Human disturbance drives loss of soil organic matter and changes its stability and sources in mangroves.

Mangrove soils with high organic carbon (Corg) content are likely to contain Corg that is vulnerable to remineralization during land use changes. Mangrove conversion to different land uses might deplete soil Corg stocks causing variable carbon dioxide emissions, but the extent of these emissions and the fraction of soil Corg (i.e., labile or stable/recalcitrant) that is mostly lost is poorly understood. Here, we study mangrove soil Corg degradability and its susceptibility to mineralization after mangrove disturbance. We measured changes in soil properties, organic matter (OM) stability and Corg pools and sources across a mangrove disturbance gradient (i.e., pristine forests, degraded mangroves receiving domestic sewage and shrimp farm effluents, and shrimp ponds). Results showed that the conversion of mangroves to shrimp ponds caused the most severe changes in soil properties, OM and Corg characteristics. Shrimp pond soils contained the lowest OM-Corg pools, consisted mostly of stable OM (i.e., recalcitrant and refractory; 36.0 ± 5.7% of the total OM) and enriched δ13Corg (-22.6 ± 2.7‰). Conversely, control mangrove soils had the largest OM-Corg pools consisting of a large unstable OM fraction (i.e., labile; 46.4 ± 4.2%) and lighter δ13Corg (-26.8 ± 0.4‰) being characteristic of Corg from a mangrove origin. Conversion of mangroves to shrimp ponds and its degradation by shrimp farm and domestic sewage effluents caused a loss of 97%, 61%, and 35% of soil Corg stocks in the upper meter, representing potential emissions of ~1200, 800, and 400 Mg CO2 ha-1, respectively. These losses were explained by enhanced OM mineralization of unstable fractions driven by the loss of the physico-chemical protection provided by fine-grained soils and vegetation cover. The differences in Corg stability among sites can be used to predict potential carbon dioxide produced during mineralization, hence aid at prioritizing areas for conservation, restoration or management.

Glycemic homeostasis and hepatic metabolism are modified in rats with global cerebral ischemia.

Cerebral ischemia-induced hyperglycemia has been reported to accentuate neurological damage following focal or global cerebral ischemia. Hyperglycemia found in rats following focal brain ischemia occurs in the first 24 h and has been claimed to be caused by increased liver gluconeogenesis and insulin resistance. However, liver gluconeogenesis and the mechanisms leading to hyperglycemia after global cerebral ischemia remain uncertain. This study investigated the glycemic homeostasis and hepatic metabolism in rats after transient four-vessel occlusion (4-VO)-induced global cerebral ischemia, an event that mimics to a certain degree the situation during cardiac arrest. Several metabolic fluxes were measured in perfused livers. Activities and mRNA expressions of hepatic glycolysis and glyconeogenesis rate-limiting enzymes were assessed as well as respiratory activity of hepatic isolated mitochondria. Global cerebral ischemia was associated with hyperglycemia and hyperinsulinemia 24 h after ischemia. Insulin resistance developed later and was prominent after the 5th day. Hepatic anabolism and catabolism were both modified in a complex and time-dependent way. Gluconeogenesis, ß-oxidation, ketogenesis and glycolysis were diminished at 24 h after ischemia. At 5 days after ischemia glycolysis had normalized, but gluconeogenesis, ketogenesis and ß-oxidation were accelerated. The overall metabolic modifications suggest that a condition of depressed metabolism was established in response to the new conditions generated by the cerebral global ischemia. Whether the modifications in the liver metabolism found in rats after the ischemic insult can be translated to individuals following global brain ischemia remains uncertain, but the results of this study are hoped to encourage further investigations.

Experimental fragmentation of pipe bombs with varying case thickness.

Among all the improvised explosive devices (IEDs) known, pipe bombs are one of the most popular devices used by terrorists. They are simple to use, easy to construct and materials are readily available. For this IED, fragmentation is the primary injury mechanism, which makes them a desirable weapon for terrorists aiming to inflict maximum human casualties. Although the investigation of fragmentation pattern is not novel, there is limited data available on pipe bombs performance in the open literature. Therefore, this research is looking at validating results in current literature, which showed limited repetition and weak experimental design so far; by trial with six pipe bombs with two different thickness (3 of each). The pipe bombs consisted of mild steel casing and aluminised ammonium nitrate as the explosive filler. Fragments were collected, with an average recovery of 72%, and measured regarding mass and velocity. The experiment results show a correlation between the pipe thickness and both the size and velocity of fragments.

A closed inline system for sample digestion using 70% hydrogen peroxide and UV radiation. Determination of lead in wine employing ETAAS.

This paper proposes a closed inline system for decomposition of wine, aiming at the determination of lead using electrothermal atomization atomic absorption spectrometry (ETAAS). The system is built using a 0.8 mm diameter PTFE tube, which is wrapped around an 8 W UV lamp. The sample in the presence of 70% hydrogen peroxide is circulated on an 8 W UV lamp at the flow rate of 1 mL min-1 for 45 min. Under these conditions, the carbon content varied from 10% to 2% for a red wine sample before and after digestion, respectively. The system has allowed the determination of lead in wine samples using the analytical line 283.306 nm in the presence of aluminum as the chemical modifier and pyrolysis and atomization temperatures of 800 and 1800 °C, respectively. Then, lead can be quantified employing the external calibration technique with limits of detection 0.27 and quantification 0.89 µg L-1, and characteristics mass of 18 pg. The precision expressed by relative standard deviation (RSD%) was 2.13%, calculated using six replicates of a digested solution of a wine sample with the lead content of 16.35 µg L-1. For evaluation of the accuracy method, two wine samples were analyzed simultaneously by the method proposed and also by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). A statistical test demonstrated no significant difference between the means obtained by these two techniques. Also, experiments involving addition/recovery tests confirmed the method's accuracy. The system was employed for digestion and determination of lead in four Brazilian wine samples. The lead content varied from 2.19 to 43.48 µg L-1.

Study on the anatomic relationship between the clavicle and the coracoid process using computed tomography scans of the shoulder.

BACKGROUND: The current trend in the treatment of acromioclavicular dislocations is to reconstruct the coracoclavicular ligaments by using transosseous tunnels in the coracoid process or in the clavicle, yet there is no definition as to the location of these. To study the anatomic relationship between the coracoid process and the clavicle, we made measurements to find a convergence point (cP) between them that has intraoperative applicability for creating transosseous tunnels. METHODS: We analyzed 74 computed tomography scans (40 female and 34 male patients). Measurements were taken in the axial and sagittal planes and obtained from a cP, as determined by the intersection of the cortical surface of the clavicle and the coracoid process, with various relationships having been established. RESULTS: On average, the cP was determined to be about 2.9 cm and 2.5 cm distant from the coracoid process apex for male and female patients, respectively, whereas the width at this position was determined to be 2.1 cm and 1.9 cm. In the clavicle, this point is on average 2.9 cm and 2.5 cm distant from the acromioclavicular joint in male and female patients, respectively, and its anteroposterior width at this point is on average 1.9 cm and 1.6 cm. CONCLUSION: The cP of the clavicle and the coracoid process was determined with the aim of preparing bone tunnels in operations for treating acromioclavicular dislocations.

Arthroscopic double-locked stitch: a new technique for suturing rotator cuff tears.

There are a number of reasons for failed rotator cuff tear repair. In such cases the suture-tendon interface seems to be the most vulnerable area, especially when tendon degeneration is present. We describe a new technique, the arthroscopic double-locked suture, that increases the tendon fixation and has the added benefit of being placed parallel to the blood vessels, therefore avoiding damage to the tendon vascularization. The suture may be achieved by use of knots or knotless anchors and suture passers, without the need for any additional instrumentation. The new technique is especially helpful in cases in which the tendon is retracted and degeneration is present, impeding the use of the double-row technique or its transosseous equivalents.

High prevalence of orofacial complaints in patients with fibromyalgia: a case-control study.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to investigate the orofacial complaints and characteristics of patients with fibromyalgia syndrome (FS) compared with controls. STUDY DESIGN: We evaluated 25 patients diagnosed with FS compared with 25 gender- and age-matched controls by using a detailed clinical protocol for orofacial pain diagnosis and dental examination. RESULTS: FS patients had a higher frequency of temporomandibular disorders (TMD), masticatory complaints, pain with mandibular movements, and pain upon palpation of the head and neck area. There were no significant differences related to the dental exam. CONCLUSIONS: Orofacial complaints including TMD may be present either as symptoms of FS or as a comorbidity associated with this condition. A comprehensive evaluation of patients with FS is necessary to identify the need for specific treatments for orofacial complaints. Future studies, especially those with longitudinal design, should clarify whether a cause-effect relationship exists between orofacial complaints and fibromyalgia.

Comparison between the acromion index and rotator cuff tears in the Brazilian and Japanese populations.

BACKGROUND: We compared the acromion index, a lateral tilt of the acromion described by Nyffeler et al as a possible cause of rotator cuff tears (RCTs), in 2 different populations: Brazilian and Japanese. METHODS: Patients with full-thickness RCTs diagnosed by magnetic resonance imaging and corroborated by intraoperative findings were included in this study. Controls were patients with shoulder radiographs that indicated instability or adhesive capsulitis. The studied population was subdivided into 2 major racial groups: Brazilian and Japanese. We compared 83 Brazilian adults (mean age, 54 years) with RCTs with 28 individuals with intact rotator cuffs matched by sex, age, and race. Similarly, 112 Japanese individuals (mean age, 59 years) with RCTs were compared with 56 controls. The radiographic images were digitally scanned (HP DeskJet F4180; Hewlett-Packard, Palo Alto, CA, USA) and analyzed. RESULTS: The mean acromion index of the Brazilian patients with RCTs was 0.72; 0.68 was the result for the Japanese patients. When patients with RCTs were compared with those with intact rotator cuffs, a statistically significant difference was found in the Brazilian population (P = .001) but not in the Japanese population (P = .18). Therefore, Brazilian subjects with RCTs were found to have a greater lateral extension of the acromion than those with intact rotator cuffs. Such a difference, however, was not observed in the Japanese population. CONCLUSION: The acromion index can be used as a predictive factor for RCTs in the Brazilian population but not in the Japanese population.

Xerostomia and salivary flow in patients with orofacial pain compared with controls.

OBJECTIVES: Pain in the orofacial region is frequently reported by patients in dental and medical offices. Facial pain, headache, masticatory abnormalities and other complaints often become chronic and may be associated with local disturbances, such as xerostomia and teeth abnormalities. The objective of this study was to investigate salivary flow and xerostomia in patients with orofacial pain. DESIGN: This was a case-control study; we evaluated 82 patients with chronic orofacial pain compared with 56 healthy subjects using a Clinical Pain Questionnaire (pain characteristics, duration, intensity and descriptors), complete dental examination (including static and dynamic evaluation of the jaw) and a Xerostomia Inventory. The salivary flow was quantitatively evaluated. Data was compared through Pearson's chi-square, Fisher's exact, analysis of variance (ANOVA) 1 factor and Mann-Whitney tests. RESULTS: Patients often had temporomandibular disorder (TMD) (P=0.001) and pain during facial (P<0.001) and neck palpation (P=0.002). There were no differences in dental examination or other structural aspects of the jaw between the groups. There were more complaints associated with xerostomia in the study group, including burning sensation in the oral mucosa (P=0.003), in the throat (P=0.035) and in the stomach (P=0.050). Patients had lower salivary flow (P=0.008). CONCLUSIONS: Orofacial pain patients need to be evaluated with regard to their salivary function, which was often found abnormal in this sample and may have contributed to the complaints of these patients. Assessing salivary flow and xerostomia may help in the treatment of chronic orofacial pain.

Avaliação do resultado do tratamento da capsulite adesiva de ombro com bloqueios seriados do nervo supraescapular / Treatment of frozen shoulder by supraescapular nerve block. Outcome evaluation

Objetivo: Avaliar 136 pacientes (144 ombros) com capsulite adesiva tratados no período de junho de 1994 a fevereiro de 2000 pela técnica dos bloqueios seriados do nervo supraescapular. Método: Analisamos os pacientes em relação à faixa etária, sexo, dominância e classificação, sendo os resultados obtidos com o tratamento avaliados de acordo com critérios da UCLA. O seguimento médio foi de 39 meses. Resultados: Obtivemos resultados satisfatórios em 84,0% (121 ombros) e melhora da dor em 91,7% (132 ombros). Avaliamos os pacientes diabéticos com capsulite adesiva, não sendo notada diferença estatisticamente significativa na gravidade de acometimento destes com relação à população geral do nosso trabalho. Conclusão: O tratamento da capsulite adesiva com bloqueios seriados do nervo supraescapular se mostrou eficaz não apenas nos pacientes não diabéticos como também nos diabéticos.

A liquid chromatographic method optimization for the assessment of low and high molar mass carbonyl compounds in wines.

Carbonyl compounds (CC) play an important role in beverage aroma since they may affect flavor of wines, brandies, and beers, among others. For this reason, it is necessary to identify and quantify CC through adequate analytical techniques. This study is a proposal of both developing and optimization of a new analytical methodology that allows investigate C(1)-C(8 )CC in wines simultaneously by quantifying even those ones that are predominantly present in the adduct form hydroxylalkylsulfonic acids (HASA). The HASA dissociation is undertaken by specific alkaline media (pH 11). The developed methodology employed the LC with UV/VIS detection (lambda = 365 nm) technique under gradient elution in the way to reach both free-CC and bound-CC quantification. Results showed that binary gradient system using eluent A (MeOH/ACN/H(2)O 74.5:0.5:25% v/v/v) and eluent B (MeOH) reached the best separation condition of both lower and higher molecular mass CC. This proposed method allowed simultaneous quantification of formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, propanone, furfuraldehyde, butyraldehyde, benzaldehyde, hexanaldehyde, 2-ethyl-hexanaldehyde, E-pent-2-en-1-al, and cyclohexanone--all of them were found in white wine (Moscato Canelli) and red wine (Shiraz) produced in the São Francisco Valley, in the Northeastern Region of Brazil--although this optimized method may probably be suitable for quantification of propionaldehyde, isobutyraldehyde, heptanaldehyde, octanaldehyde, benzaldehyde, and E-hex-2-en-1-al as well. We could not prove if this method is also able to determine the latter CC group since we have not found these substances present in detectable levels in our real samples considered in this study.

Treatment of distal clavicle fractures using an arthroscopic technique.

Whenever indicated, distal clavicle fractures can be treated with a double loop of a nonabsorbable, #5 suture around the clavicle and under the coracoid. We developed an all arthroscopic technique to perform this procedure. From January to September 2004, 7 patients were treated. The mean age was 46 years. The coracoid is identified through the rotator interval. Using a special needle, a double #5 suture is passed around the coracoid. A hole is created at the clavicle and, through another guide wire, is sent to the anterior portal. The double #5 suture is transported to the clavicle. After the reduction of the fracture the sutures are tightened. All 7 cases have healed. The surgical treatment of these fractures is well established, and with the aid of arthroscopy, the morbidity can be decreased. The technique has been shown to be safe with no complications.

Evaluation of the formation and stability of hydroxyalkylsulfonic acids in wines.

The presence of carbonyl compounds (CCs) in wines has sparked the interest of researchers in several countries. The quantification of some of these compounds has been used as a parameter of quality for many fermented beverages. Although present in minute quantities (except for acetaldehyde), they have a strong olfactory impact. In addition, the CCs found in wines have a strong affinity for bisulfite and can form stable adducts, which will also interfere in the characteristics of aroma. The greatest challenge, however, is to predict which CCs have the strongest affinity for S(IV) and what conditions favor this interaction. To better understand the reaction of CC-bisulfite adduct formation (HASA), this study has evaluated the profile of 22 CCs in a "synthetic wine" containing bisulfite and in 10 real samples of different wines from the São Francisco Valley, northeastern Brazil. On the basis of principal component analysis (PCA) and dissociation constants, the results revealed that aliphatic aldehydes form adducts with S(IV), whereas ketones, cyclic aldehydes, and trans-alkenes interact weakly and are found predominantly in their free form. These results revealed also that pH 10 and 11 were defined as the most appropriate for CC-SO 2 adduct dissociation, and the total CCs were quantified reliably.

Influence of ultrasonic waves in the reduction of nitrate to nitrite by hydrazine-Cu(II).

Colorimetric methods are still important for determining nitrate and nitrite. A critical step in the use of these methods to determine nitrate in low concentrations is the reaction time required to totally reduce nitrate to nitrite, i.e., 24h in the dark. This work involved a study of the influence of ultrasonic irradiation on the nitrate reduction reaction by hydrazine. Our findings indicated that ultrasonic irradiation, associated with copper(II) ion as a catalyst, increased the redox reaction rate, decreasing the reaction time to about 10min when the power of the ultrasonic irradiation was set in 14.0357W. The strong influence of the ultrasonic irradiation in the reduction reaction rates can be sustained by an excellent linear correlation (R(2)=0.9993) between the kinetic constants and ultrasonic powers. Nitrate conversion also increased from 68% to 98% at the latter conditions. It thus become clear that high intensity ultrasound is very beneficial for this reduction reaction to proceed in good yield and in short reaction time in comparison to its silent reaction.

Consolidação em varo do terço proximal do úmero: resultados da osteotomia valgizante / Varus healing of humerus proximal third: results of valgus osteotomy

Objetivo: Avaliar os resultados dos pacientes submetidos à osteotomia valgizante do terço proximal do úmero mpregada no tratamento das consolidações viciosas em varo em pacientes que se queixavam de dor e limitação da levação do ombro. Métodos: Foram avaliados retrospectivamente oito pacientes submetidos à osteotomia valgizante, fixada com placa PFS 80, entre abril de 1996 e maio de 2003, operados pelo Grupo de Ombro e Cotovelo do Departamento de Ortopedia e Traumatologia da Santa Casa de São Paulo. Resultados: Foram satisfatórios em cinco casos e insatisfatórios em três, segundo os critérios da University of California at Los Angeles (VCLA). Conclusão: A osteotomia valgizante reduz a dor e melhora o grau de elevação do ombro, devido ao aumento do espaço subacromial.

Avaliação dos resultados obtidos na reparação artroscópica das lesões do manguito rotador / Results evaluation of arthroscopic repair of rotator cuff injuries

A indicação do tratamento cirúrgico das lesões do manguito rotador (LMR) está bem estabelecida, permanecendo a discussão quanto à melhor abordagem: via aberta, miniincisão ou via artroscópica. O objetivo deste trabalho é analisar os resultados do reparo das LMR por via artroscópica. Entre abril de 1994 e agosto de 2002,141 pacientes foram submetidos a reparo artroscópico de LMR, no Grupo de Ombro e Cotovelo do Departamento de Ortopedia e Traumatologia da Faculdade de Ciências Médicas da Santa Casa de São Paulo; todos eles foram acompanhados e puderam ser reavaliados num período médio de 27 meses. A média de idade dos pacientes era de 58 anos. Utilizando-se o critério de avaliação da UCLA, observou-se que dos 141 pacientes reavaliados, em 71 por cento o resultado foi excelente, em 22,7 por cento foi bom e em 6,3 por cento, insatisfatório. Com este estudo os autores concluem: 1) O tratamento da LMR por via artroscópica leva a resultados satisfatórios na grande maioria dos casos, não sendo o tamanho da LMR, a retração do coto tendinoso ou a degeneração gordurosa muscular contra-indicações para tal procedimento; 2) A artroscopia possibilita o diagnóstico e tratamento de lesões associadas, mínimo trauma tecidual e preservação do músculo deltóide

Luxação anterior recidivante do ombro e lesão do manguito rotator em pacientes acima dos 40 anos / Recurring anterior shoulder dislocation and rotator cuff lesion in patients above 40 years old

A luxação anterior recidivante do ombro (LARO) em pacientes com idade superior a 40 anos pode estar associada à lesão do manguito rotador (LMR). Quando isso ocorre, o tratamento cirúrgico desses pacientes deve incluir a reparação da LMR, pois, além de promover déficit funcional, esta pode ser responsável pela permanência da instabilidade. Entre julho de 1992 e outubro de 2001, 15 pacientes com LARO e idade superior a 40 anos foram submetidos ao tratamento pelo Grupo de Ombro e Cotovelo do Departamento de Ortopedia e Traumatologia da Irmandade da Santa Casa de Misericórdia de São Paulo -"Pavilhão Fernandinho Simonsen". Dos 15 pacientes, 13 foram reavaliados com seguimento médio de 44,2 meses. A reparação da LMR foi conseguida em 11 (84,9 por cento) dos casos e em dois eram irreparáveis. A lesão de Bankart, encontrada em seis pacientes (46,2 por cento), também foi reparada. Utilizando o método de avaliação da UCLA, houve 61,5 por cento (oito pacientes) de resultados satisfatórios. A persistência do teste de apreensão para instabilidade anterior foi verificada em um paciente (7,7 por cento). Os autores concluem que, em indivíduos com idade superior a 40 anos e com quadro de LARO, a reparação da LMR, quando possível, deve ser realizada como parte do tratamento

Biceps tenodesis associated with arthroscopic repair of rotator cuff tears.

Associated lesions of the biceps tendon are commonly found during arthroscopic repair of rotator cuff tears. These lesions are treated with tenodesis, classically performed through an open approach. However, it seems reasonable to seek a single approach to correct both lesions; therefore, we have proposed a new arthroscopic technique that allows an exclusive arthroscopic tenodesis by including the biceps tendon in the rotator cuff suture, a surgical technique with a single suture of the rotator cuff that includes the biceps tendon. We treated 97 shoulders in 96 patients arthroscopically for complete rotator cuff tears. Of these shoulders, 15 required tenodesis for treatment of biceps tendon lesions. Through an arthroscopic approach, a subacromial decompression followed by a rotator cuff repair was carried out in association with a biceps tenodesis. In this technique, one limb of the suture was passed through the biceps tendon, and the other was passed through the rotator cuff tear, bringing both tissues together in the final suture. Of the patients, 9 were men and 5 were women. Their mean age was 71 years (range, 41-80 years). The dominant arm was affected in all patients. Postoperative evaluation, by use of the UCLA score, after a mean follow-up period of 32.4 months showed satisfactory results in 93.4% of patients: 11 had excellent results, 3 had good results, and only 1 had an unsatisfactory result. In this case a postoperative magnetic resonance imaging scan showed an intact rotator cuff and biceps tenodesis. The suture involving the rotator cuff and the biceps tendon proved effective to correct both lesions, with the main advantage being that an additional approach was not required.

Tratamento das fraturas do terço proximal do úmero com a prótese parcial Eccentra® / Treatment of proximal third of humerus fractures with Eccentra® partial prosthesis

O tratamento das fraturas graves do terço proximal do úmero pela artroplastia parcial leva, segundo a literatura, a resultados funcionais limitados. Com o objetivo de tentar melhorar esses resultados, um modelo de prótese que permite melhor reconstrução da anatomia do terço proximal do úmero foi desenvolvido e foi chamada de Eccentra. Entre fevereiro de 1996 e julho de 2000, 54 ombros de 53 pacientes com fraturas graves do terço proximal do úmero foram submetidos a artroplastia parcial. Desses, foram reavaliados 42 ombros de 41 pacientes, com segui- mento médio de 26 meses. A idade dos pacientes na época da lesão foi, em média, de 65 anos. Pelo sistema de pontuação da UCLA, observaram-se 40 por cento de excelentes e bons resultados e 60 por cento de resultados insatisfatórios, semelhantes aos descritos na literatura. Observaram-se também 10 por cento de complicações. Os autores concluem que a artroplastia parcial para o tratamento das fraturas graves do terço proximal do úmero leva a resultados satisfatórios no que se refere à dor e satisfação dos pacientes, e que a utilização do implante modular, especialmente desenhado para o tratamento dessas fraturas, aliada a uma técnica de sutura dos tubérculos mais eficiente, pode melhorar esses resultados

O impacto do diagnóstico citológico de atipias indeterminadas no sistema público de saúde / The impact of cytological diagnosis of undetermined atypias in public health system

Introdução: as alterações citológicas, de significado indeterminado representam uma importante limitação diagnóstica nos programas de escrutíneo de lesões cérvico-vaginais. A introdução de métodos biomoleculares, como o sistema de captura híbrida para detecção de HPV de alto risco contribui para a otimização da conduta clínica dessas pacientes, indicando colposcopia com precisão. Objetivo: avaliar o significado de lesões de significado indeterminado com relação à infecção pelo HPV, com o uso do teste de DNA para HPV com o método da captura de híbridos II. Métodos: foram estudadas amostras de 236 casos consecutivos examinados no laboratório da DIGENE-BRASIL, de pacientes com diagnóstico citológico prévio de ASCUS. As amostras foram submetidas ao teste de captura híbrida para identificação de DNA-HPV dc alto e baixo riscos. Resultados: dos 236 casos analisados, 183 (77,5 por cento) foram negativos para o teste de captura híbrida, seis (2,6 por cento) foram positivos para HPV de baixo risco e 47 (19,9 por cento) foram positivos para HPV de alto risco. Conclusão: as amostras positivas para HPV de baixo risco representam uma pequena e não-considerável minoria de casos, provavelmente, transientes. Cerca de 20 por cento dos casos foram positivos para HPV de alto risco e deverão ser encaminhados à colposcopia e biópsia, se necessário. Esses casos representam um grande potencial de progressão para lesões cervicais