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Urethral varices and hemangiomas are rare, underreported conditions that can be asymptomatic or present with intermittent urethrorrhage that can start or worsen with erection, sexual intercourse and ejaculation. Diagnosis can be made with urethroscopy and there are a wide variety of possible treatments that can suit both conditions. We present a case of a pediatric patient with severe blood loss from urethral varices that was treated with electrofulguration after laser treatment with Holmium failed.
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INTRODUCTION: Opioids are used intrathecally to manage surgical pain. There are few reports of hypothermia after spinal morphine injection, none in the pediatric population. We present a teenager's case of mild hypothermia. CASE PRESENTATION: A 15-year-old boy was scheduled for elective abdominal laparotomy. General anesthesia was combined with spinal anesthesia, using levobupivacaine and morphine. In the recovery room, he presented a decreased tympanic temperature (34.4°C) associated with excessive sweating, hyperglycemia, and complained of feeling hot. All other vital signs were normal. It was decided to maintain clinical vigilance and hourly monitoring of temperature and glycaemia values. Despite active warming, he remained hypothermic for 16 hours, with gradual remission of symptoms and normalization of glycemic values. It is unknown how intrathecal morphine causes hypothermia. The most viable hypothesis is its effect on the hypothalamus. In our case the most probable causes of post anesthesia hypothermia were excluded; therefore, we can admit that the cause of hypothermia was the spinal administration of morphine. Some reports used naloxone and lorazepam successfully. In our report, they disappeared spontaneously 16 hours later, which corroborates our diagnosis. CONCLUSIONS: Children undergoing subarachnoid block with with intrathecal morphine may develop a disruption on thermoregulation, leading to a resistant postoperative hypothermia associated with excessive sweating.
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BACKGROUND: Esophageal atresia is known to be associated with a variety of additional congenital anomalies in multiple organ systems. Persistent left superior vena cava is one of the most common venous thoracic anomaly, occurring in about 0,3% of the population. The aim of this study was to characterize persistent left superior vena cava in infants treated in Hospital Dona Estefânia with esophageal atresia. METHODS: A retrospective review of all children treated for esophageal atresia from January 2002 to December 2013 was undertaken. Charts were reviewed for gestational age, weight, type of atresia, preoperative echocardiogram, associated anomalies, surgical approach, eventual postoperative echocardiogram and angioresonance for the study of congenital venous anomaly. RESULTS: Of 107 children, five had persistent left superior vena cava. Of the five cases, one had prenatal diagnosis. Further investigation showed duodenal atresia in one, urologic malformation, coloboma and bilateral ear deformities in other. All five patients were operated on through right thoracotomy and primary anastomosis was performed after ligation of the trachea-esophageal fistula and underwent angioresonance to characterize the vascular anomaly. No operative or post-operative complications were registered. CONCLUSIONS: Inspite of the preoperative workup, the anomaly was only identified in one of the patients. Generally, diagnosis of PLSVC is incidentally found during routine left-sided central venous catheterizations. It is essential to characterize the pattern of cardiac venous return that places those patients at a risk for paradoxical embolic complications to the arterial system.