Vaccinia virus infection in monkeys, Brazilian Amazon.

To detect orthopoxvirus in the Brazilian Amazon, we conducted a serosurvey of 344 wild animals. Neutralizing antibodies against orthopoxvirus were detected by plaque-reduction neutralizing tests in 84 serum samples. Amplicons from 6 monkey samples were sequenced. These amplicons identified vaccinia virus genetically similar to strains from bovine vaccinia outbreaks in Brazil.

Human Vaccinia virus and Pseudocowpox virus co-infection: clinical description and phylogenetic characterization.

BACKGROUND: Occupational exanthematic diseases represent an important cause of public health impact and economical losses. Among the viral exanthematic diseases, two caused by poxviruses are noteworthy: the bovine vaccinia (BV), caused by the Vaccinia virus (VACV); and the milker's nodule, in which the agent is the Pseudocowpox virus (PCPV). Both agents are zoonotic and have been associated with several cases of bovine infection. In Brazilian rural areas BV has been highly prevalent, particularly in milk herds. Farmers, milkers and their close contacts developed lesions on the hands, forearms, legs and face accompanied by several systemic symptoms. Although VACV and PCPV present with similar epidemiological and transmission patterns, no VACV and PCPV co-infection cases have to date been described. OBJECTIVES: To describe the first case of zoonotic VACV and PCVP co-infection, based on serological and molecular methods. STUDY DESIGN AND RESULTS: In this work we report a case of a Brazilian rural worker who presented with a large severely ulcerated-pustule skin lesion, associated with fever, headache, malaise, myalgia and axillary, inguinal and cervical limphadenopathy. The worker declared occupational contact with cattle that had notable injuries on their teats. Human and bovine clinical samples were collected and submitted to serological and molecular tests. PCR and phylogenetic analysis revealed the presence of VACV DNA and PCPV DNA in the patient's lesion. Serological tests indicated anti-VACV neutralizing antibodies and molecular assays showed the presence of VACV and PCPV DNA in the patient sera. VACV and PCPV also were detected in dairy cattle. CONCLUSION: Together, these results indicate a case of zoonotic VACV/PCPV co-infection. Epidemiological surveillance and appropriate medical treatment are essential for the control of both diseases, especially in the most severe cases, as described in the present study.

One more piece in the VACV ecological puzzle: could peridomestic rodents be the link between wildlife and bovine vaccinia outbreaks in Brazil?

BACKGROUND: Despite the fact that smallpox eradication was declared by the World Health Organization (WHO) in 1980, other poxviruses have emerged and re-emerged, with significant public health and economic impacts. Vaccinia virus (VACV), a poxvirus used during the WHO smallpox vaccination campaign, has been involved in zoonotic infections in Brazilian rural areas (Bovine Vaccinia outbreaks - BV), affecting dairy cattle and milkers. Little is known about VACV's natural hosts and its epidemiological and ecological characteristics. Although VACV was isolated and/or serologically detected in Brazilian wild animals, the link between wildlife and farms has not yet been elucidated. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: In this study, we describe for the first time, to our knowledge, the isolation of a VACV (Mariana virus - MARV) from a mouse during a BV outbreak. Genetic data, in association with biological assays, showed that this isolate was the same etiological agent causing exanthematic lesions observed in the cattle and human inhabitants of a particular BV-affected area. Phylogenetic analysis grouped MARV with other VACV isolated during BV outbreaks. CONCLUSION/SIGNIFICANCE: These data provide new biological and epidemiological information on VACV and lead to an interesting question: could peridomestic rodents be the link between wildlife and BV outbreaks?

Nested-multiplex PCR detection of Orthopoxvirus and Parapoxvirus directly from exanthematic clinical samples.

BACKGROUND: Orthopoxvirus (OPV) and Parapoxvirus (PPV) have been associated with worldwide exanthematic outbreaks. Some species of these genera are able to infect humans and domestic animals, causing serious economic losses and public health impact. Rapid, useful and highly specific methods are required to detect and epidemiologically monitor such poxviruses. In the present paper, we describe the development of a nested-multiplex PCR method for the simultaneous detection of OPV and PPV species directly from exanthematic lesions, with no previous viral isolation or DNA extraction. METHODS AND RESULTS: The OPV/PPV nested-multiplex PCR was developed based on the evaluation and combination of published primer sets, and was applied to the detection of the target pathogens. The method showed high sensitivity, and the specificity was confirmed by amplicon sequencing. Exanthematic lesion samples collected during bovine vaccinia or contagious ecthyma outbreaks were submitted to OPV/PPV nested-multiplex PCR and confirmed its applicability. CONCLUSION: These results suggest that the presented multiplex PCR provides a highly robust and sensitive method to detect OPV and PPV directly from clinical samples. The method can be used for viral identification and monitoring, especially in areas where OPV and PPV co-circulate.