. Lung consolidation was found in 3.5% on chest roentgenogram. Data analysis also unraveled that 64.2% matched clinical admission criteria. Social deprivation status analysis revealed that 72.6% of patients were from areas "at social risk". Evaluation of length of stay vs. social deprivation status evidenced no difference between "at social risk" and "not at social risk" patients. Following therapeutic interventions were prescribed: nasal suction (64.2%), oxygen administration (7.1%), antibiotics (50%), corticosteroids (85.7%), bronchodilators (91.6%). Statistically significant association was not found for any used drug with neither RDAI score nor social deprivation status. The reasons of hospital pediatricians to prescribe drugs were mainly the perception of clinical severity of the disease, the clinical findings at chest examination, and the detection of some improvement after drug administration. CONCLUSIONS: We strongly confirm the large use of drugs in bronchiolitis management by hospital pediatricians. Main reason of this wrong practice appears to be the fact that pediatricians recognize bronchiolitis as a severe condition, with consequent anxiety in curing so acutely ill children without drugs, and that sometimes they feel forced to prescribe drugs because of personal reassurance or parental pressure. We also found that social "at risk" condition represents a main reason for hospitalization, not correlated to clinical severity of the disease neither to drug prescription. Eventually, we suggest a "step-by-step" strategy to rich a more evidence based approach to bronchiolitis therapy, by adopting specific and shared resident guidelines.

Appropriateness of hospitalization for CAP-affected pediatric patients: report from a Southern Italy General Hospital.

BACKGROUND: Community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) is a common disease, responsible for significant healthcare expenditures, mostly because of hospitalization. Many practice guidelines on CAP have been developed, including admission criteria, but a few on appropriate hospitalization in children. The aim of this study was to evaluate appropriate hospital admission for CAP in a pediatric population. METHODS: We evaluated appropriate admission to a Pediatric Unit performing a retrospective analysis on CAP admitted pediatric patients from a Southern Italy area. Diagnosis was made based on clinical and radiological signs. Appropriate hospital admission was evaluated following clinical and non-clinical international criteria. Family ability to care children was assessed by evaluating social deprivation status. RESULTS: In 2 winter seasons 120 pediatric patients aged 1-129 months were admitted because of CAP. Median age was 28.7 months. Raised body temperature was scored in 68.3% of patients, cough was present in 100% of cases, and abdominal pain was rarely evidenced. Inflammatory indices (ESR and CRP) were found elevated in 33.3% of cases. Anti-Mycoplasma pneumoniae antibodies were found positive in 20.4%. Trans-cutaneous (TC) SaO2 was found lower than 92% in 14.6%. Dyspnoea was present in 43.3%. Dehydration requiring i.v. fluid supplementation was scored in 13.3%. Evaluation of familial ability to care their children revealed that 76% of families (derived from socially depressed areas) were "at social risk", thus not able to appropriately care their children. Furthermore, analysis of CAP patients revealed that "at social risk" people accessed E.D. and were hospitalized more frequently than "not at risk" patients (odds ratio = 3.59, 95% CI: 1,15 to 11,12; p = 0.01), and that admitted "at social risk" people presented without clinical signs of severity (namely dyspnoea, and/or SaO2

Lung parenchymal consolidation as an uncommon presentation and cause of delayed diagnosis in atypical Kawasaki syndrome.

We report three patients who initially showed prolonged fever, lung parenchymal consolidation and laboratory findings of pneumonia, and secondarily presented a clinical picture ascribed to Kawasaki syndrome. Two of these children developed coronary artery dilations, which regressed upon echocardiography after 12 months. In the case of infants showing broncho-pulmonary abnormalities with slow resolution, active inflammatory parameters and high fever persistence, pediatricians should consider atypical Kawasaki syndrome as a possible alternative diagnosis.