RESUMO
Background: A paucity of Spanish language, culturally relevant parent education materials in the healthcare setting results in suboptimal care for Latinx families and further perpetuates health disparities. The purpose of this article is to describe the process for Spanish translation and cultural adaptations to parent education materials of a parent-centered physical therapy program designed to support maternal mental health and infant development during Neonatal Intensive Care (NICU). Methods: Two bilingual physical therapy (PT) students translated educational materials from English to Spanish and were proofread by a professional translator. Next, we conducted a materials review with 5 members of the Latine Community Review Board (CRB), a "standing" advisory group of natively Spanish-speaking, Latine North Carolinians who contract with research teams under the coordination of the Inclusive Science Program (ISP) of the North Carolina Translational and Clinical Sciences Institute (NC TraCS). Review session recruitment, facilitation, and data analysis were conducted by bilingual NC TraCS project managers and the primary investigator for the main feasibility study. Readability analyses were performed at the final stage of translation and adaptation. Results: Themes from CRB review sessions for improvement included to 1) use parent-friendly language, 2) use the plural masculine form of gendered language for caregivers to include all gender identities in this neonatal context, 3) address challenges with direct translation, and 4) use written education materials to supplement in-person, hands-on training with parents and their infants. All translated materials received a grade level of 5 on the Crawford grade-level index. Conclusion: Based on CRB feedback and readability analysis, the translation and cultural-adaptation process resulted in comprehensible written parent education materials for Spanish-speaking families. Review meetings with the CRB reinforced the need for Spanish materials in the healthcare setting. Further assessment of these materials with Spanish-speaking families in the NICU setting is needed.
RESUMO
Habitual walking speed is a key functional outcome that has implications for knee biomechanics that occur during gait. Lower extremity biomechanics during walking affects the loading of the femoral cartilage. Ultrasonography (US) can be used to assess resting femoral cartilage thickness and acute cartilage deformation in response to walking. The purpose of this study was to determine the association between habitual walking speed and both resting femoral cartilage thickness and deformation. Twenty-four healthy participants with no history of knee injury volunteered for this study. Habitual walking speed was assessed with a 20-m walk test. Femoral cartilage thickness was assessed with US in the medial condyle, lateral condyle, and intercondylar regions prior to and immediately following 30min of walking. Femoral cartilage deformation was calculated as the percent change in cartilage thickness acutely following the walking protocol. Separate Pearson product moment correlations were used to assess the association between habitual walking speed and each US cartilage variable. Slower habitual walking speed was significantly associated with greater medial femoral cartilage deformation (r=0.48, P=0.018), but not with lateral and intercondylar deformation. Habitual walking speed was not significantly associated with the resting cartilage thickness in any cartilage region. These findings highlight the in vivo association between walking speed and medial femoral cartilage deformation. When controlling for body mass index, the association between walking speed and medial cartilage deformation was weakened (Δr=-0.12). Future studies are needed to determine the extent to which BMI influences the association between walking speed and cartilage deformation.