Association of admission plasma glucose level and cerebral computed tomographic perfusion deficit volumes.

INTRODUCTION: Hyperglycemia in acute ischemic stroke (AIS) is frequent and associated with worse outcome. Yet, strict glycemic control in AIS patients has failed to yield beneficial outcome. So far, the underlying pathophysiological mechanisms of admission hyperglycemia in AIS have remained not fully understood. We aimed to evaluate the yet equivocal association of hyperglycemia with computed tomographic perfusion (CTP) deficit volumes. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We included 832 consecutive AIS and transient ischemic attack (TIA) patients who underwent CTP as a part of screening for recanalization treatment (stroke code) between 3/2018 and 10/2020, from the prospective cohort of Helsinki Stroke Quality Registry. Associations of admission glucose level (AGL) and CTP deficit volumes, namely ischemic core, defined as relative cerebral blood flow <30%, and hypoperfusion lesions Time-to-maximum (Tmax) >6 s and Tmax >10s, as determined with RAPID® software, were analyzed with a linear regression model adjusted for age, sex, C-reactive protein, and time from symptom onset to imaging. RESULTS: AGL median was 6.8 mmol/L (interquartile range 5.9-8.0 mmol/L), and 222 (27%) patients were hyperglycemic (glucose >7.8 mmol/L) on admission. In non-diabetic patients (643 [77%]), AGL was significantly associated with volume of Tmax. >6 s (regression coefficient [RC] 4.8, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.49-9.1), of Tmax >10s (RC 4.6, 95% CI 1.2-8.1), and of ischemic core (RC 2.6, 95% CI 0.64-4.6). No significant associations were shown in diabetic patients. CONCLUSION: Admission hyperglycemia appears to be associated with both larger volume of hypoperfusion lesions and of ischemic core in non-diabetic stroke code patients with AIS and TIA.

Intravenous Thrombolysis 4.5-9 Hours After Stroke Onset: A Cohort Study from the TRISP Collaboration.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the safety and effectiveness of intravenous thrombolysis (IVT) >4.5-9 hours after stroke onset, and the relevance of advanced neuroimaging for patient selection. METHODS: Prospective multicenter cohort study from the ThRombolysis in Ischemic Stroke Patients (TRISP) collaboration. Outcomes were symptomatic intracranial hemorrhage, poor 3-month functional outcome (modified Rankin scale 3-6) and mortality. We compared: (i) IVT >4.5-9 hours versus 0-4.5 hours after stroke onset and (ii) within the >4.5-9 hours group baseline advanced neuroimaging (computed tomography perfusion, magnetic resonance perfusion or magnetic resonance diffusion-weighted imaging fluid-attenuated inversion recovery) versus non-advanced neuroimaging. RESULTS: Of 15,827 patients, 663 (4.2%) received IVT >4.5-9 hours and 15,164 (95.8%) within 4.5 hours after stroke onset. The main baseline characteristics were evenly distributed between both groups. Time of stroke onset was known in 74.9% of patients treated between >4.5 and 9 hours. Using propensity score weighted binary logistic regression analysis (onset-to-treatment time >4.5-9 hours vs onset-to-treatment time 0-4.5 hours), the probability of symptomatic intracranial hemorrhage (ORadjusted 0.80, 95% CI 0.53-1.17), poor functional outcome (ORadjusted 1.01, 95% CI 0.83-1.22), and mortality (ORadjusted 0.80, 95% CI 0.61-1.04) did not differ significantly between both groups. In patients treated between >4.5 and 9 hours, the use of advanced neuroimaging was associated with a 50% lower mortality compared with non-advanced imaging only (9.9% vs 19.7%; ORadjusted 0.51, 95% CI 0.33-0.79). INTERPRETATION: This study showed no evidence in difference of symptomatic intracranial hemorrhage, poor outcome, and mortality in selected stroke patients treated with IVT between >4.5 and 9 hours after stroke onset compared with those treated within 4.5 hours. Advanced neuroimaging for patient selection was associated with lower mortality. ANN NEUROL 2023;94:309-320.

Comparative analysis of core and perfusion lesion volumes between commercially available computed tomography perfusion software.

Introduction: Computed tomography perfusion (CTP) imaging has become an important tool in evaluating acute recanalization treatment candidates. Large clinical trials have successfully used RAPID automated imaging analysis software for quantifying ischemic core and penumbra, yet other commercially available software vendors are also on the market. We evaluated the possible difference in ischemic core and perfusion lesion volumes and the agreement rate of target mismatch between OLEA, MIStar, and Syngo.Via versus RAPID software in acute recanalization treatment candidates. Patients and methods: All consecutive stroke-code patients with baseline CTP RAPID imaging at Helsinki University Hospital during 8/2018-9/2021 were included. Ischemic core was defined as cerebral blood flow <30% than the contralateral hemisphere and within the area of delay time (DT) >3s with MIStar. Perfusion lesion volume was defined as DT > 3 s (MIStar) and Tmax > 6 s with all other software. A perfusion mismatch ratio of ⩾1.8, a perfusion lesion volume of ⩾15 mL, and ischemic core <70 mL was defined as target mismatch. The mean pairwise differences of the core and perfusion lesion volumes between software were calculated using the Bland-Altman method and the agreement of target mismatch between software using the Pearson correlation. Results: A total of 1606 patients had RAPID perfusion maps, 1222 of which had MIStar, 596 patients had OLEA, and 349 patients had Syngo.Via perfusion maps available. Each software was compared with simultaneously analyzed RAPID software. MIStar showed the smallest core difference compared with RAPID (-2 mL, confidence interval (CI) from -26 to 22), followed by OLEA (2 mL, CI from -33 to 38). Perfusion lesion volume differed least with MIStar (4 mL, CI from -62 to 71) in comparison with RAPID, followed by Syngo.Via (6 mL, CI from -94 to 106). MIStar had the best agreement rate with target mismatch of RAPID followed by OLEA and Syngo.Via. Discussion and conclusion: Comparison of RAPID with three other automated imaging analysis software showed variance in ischemic core and perfusion lesion volumes and in target mismatch.

Impact of white matter hypodensities on outcome after intracerebral hemorrhage.

OBJECTIVES: White matter hypodensities (WMH), a surrogate of small vessel disease, associate with cognitive decline and stroke risk. The impact of WMH on functional outcome after intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) has differed between studies. We aimed to examine factors associated with the severity of WMH in ICH, and whether there is an independent association between the extent of WMH and outcome. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This was a prospective study of consented patients with non-traumatic primary ICH, admitted to the Helsinki University Hospital between May 2014 and December 2018. To evaluate the extent of the WMH, modified van Swieten score of the side contralateral to the ICH was obtained. Patients were grouped into 3 categories of the scores. We performed univariate and multivariable analyses to find out factors associated with the severity of WMH, and whether WMH associate with functional outcome and mortality up to 12 months, adjusted for the known major outcome predictors. RESULTS: In our cohort of 417 ICH patients, WMH severity associated with older age, female sex, admission National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) points, and signs of previous ischemic stroke on CT. We found an independent association between WMH severity and poor functional outcome at 3 months (OR 1.72, 95% CI 1.27-2.33), and 1 year (OR 2.16, 95% CI 1.57-2.95), and mortality at 1 year (OR 1.91, 95% CI 1.29-2.85). CONCLUSIONS: In our ICH patients, vascular comorbidities and older age associated with the presence of WMH, which, in turn, strongly associated with poor functional outcome.

Time to treatment with bridging intravenous alteplase before endovascular treatment:subanalysis of the randomized controlled SWIFT-DIRECT trial.

BACKGROUND: We hypothesized that treatment delays might be an effect modifier regarding risks and benefits of intravenous thrombolysis (IVT) before mechanical thrombectomy (MT). METHODS: We used the dataset of the SWIFT-DIRECT trial, which randomized 408 patients to IVT+MT or MT alone. Potential interactions between assignment to IVT+MT and expected time from onset-to-needle (OTN) as well as expected time from door-to-needle (DTN) were included in regression models. The primary outcome was functional independence (modified Rankin Scale (mRS) 0-2) at 3 months. Secondary outcomes included mRS shift, mortality, recanalization rates, and (symptomatic) intracranial hemorrhage at 24 hours. RESULTS: We included 408 patients (IVT+MT 207, MT 201, median age 72 years (IQR 64-81), 209 (51.2%) female). The expected median OTN and DTN were 142 min and 54 min in the IVT+MT group and 129 min and 51 min in the MT alone group. Overall, there was no significant interaction between OTN and bridging IVT assignment regarding either the functional (adjusted OR (aOR) 0.76, 95% CI 0.45 to 1.30) and safety outcomes or the recanalization rates. Analysis of in-hospital delays showed no significant interaction between DTN and bridging IVT assignment regarding the dichotomized functional outcome (aOR 0.48, 95% CI 0.14 to 1.62), but the shift and mortality analyses suggested a greater benefit of IVT when in-hospital delays were short. CONCLUSIONS: We found no evidence that the effect of bridging IVT on functional independence is modified by overall or in-hospital treatment delays. Considering its low power, this subgroup analysis could have missed a clinically important effect, and exploratory analysis of secondary clinical outcomes indicated a potentially favorable effect of IVT with shorter in-hospital delays. Heterogeneity of the IVT effect size before MT should be further analyzed in individual patient meta-analysis of comparable trials. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER: URL: https://www. CLINICALTRIALS: gov ; Unique identifier: NCT03192332.

Intravenous Thrombolysis in Patients With Ischemic Stroke Aged ≥90 Years: A Cohort Study From the TRISP Collaboration.

BACKGROUND: The probability to receive intravenous thrombolysis (IVT) for treatment of acute ischemic stroke declines with increasing age and is consequently the lowest in very elderly patients. Safety concerns likely influence individual IVT treatment decisions. Using data from a large IVT registry, we aimed to provide more evidence on safety of IVT in the very elderly. METHODS: In this prospective multicenter study from the TRISP (Thrombolysis in Ischemic Stroke Patients) registry, we compared patients ≥90 years with those <90 years using symptomatic intracranial hemorrhage (ECASS [European Cooperative Acute Stroke Study]-II criteria), death, and poor functional outcome in survivors (modified Rankin Scale score 3-5 for patients with prestroke modified Rankin Scale score ≤2 and modified Rankin Scale score 4-5 for patients prestroke modified Rankin Scale ≥3) at 3 months as outcomes. We calculated adjusted odds ratio with 95% CI using logistic regression models. RESULTS: Of 16 974 eligible patients, 976 (5.7%) were ≥90 years. Patients ≥90 years had higher median National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale on admission (12 versus 8) and were more often dependent prior to the index stroke (prestroke modified Rankin Scale score of ≥3; 45.2% versus 7.4%). Occurrence of symptomatic intracranial hemorrhage (5.7% versus 4.4%, odds ratioadjusted 1.14 [0.83-1.57]) did not differ significantly between both groups. However, the probability of death (odds ratioadjusted 3.77 [3.14-4.53]) and poor functional outcome (odds ratioadjusted 2.63 [2.13-3.25]) was higher in patients aged ≥90 years. Results for the sample of centenarians (n=21) were similar. CONCLUSIONS: The probability of symptomatic intracranial hemorrhage after IVT in very elderly patients with stroke did not exceed that of their younger counterparts. The higher probability of death and poor functional outcome during follow-up in the very elderly seems not to be related to IVT treatment. Very high age itself should not be a reason to withhold IVT.

One-year healthcare costs of patients with spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage treated in the intensive care unit.

Background: Spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) entails significant mortality and morbidity. Severely ill ICH patients are treated in intensive care units (ICUs), but data on 1-year healthcare costs and patient care cost-effectiveness are lacking. Methods: Retrospective multi-center study of 959 adult patients treated for spontaneous ICH from 2003 to 2013. The primary outcomes were 12-month mortality or permanent disability, defined as being granted a permanent disability allowance or pension by the Social Insurance Institution by 2016. Total healthcare costs were hospital, rehabilitation, and social security costs within 12 months. A multivariable linear regression of log transformed cost data, adjusting for case mix, was used to assess independent factors associated with costs. Results: Twelve-month mortality was 45% and 51% of the survivors were disabled at the end of follow-up. The mean 12-month total cost was €49,754, of which rehabilitation, tertiary hospital and social security costs accounted for 45%, 39%, and 16%, respectively. The highest effective cost per independent survivor (ECPIS) was noted among patients aged >70 years with brainstem ICHs, low Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) scores, larger hematoma volumes, intraventricular hemorrhages, and ICH scores of 3. In multivariable analysis, age, GCS score, and severity of illness were associated independently with 1-year healthcare costs. Conclusions: Costs associated with ICHs vary between patient groups, and the ECPIS appears highest among patients older than 70 years and those with brainstem ICHs and higher ICH scores. One-third of financial resources were used for patients with favorable outcomes. Further detailed cost-analysis studies for patients with an ICH are required.

Thrombectomy alone versus intravenous alteplase plus thrombectomy in patients with stroke: an open-label, blinded-outcome, randomised non-inferiority trial.

BACKGROUND: Whether thrombectomy alone is equally as effective as intravenous alteplase plus thrombectomy remains controversial. We aimed to determine whether thrombectomy alone would be non-inferior to intravenous alteplase plus thrombectomy in patients presenting with acute ischaemic stroke. METHODS: In this multicentre, randomised, open-label, blinded-outcome trial in Europe and Canada, we recruited patients with stroke due to large vessel occlusion confirmed with CT or magnetic resonance angiography admitted to endovascular centres. Patients were randomly assigned (1:1) via a centralised web server using a deterministic minimisation method to receive stent-retriever thrombectomy alone or intravenous alteplase plus stent-retriever thrombectomy. In both groups, thrombectomy was initiated as fast as possible with any commercially available Solitaire stent-retriever revascularisation device (Medtronic, Irvine, CA, USA). In the combined treatment group, intravenous alteplase (0·9 mg/kg bodyweight, maximum dose 90 mg per patient) was administered as early as possible after randomisation for 60 min with 10% of the calculated dose given as an initial bolus. Personnel assessing the primary outcome were masked to group allocation; patients and treating physicians were not. The primary binary outcome was a score of 2 or less on the modified Rankin scale at 90 days. We assessed the non-inferiority of thrombectomy alone versus intravenous alteplase plus thrombectomy in all randomly assigned and consenting patients using the one-sided lower 95% confidence limit of the Mantel-Haenszel risk difference, with a prespecified non-inferiority margin of 12%. The main safety endpoint was symptomatic intracranial haemorrhage assessed in all randomly assigned and consenting participants. This trial is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT03192332, and is closed to new participants. FINDINGS: Between Nov 29, 2017, and May 7, 2021, 5215 patients were screened and 423 were randomly assigned, of whom 408 (201 thrombectomy alone, 207 intravenous alteplase plus thrombectomy) were included in the primary efficacy analysis. A modified Rankin scale score of 0-2 at 90 days was reached by 114 (57%) of 201 patients assigned to thrombectomy alone and 135 (65%) of 207 patients assigned to intravenous alteplase plus thrombectomy (adjusted risk difference -7·3%, 95% CI -16·6 to 2·1, lower limit of one-sided 95% CI -15·1%, crossing the non-inferiority margin of -12%). Symptomatic intracranial haemorrhage occurred in five (2%) of 201 patients undergoing thrombectomy alone and seven (3%) of 202 patients receiving intravenous alteplase plus thrombectomy (risk difference -1·0%, 95% CI -4·8 to 2·7). Successful reperfusion was less common in patients assigned to thrombectomy alone (182 [91%] of 201 vs 199 [96%] of 207, risk difference -5·1%, 95% CI -10·2 to 0·0, p=0·047). INTERPRETATION: Thrombectomy alone was not shown to be non-inferior to intravenous alteplase plus thrombectomy and resulted in decreased reperfusion rates. These results do not support omitting intravenous alteplase before thrombectomy in eligible patients. FUNDING: Medtronic and University Hospital Bern.

Markers of early vascular aging are not associated with cryptogenic ischemic stroke in the young: A case-control study.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: We aimed to assess the association between covert atherosclerosis, arterial stiffness, and early-onset cryptogenic ischemic stroke (CIS) in a prospective case-control study. METHODS: We enrolled 123 young CIS patients (median age 41 years; 42% women) and 123 age- and sex-matched controls. Carotid intima-media thickness (CIMT), Augmentation Index (AIx), central pulse wave velocity (PWV), and subendocardial viability ratio (SEVR) were compared between patients and controls. Conditional logistic regression was used adjusting for age, systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, current smoking, total cholesterol/high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (Total-C/HDL-C) ratio, and glycated albumin to assess the independent association between CIMT, arterial stiffness and CIS. RESULTS: Patients with higher CIMT and PWV were older, more often men and they had more frequently well-documented risk factors, lower HDL and higher Total-C/HDL-C ratio compared to other tertiles. In univariate comparisons, we found no differences between patients and controls regarding CIMT, AIx, or PWV. In the entire cohort, patients had a significantly lower SEVR compared to controls (146.3%, interquartile range [IQR] 125.7-170.3 vs. 158.0%, IQR 141.3-181.0, P=0.010). SEVR was lower also in women compared to their controls (132.0%, IQR 119.4-156.1 vs. 158.7%, IQR 142.0-182.8, P=0.001) but no significant difference appeared between male patients and male controls. However, after adjusting for comorbidities and laboratory values these significant differences were lost (odds ratio [OR] 1.52, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.47-4.91) in the entire cohort and OR 3.89, 95% CI 0.30-50.80 in women). CONCLUSIONS: Higher CIMT and PWV were associated to higher age, male sex, and several well-documented cardiovascular risk factors. However, in this study we could not prove that either covert atherosclerosis or arterial stiffness contribute to pathogenesis of early-onset CIS.

Thrombolysis in stroke patients with elevated inflammatory markers.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the prognostic value of white blood cell count (WBC) on functional outcome, mortality and bleeding risk in stroke patients treated with intravenous thrombolysis (IVT). METHODS: In this prospective multicenter study from the TRISP registry, we assessed the association between WBC on admission and 3-month poor outcome (modified Rankin Scale 3-6), mortality and occurrence of symptomatic intracranial hemorrhage (sICH; ECASS-II-criteria) in IVT-treated stroke patients. WBC was used as continuous and categorical variable distinguishing leukocytosis (WBC > 10 × 109/l) and leukopenia (WBC < 4 × 109/l). We calculated unadjusted/ adjusted odds ratios with 95% confidence intervals (OR [95% CI]) with logistic regression models. In a subgroup, we analyzed the association of combined leukocytosis and elevated C-reactive protein (CRP > 10 mg/l) on outcomes. RESULTS: Of 10,813 IVT-treated patients, 2527 had leukocytosis, 112 leukopenia and 8174 normal WBC. Increasing WBC (by 1 × 109/l) predicted poor outcome (ORadjusted 1.04[1.02-1.06]) but not mortality and sICH. Leukocytosis was independently associated with poor outcome (ORadjusted 1.48[1.29-1.69]) and mortality (ORadjusted 1.60[1.35-1.89]) but not with sICH (ORadjusted 1.17[0.94-1.45]). Leukopenia did not predict any outcome. In a subgroup, combined leukocytosis and elevated CRP had the strongest association with poor outcome (ORadjusted 2.26[1.76-2.91]) and mortality (ORadjusted 2.43[1.86-3.16]) when compared to combined normal WBC and CRP. CONCLUSION: In IVT-treated patients, leukocytosis independently predicted poor functional outcome and death. Bleeding complications after IVT were not independently associated with leukocytosis.

Recanalization treatment for acute ischemic stroke: 3-month outcome before and after implementation of routine endovascular treatment.

Background and purpose: Endovascular treatment for acute ischemic stroke has become a recommended treatment option for selected patients after several randomized controlled trials have shown the effectiveness of endovascular treatment. Due to the nature of randomized clinical trials, the generalizability to population based real life settings and the resulting benefits remain difficult to estimate. Methods: We included 896 consecutive patients treated with intravenous thrombolysis (IVT) within 4.5 h of stroke onset between January 2016 and December 2018, who were treated with additional endovascular treatment according to the new evidence when indicated (new-IVT-cohort). This cohort was compared to 913 intravenous thrombolysis patients treated in the 4.5 h time-window between January 2011 and December 2013 before the era of endovascular treatment (old-IVT-cohort). Results: In the new-IVT-cohort there were 253 intravenous thrombolysis + endovascular treatment treated patients. The new-IVT-cohort was associated with a better outcome on the modified Rankin Scale at 3 months in univariable ordinal regression (OR 1.27; 95% CI 1.08-1.49). The association remained significant (OR 1.65; 95% CI 1.27-2.14) also after adjustment for following confounding factors: sex, NIHSS, diabetes, atrial fibrillation, hypertension, coronary artery disease, hypercholesterolemia, myocardial infarction, heart failure, history of ischemic stroke, history of TIA, and use of antithrombotic, statins, antihypertensive, anticoagulation treatment, or endovascular treatment (Fig. 1). Conclusion: We were able to verify the efficacy of endovascular treatment in a real life cohort of intravenous thrombolysis patients even when only 28% of the patients are eligible for endovascular treatment on top of intravenous thrombolysis treatment.

EndoVAscular treatment and ThRombolysis for Ischemic Stroke Patients (EVA-TRISP) registry: basis and methodology of a pan-European prospective ischaemic stroke revascularisation treatment registry.

PURPOSE: The Thrombolysis in Ischemic Stroke Patients (TRISP) collaboration was a concerted effort initiated in 2010 with the purpose to address relevant research questions about the effectiveness and safety of intravenous thrombolysis (IVT). The collaboration also aims to prospectively collect data on patients undergoing endovascular treatment (EVT) and hence the name of the collaboration was changed from TRISP to EVA-TRISP. The methodology of the former TRISP registry for patients treated with IVT has already been published. This paper focuses on describing the EVT part of the registry. PARTICIPANTS: All centres committed to collecting predefined variables on consecutive patients prospectively. We aim for accuracy and completeness of the data and to adapt local databases to investigate novel research questions. Herein, we introduce the methodology of a recently constructed academic investigator-initiated open collaboration EVT registry built as an extension of an existing IVT registry in patients with acute ischaemic stroke (AIS). FINDINGS TO DATE: Currently, the EVA-TRISP network includes 20 stroke centres with considerable expertise in EVT and maintenance of high-quality hospital-based registries. Following several successful randomised controlled trials (RCTs), many important clinical questions remain unanswered in the (EVT) field and some of them will unlikely be investigated in future RCTs. Prospective registries with high-quality data on EVT-treated patients may help answering some of these unanswered issues, especially on safety and efficacy of EVT in specific patient subgroups. FUTURE PLANS: This collaborative effort aims at addressing clinically important questions on safety and efficacy of EVT in conditions not covered by RCTs. The TRISP registry generated substantial novel data supporting stroke physicians in their daily decision making considering IVT candidate patients. While providing observational data on EVT in daily clinical practice, our future findings may likewise be hypothesis generating for future research as well as for quality improvement (on EVT). The collaboration welcomes participation of further centres willing to fulfill the commitment and the outlined requirements.

Ultra-Early Differential Diagnosis of Acute Cerebral Ischemia and Hemorrhagic Stroke by Measuring the Prehospital Release Rate of GFAP.

BACKGROUND: Plasma glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and tau are promising markers for differentiating acute cerebral ischemia (ACI) and hemorrhagic stroke (HS), but their prehospital dynamics and usefulness are unknown. METHODS: We performed ultra-sensitivite single-molecule array (Simoa®) measurements of plasma GFAP and total tau in a stroke code patient cohort with cardinal stroke symptoms [National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) ≥3]. Sequential sampling included 2 ultra-early samples, and a follow-up sample on the next morning. RESULTS: We included 272 cases (203 ACI, 60 HS, and 9 stroke mimics). Median (IQR) last-known-well to sampling time was 53 (35-90) minutes for initial prehospital samples, 90 (67-130) minutes for secondary acute samples, and 21 (16-24) hours for next morning samples. Plasma GFAP was significantly higher in patients with HS than ACI (P < 0.001 for <1 hour and <3 hour prehospital samples, and <3 hour secondary samples), while total tau showed no intergroup difference. The prehospital GFAP release rate (pg/mL/minute) occurring between the 2 very early samples was significantly higher in patients with HS than ACI [2.4 (0.6-14.1)] versus 0.3 (-0.3-0.9) pg/mL/minute, P < 0.001. For cases with <3 hour prehospital sampling (ACI n = 178, HS n = 59), a combined rule (prehospital GFAP >410 pg/mL, or prehospital GFAP 90-410 pg/mL together with GFAP release >0.6 pg/mL/minute) enabled ruling out HS with high certainty (NPV 98.4%) in 68% of patients with ACI (sensitivity for HS 96.6%, specificity 68%, PPV 50%). CONCLUSIONS: In comparison to single-point measurement, monitoring the prehospital GFAP release rate improves ultra-early differentiation of stroke subtypes. With serial measurement GFAP has potential to improve future prehospital stroke diagnostics.

Is the weekend effect true in acute stroke patients at tertiary stroke center?

BACKGROUND: There is contradicting evidence on the outcome of emergency patients treated during weekends versus weekdays. We studied if outcome of ischemic stroke patients receiving intravenous thrombolysis (IVT) differs according to the treatment time. METHODS: Our retrospective study included consecutive patients receiving IVT within 4.5 h of stroke onset between June 1995 and December 2018 at the Helsinki University Hospital. The patients were compared based on the treatment initiation either during weekdays (Monday to Friday) or weekend (Saturday and Sunday). The primary outcome was 3-month mortality and secondary outcomes comprised 3-month modified Rankin Scale (mRS) and incidence of symptomatic intracerebral hemorrhage (sICH). Additional analyses studied the effect of IVT treatment according to non-office hours, time of day, and season. RESULTS: Of the 3980 IVT-treated patients, 28.0% received treatment during weekends. Mortality was similar after weekend (10.0%) and weekday (10.6%) admissions in the multivariable regression analysis (OR 0.78; 95% CI 0.59-1.03). Neither 3-month mRS (OR 0.98; 95% CI 0.86-1.12), nor the occurrence of sICH (4.2% vs 4.6%; OR 0.87; 95% CI 0.60-1.26) differed between the groups. No outcome difference was observed between the office vs non-office hours or by the time of day. However, odds for worse outcome were higher during autumn (OR 1.19; 95% CI 1.04-1.35) and winter (OR 1.15; 95% CI 1.01-1.30). CONCLUSION: We did not discover any weekend effect for IVT-treated stroke patients. This confirms that with standardized procedures, an equal quality of care can be provided to patients requiring urgent treatment irrespective of time.

Endothelial Dysfunction is Associated With Early-Onset Cryptogenic Ischemic Stroke in Men and With Increasing Age.

Background The aim of this study was to assess the association between endothelial function and early-onset cryptogenic ischemic stroke (CIS), with subgroup analyses stratified by sex and age groups. Methods and Results We prospectively enrolled 136 consecutive patients aged 18 to 49 years (median age, 41 years; 44% women) with a recent CIS and 136 age- and sex-matched (±5 years) stroke-free controls. Endothelial function was measured with an EndoPAT 2000 device and analyzed as tertiles of natural logarithm of reactive hyperemia index with lower values reflecting dysfunction. We used conditional logistic regression adjusting for age, education, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, dyslipidemia, current smoking, heavy drinking, obesity, and diet score to assess the independent association between endothelial function and CIS. Patients in the lowest tertile of natural logarithm of reactive hyperemia index were more often men and they more frequently had a history of dyslipidemia; they were also more often obese, had a lower diet score, and lower high-density lipoprotein cholesterol. In the entire cohort, we found no association in patients with endothelial function and CIS compared with stroke-free controls. In sex- and age-specific analyses, endothelial dysfunction was associated with CIS in men (adjusted odds ratio [OR], 3.50 for lowest versus highest natural logarithm of reactive hyperemia index tertile; 95% CI, 1.22-10.07) and in patients ≥41 years (OR, 5.78; 95% CI, 1.52-21.95). These associations remained significant when dyslipidemia was replaced with the ratio of total to high-density lipoprotein cholesterol. Conclusions Endothelial dysfunction appears to be an independent player in early-onset CIS in men and patients approaching middle age.

Post-stroke dementia and permanent institutionalization.

BACKGROUND: Dementia is among the most frequent causes of institutionalization. To serve the purpose of preventive strategies, there are no follow-up studies that have evaluated the actual impact of post-stroke dementia on institutionalization. We therefore compared the institutionalization rate and length of stay in an institutional care facility of patients with post-stroke dementia with stroke patients without dementia. METHODS: We included 410 consecutive patients aged 55 to 85 years with ischemic stroke who were admitted to Helsinki University Hospital (The SAM cohort). Hospitalization and nursing home admissions were reviewed from national registries. Dementia was diagnosed using the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders 3rd edition (DSM-III) criteria using extensive clinical assessments performed 3 months post-stroke. The cohort had a follow-up 21 years later. RESULTS: Compared to patients without dementia, post-stroke dementia was associated with shorter survival time (6.60 vs 10.10 years, p < 0.001), shorter time spent not institutionalized (5.40 vs 9.37 years, p < 0.001), but not with time spent permanently institutionalized (0.73 vs 1.10 years, p = 0.08). Post-stroke dementia was associated with higher rates and earlier permanent institutionalization compared to absence of post-stroke dementia (HR 1.53, 95% CI 1.07-2.18) in a Cox regression model adjusting for age, status of living alone at baseline, modified Rankin Scale at baseline, history of atrial fibrillation, and cardiac failure. CONCLUSIONS: Post-stroke dementia is associated with earlier permanent institutionalization. Due to significantly shorter survival, the time spent in nursing homes was not significantly longer in patients with post-stroke dementia compared with patients without post-stroke dementia.

Tranexamic acid in patients with intracerebral haemorrhage (STOP-AUST): a multicentre, randomised, placebo-controlled, phase 2 trial.

BACKGROUND: Despite intracerebral haemorrhage causing 5% of deaths worldwide, few evidence-based therapeutic strategies other than stroke unit care exist. Tranexamic acid decreases haemorrhage in conditions such as acute trauma and menorrhoea. We aimed to assess whether tranexamic acid reduces intracerebral haemorrhage growth in patients with acute intracerebral haemorrhage. METHODS: We did a prospective, double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled, investigator-led, phase 2 trial at 13 stroke centres in Australia, Finland, and Taiwan. Patients were eligible if they were aged 18 years or older, had an acute intracerebral haemorrhage fulfilling clinical criteria (eg, Glasgow Coma Scale score of >7, intracerebral haemorrhage volume <70 mL, no identified or suspected secondary cause of intracerebral haemorrhage, no thrombotic events within the previous 12 months, no planned surgery in the next 24 h, and no use of anticoagulation), had contrast extravasation on CT angiography (the so-called spot sign), and were treatable within 4·5 h of symptom onset and within 1 h of CT angiography. Patients were randomly assigned (1:1) to receive either 1 g of intravenous tranexamic acid over 10 min followed by 1 g over 8 h or matching placebo, started within 4·5 h of symptom onset. Randomisation was done using a centralised web-based procedure with randomly permuted blocks of varying size. All patients, investigators, and staff involved in patient management were masked to treatment. The primary outcome was intracerebral haemorrhage growth (>33% relative or >6 mL absolute) at 24 h. The primary and safety analyses were done in the intention-to-treat population. The trial is registered at ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT01702636). FINDINGS: Between March 1, 2013, and Aug 13, 2019, we enrolled and randomly assigned 100 participants to the tranexamic acid group (n=50) or the placebo group (n=50). Median age was 71 years (IQR 57-79) and median intracerebral haemorrhage volume was 14·6 mL (7·9-32·7) at baseline. The primary outcome was not different between the two groups: 26 (52%) patients in the placebo group and 22 (44%) in the tranexamic acid group had intracerebral haemorrhage growth (odds ratio [OR] 0·72 [95% CI 0·32-1·59], p=0·41). There was no evidence of a difference in the proportions of patients who died or had thromboembolic complications between the groups: eight (16%) in the placebo group vs 13 (26%) in the tranexamic acid group died and two (4%) vs one (2%) had thromboembolic complications. None of the deaths was considered related to study medication. INTERPRETATION: Our study does not provide evidence that tranexamic acid prevents intracerebral haemorrhage growth, although the treatment was safe with no increase in thromboembolic complications. Larger trials of tranexamic acid, with simpler recruitment methods and an earlier treatment window, are justified. FUNDING: National Health and Medical Research Council, Royal Melbourne Hospital Foundation.

Prolonged ECG with a novel recorder utilizing electrode belt and mobile device in patients with recent embolic stroke of undetermined source: A pilot study.

BACKGROUND: Paroxysmal atrial fibrillation (pAF) is a major risk factor for ischemic stroke, but challenging to detect with routine short-term monitoring methods. In this pilot study, we present a novel method for prolonged ECG and screening for pAF in patients with a recent embolic stroke of unknown source (ESUS). METHODS: Fifteen patients aged ≥ 50 years with a recent ESUS were assigned to wear an external electrode belt-based 1-lead ECG device (Beat2Phone) continuously for 2 weeks (wear time). The device was operated via a mobile phone application in nonhospital conditions. The primary outcome was patient adherence to monitoring. Secondary outcomes were incidence of new pAF, quality-wise comparison to Holter, and usability of the novel ECG monitoring method with Systems Usability Scale (SUS). We also performed a 24- to 48-hr comparison between simultaneous Beat2Phone ECG and a standard Holter in 6 patients. RESULTS: Wear time of Beat2Phone device was over 80% in 5 (33.3%) patients, 50%-80% in 7 (46.6%) patients, and less than 50% in 3 (20%) patients. We detected pAF ≥ 30 s in 1 patient (6.7%). In the simultaneous monitoring with Beat2Phone and Holter, there were a total of 817 (out of 1979) analyzable periods of sinus rhythm or premature atrial or ventricular beats (Cohen's Kappa coefficient 0.92 ± 0.02 between Beat2Phone and Holter), and no pAF events. Beat2Phone ECG showed remarkable SUS scores in user evaluations (average score: 81.4 out of 100 on SUS). CONCLUSIONS: Beat2Phone device was easy to use among ESUS patients and in optimal conditions provided high-quality 1-lead ECG signal for diagnosing pAF. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION: The study was not registered, as it was a nonrandomized single-arm pilot study.

Early surgery for superficial supratentorial spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage: a Finnish Intensive Care Consortium study.

BACKGROUND: The benefits of early surgery in cases of superficial supratentorial spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) are unclear. This study aimed to assess the association between early ICH surgery and outcome, as well as the cost-effectiveness of early ICH surgery. METHODS: We conducted a retrospective, register-based multicenter study that included all patients who had been treated for supratentorial spontaneous ICH in four tertiary intensive care units in Finland between 2003 and 2013. To be included, patients needed to have experienced supratentorial ICHs that were 10-100 cm3 and located within 10 mm of the cortex. We used a multivariable analysis, adjusting for the severity of the illness and the probability of surgical treatment, to assess the independent association between early ICH surgery (≤ 1 day), 12-month mortality rates, and the probability of survival without permanent disability. In addition, we assessed the cost-effectiveness of ICH surgery by examining the effective cost per 1-year survivor (ECPS) and per independent survivor (ECPIS). RESULTS: Of 254 patients, 27% were in the early surgery group. Overall 12-month mortality was 39%, while 29% survived without a permanent disability. According to our multivariable analysis, early ICH surgery was associated with lower 12-month mortality rates (odds ratio [OR] 0.22, 95% confidence intervals [CI] 0.10-0.51), but not with a higher probability of survival without permanent disability (OR 1.23, 95% CI 0.59-2.56). For the early surgical group, the ECPS and ECPIS were €111,409 and €334,227, respectively. For the non-surgical cohort, the ECPS and ECPIS were €76,074 and €141,471, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Early surgery for superficial ICH is associated with a lower 12-month mortality risk but not with a higher probability of survival without a permanent disability. Further, costs were higher and cost-effectiveness was, thus, worse for the early surgical cohort.

Effect of haemoglobin levels on outcome in intravenous thrombolysis-treated stroke patients.

INTRODUCTION: Alterations in haemoglobin levels are frequent in stroke patients. The prognostic meaning of anaemia and polyglobulia on outcomes in patients treated with intravenous thrombolysis is ambiguous. PATIENTS AND METHODS: In this prospective multicentre, intravenous thrombolysis register-based study, we compared haemoglobin levels on hospital admission with three-month poor outcome (modified Rankin Scale 3-6), mortality and symptomatic intracranial haemorrhage (European Cooperative Acute Stroke Study II-criteria (ECASS-II-criteria)). Haemoglobin level was used as continuous and categorical variable distinguishing anaemia (female: <12 g/dl; male: <13 g/dl) and polyglobulia (female: >15.5 g/dl; male: >17 g/dl). Anaemia was subdivided into mild and moderate/severe (female/male: <11 g/dl). Normal haemoglobin level (female: 12.0-15.5 g/dl, male: 13.0-17.0 g/dl) served as reference group. Unadjusted and adjusted odds ratios with 95% confidence intervals were calculated with logistic regression models. RESULTS: Among 6866 intravenous thrombolysis-treated stroke patients, 5448 (79.3%) had normal haemoglobin level, 1232 (17.9%) anaemia - of those 903 (13.2%) had mild and 329 (4.8%) moderate/severe anaemia - and 186 (2.7%) polyglobulia. Anaemia was associated with poor outcome (ORadjusted 1.25 (1.05-1.48)) and mortality (ORadjusted 1.58 (1.27-1.95)). In anaemia subgroups, both mild and moderate/severe anaemia independently predicted poor outcome (ORadjusted 1.29 (1.07-1.55) and 1.48 (1.09-2.02)) and mortality (ORadjusted 1.45 (1.15-1.84) and ORadjusted 2.00 (1.46-2.75)). Each haemoglobin level decrease by 1 g/dl independently increased the risk of poor outcome (ORadjusted 1.07 (1.02-1.11)) and mortality (ORadjusted 1.08 (1.02-1.15)). Anaemia was not associated with occurrence of symptomatic intracranial haemorrhage. Polyglobulia did not change any outcome. DISCUSSION: The more severe the anaemia, the higher the probability of poor outcome and death. Severe anaemia might be a target for interventions in hyperacute stroke. CONCLUSION: Anaemia on admission, but not polyglobulia, is a strong and independent predictor of poor outcome and mortality in intravenous thrombolysis-treated stroke patients.