Cost of treatment failure: Medicare spending on stroke for atrial fibrillation patients not receiving anticoagulation.

BACKGROUND: It is well known that atrial fibrillation (AF) patients not receiving anticoagulants are at higher risk of Ischemic Stroke (IS). OBJECTIVE: Our objective is to estimate how much the Medicare program spends during one-year treating a Medicare beneficiary (MB) with AF who were not being anticoagulated prior to or during their IS hospitalization. METHODS: This cross-sectional study population consisted of all MBs in the fee-for-service program who were discharged from a hospitalization for IS having AF during 2018. Patients were excluded for a prior history of stroke or already receiving long-term anticoagulants. Medicare spending was defined as paid claims during the index hospitalization and all facility claims that began within 12-months of the index hospital discharge date even if admission occurred in 2019. RESULTS: The final sample was 50,509 MBs. Average Medicare Part A spending per beneficiary was $46,867 ± $49,212, for a total of nearly $2.5 billion. Highest average spending per MB was for hospital services $25,848, of which $15,790 ± $20,984 occurred during the index hospitalization, and $10,058 ± $21,956 for rehospitalization. The Medicare program average MB spending included $8131 ± $14,979 at skilled nursing facilities, $5538 ± $12,739 at rehabilitation facilities, and $3056 ± $7495 for outpatient facilities or emergency departments. CONCLUSION: MBs with AF who are not treated with anticoagulants and then suffer an ischemic stroke result in one-year Medicare Part A program spending of approximately $47,000 per person compared to an average spending of approximately $12,800 per beneficiary in the Medicare program in 2018 [1]. Identification and anticoagulation treatment in AF could result in significant healthcare savings.

Does Hospital Teaching Status Matter? Impact of Hospital Teaching Status on Pattern and Incidence of 90-day Readmissions After Primary Total Hip Arthroplasty.

BACKGROUND: Given financial and clinical implications of readmissions after total hip arthroplasty (THA) and the potential for varied expenditures related to a hospital's teaching status, this study sought to characterize 90-day hospital readmission patterns and assess likelihood of readmission based on teaching designation of a Medicare beneficiaries' (MB's) index THA hospital. METHODS: Retrospective analysis of 2016-2018 Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services-linked data identified primary THA hospitalizations and readmissions within 90 days. Hospitals were categorized as teaching or nonteaching (Council of Teaching Hospitals and Health Systems). Chi-squared analysis and Fisher exact test assessed differences between readmission hospitals and the index hospital teaching status. Multivariate logistic regression models estimated risk-adjusted probability of experiencing at least one 90-day readmission. RESULTS: Analysis identified 433,959 index THA admissions with an all-cause 90-day readmission rate of 9.12%. Most readmissions were to the same hospital regardless of index THA hospital teaching status (67.5% index teaching; 68.2% index nonteaching). Crossover in hospital teaching status from the index procedure to readmission location was more common for those with index THA at a teaching hospital (18.9%) than for MBs with index THA performed at a nonteaching hospital (6.2%). Controlling for patient characteristics, no significant relationship was found between 90-day readmission and index hospital teaching status (odds ratio 0.98, confidence interval 0.947-1.011). CONCLUSIONS: Overall, while certain patterns of readmission after the index THA were observed, after controlling for patient characters and comorbidities, there was no significant association between 90-day all-cause readmission and index hospital teaching status.

Understanding Readmissions in Medicare Beneficiaries During the 90-Day Follow-Up Period of an Acute Myocardial Infarction Admission.

Background Medicare has a voluntary episodic payment model for Medicare beneficiaries that bundles payment for the index acute myocardial infarction (AMI) hospitalization and all post-discharge services for a 90-day follow-up period. The purpose of this study is to report on the types and frequency of readmissions and identify demographic and clinical factors associated with readmission of Medicare beneficiaries that survived their AMI hospitalization. Methods and Results This retrospective study used the Inpatient Standard Analytical File for 2014. There were 143 286 Medicare beneficiaries with AMI who were discharged alive from 3619 hospitals. All readmissions occurring in any hospital within 90 days of the index AMI discharge date were identified. Of 143 286 Medicare beneficiaries discharged alive from their index AMI hospitalization, 28% (40 145) experienced at least 1 readmission within 90 days and 8% (11 477) had >1 readmission. Readmission rates were higher among Medicare beneficiaries who did not undergo a percutaneous coronary intervention in their index AMI admission (34%) compared with those that underwent a percutaneous coronary intervention (20.2%). Using all Medicare beneficiary's index AMI, 27 comorbid conditions were significantly associated with the likelihood of a Medicare beneficiary having a readmission during the follow-up period. The strongest clinical characteristics associated with readmissions were dialysis dependence, type 1 diabetes mellitus, and heart failure. Conclusions This study provides benchmark information on the types of hospital readmissions Medicare beneficiaries experience during a 90-day AMI bundle. This paper also suggests that interventions are needed to alleviate the need for readmissions in high-risk populations, such as, those managed medically and those at risk of heart failure.

Impact of Complications on Resource Utilization During 90-Day Coronary Artery Bypass Graft Bundle for Medicare Beneficiaries.

BACKGROUND: The study reports the impact of adverse events during the index coronary artery bypass graft surgery (CABG) on Medicare reimbursement for the index hospitalization and a 90-day follow-up period. METHODS: This retrospective study used 2014 Medicare claims files for hospitals, skilled nursing services, rehabilitation facilities, long-term care facilities, home health services, and outpatient visits. The study sample is 37,106 Medicare beneficiaries that survived an index CABG in a US hospital during the first three quarters of 2014. Adverse events included acute renal failure, new onset hemodialysis, postoperative respiratory failure, any infection (postoperative infection, or sepsis), postoperative shock and hemorrhage, postoperative stroke, and reoperation during index hospitalization. RESULTS: Total average Medicare reimbursement for all services consumed during index CABG hospitalization and the 90-day postdischarge period was $42,063 ± $23,284. The index CABG hospitalization accounted for $32,544 ± $14,406, 77.4% of the bundle. Medicare beneficiaries having at least one adverse event had significantly higher total average Medicare reimbursement by $15,941 ($54,280 versus $38,339) for the bundle compared with Medicare beneficiaries not having an adverse event. The risk-adjusted incremental Medicare reimbursement for the entire 90-day bundle exceeded $20,000 for four adverse events: new-onset hemodialysis, $33,250; septicemia, $32,063; postoperative stroke, $24,117; and postoperative infection, $23,801. CONCLUSIONS: Medicare beneficiaries who have adverse events during their index CABG hospitalization will significantly affect that hospital's financial risk. The challenge under the voluntary CABG bundled payment program will be to monitor and reduce adverse events and manage the services consumed by Medicare beneficiaries having adverse events delivered at all the venues of care.

Trends in Aortic Valve Replacement Procedures Between 2009 and 2015: Has Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement Made a Difference?

BACKGROUND: This study reports trends in volume and adverse events associated with isolated aortic valve procedures performed in Medicare beneficiaries between 2009 and 2015. METHODS: This retrospective study used the annual fiscal year Medicare Provider Analysis and Review file to identify all Medicare beneficiaries undergoing an isolated aortic valve procedure. Outcome measures included three mortality rates and nine in-hospital adverse events. The final study population consisted of 233,660 hospitalizations. RESULTS: During the study period, Medicare beneficiaries undergoing an aortic valve procedure increased from 22,076 to 49,362, for an average annual growth rate of 14.45%. Transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR) procedures per 100,000 Medicare beneficiaries grew from 10.7 in 2012 to 41.1 in 2015. Overall, in-hospital mortality rates, cumulative 30-day mortality rates, and 90-day postdischarge mortality rates declined annually during the study period. However, the 90-day mortality rate for TAVR was nearly double the rate for the tissue surgical aortic valve replacement group. Nearly 68% of Medicare beneficiaries experienced at least one in-hospital adverse event during their index hospitalization. Medicare beneficiaries undergoing TAVR had the lowest observed adverse events rates among the aortic valve procedures in 2015. CONCLUSIONS: The total number of Medicare beneficiaries undergoing isolated aortic valve procedures increased from 47.5 to 88.9 per 100,000 Medicare beneficiaries during the study period. Aortic valve procedures increased significantly during this study period primarily due to the increase in TAVR, with clinical outcomes improving as well. Although long-term outcomes of TAVR are still under investigation, these results are promising.

Incremental Hospital Cost and Length-of-stay Associated With Treating Adverse Events Among Medicare Beneficiaries Undergoing Cervical Spinal Fusion During Fiscal Year 2013 and 2014.

STUDY DESIGN: A retrospective study. OBJECTIVE: To report the incremental hospital resources consumed with treating adverse events experienced by Medicare beneficiaries undergoing a two or three vertebrae level cervical spinal fusion. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA: Hospitals are increasingly at financial risk for patients experiencing adverse events due "pay for performance." Little is known about incremental resources consumed when treating patients who experienced an adverse event after cervical spinal fusions. METHODS: Fiscal years 2013 and 2014 Medicare Provider Analysis and Review file was used to identify 86,265 beneficiaries who underwent 2 or 3 vertebrae level cervical spinal fusion. International Classification of Diseases 9th Clinical Modification diagnostic and procedure codes were used to identify 10 adverse events. This study estimated both the observed and risk-adjusted incremental hospital resources consumed (cost [2014 US $] and length-of-stay) in treating beneficiaries experiencing each adverse event. RESULTS: Overall, 6.2% of beneficiaries undergoing cervical spinal fusion experienced at least one of the study's adverse events. Beneficiaries experiencing any complication consumed significantly more hospital resources (incremental cost of $28,638) and had longer length-of-stay (incremental stays of 9.1 days). After adjusting for patient demographics and comorbid conditions, incremental cost of treating adverse events ranged from $42,358 (infection) to $10,100 (dural tear). CONCLUSION: Adverse events frequently occur and add substantially to the hospital costs of patients undergoing cervical spinal fusion. Shared decision-making instruments should clearly provide these risk estimates to the patient before surgical consideration. Investment in activities that have been shown to reduce specific adverse events is warranted, and this study may allow health systems to prioritize performance improvement areas. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: 3.

Incremental Hospital Cost and Length-of-Stay Associated With Treating Adverse Events Among Medicare Beneficiaries Undergoing Lumbar Spinal Fusion During Fiscal Year 2013.

STUDY DESIGN: A retrospective study. OBJECTIVES: To report the incremental hospital resource consumption associated with treating selected adverse events experienced by Medicare beneficiaries undergoing a two- or three-level lumbar spinal fusion. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA: Hospitals are increasingly at financial risk for the incremental resources consumed in treating patients experiencing adverse events because of public and private third-party payers' efforts to base hospital reimbursement on "pay for performance" measures. However, little is known about average incremental resources consumed in treating patients experiencing adverse events following lumbar spinal fusions. METHODS: The 2013 fiscal year Medicare Provider Analysis and Review file was used to identify 83,658 Medicare beneficiaries who underwent two- or three vertebrae-level lumbar spinal fusion. International Classification of Diseases-9th-Clinical Modification diagnostic and procedure codes were used to identify the frequencies of nine adverse events. This study estimated both the observed and risk-adjusted incremental hospital resources consumed (cost and length of stay [LOS]) in treating Medicare beneficiaries experiencing each adverse event. RESULTS: Overall, 17.7% of Medicare beneficiaries undergoing lumbar spinal fusion experienced at least one of the study's adverse events. Medicare beneficiaries experiencing any complication consumed significantly more hospital resources (incremental cost of $8911) and had longer LOS (incremental stays of 5.7 days). After adjusting for patient demographics and comorbid conditions, incremental cost of treating adverse events ranged from a high of $32,049 (infection) to a low of $9976 (transfusion). CONCLUSION: Adverse events frequently occur and add substantially to the hospital resource costs of patients undergoing spinal fusion. Shared decision-making instruments should clearly provide these risk estimates to the patient before surgical consideration. Investment in activities that have been shown to reduce specific adverse events is warranted, and this project may allow health systems to prioritize performance improvement areas. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: 3.

The Incremental Hospital Cost and Length-of-Stay Associated With Treating Adverse Events Among Medicare Beneficiaries Undergoing THA During Fiscal Year 2013.

This paper estimates the incremental hospital resource consumption associated with treating selected adverse events experienced by Medicare beneficiaries (MBs) undergoing total hip arthroplasty (THA). This retrospective study, using the Medicare Provider Analysis and Review file, identified 174,167 MBs who underwent THA in 2013. Overall, 20.16% of MB undergoing THA experienced at least one adverse event. MB experiencing any adverse event consumed significantly higher hospital cost ($3429) and had longer length of stays (1.0 day). The risk-adjusted incremental cost of treating adverse events ranged from a high of $27,116 (pneumonia) to a low of $2626 (hemorrhage or post-operative shock requiring transfusion). Most major adverse events occurred infrequently, however when adverse events occurred, they add substantially to the hospital resource costs of treating MB.

Trends in coronary revascularization procedures among Medicare beneficiaries between 2008 and 2012.

BACKGROUND: This study reports on the trends in the volume and outcomes of coronary revascularization procedures performed on Medicare beneficiaries between 2008 and 2012. METHODS AND RESULTS: This retrospective study identifies all Medicare beneficiaries undergoing a coronary revascularization procedure: coronary artery bypass graft surgery or percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) performed in either the nonadmission or inpatient setting. International Classification of Diseases, 9th Revision, Clinical Modification procedure codes (inpatient setting) and Current Procedural Terminology and Ambulatory Payment Classification codes (nonadmission) were used to identify revascularizations. The study population consists of 2,768,007 records. This study finds that the rapid growth in nonadmission PCIs performed on Medicare beneficiaries (60,405-106,495) has been more than offset by the decrease in PCI admissions (363,384-295,434) during the study period. There also were >18,000 fewer coronary artery bypass graft admissions in 2012 than in 2008. This study finds lower observed mortality rates (3.7%-3.2%) among Medicare beneficiaries undergoing any coronary artery bypass graft surgery and higher observed mortality rates (1.7%-1.9%) for Medicare beneficiaries undergoing any PCI encounter. This study also finds a growth in the number of facilities performing revascularization procedures during the study period: 268 (20.2%) more sites were performing nonadmission PCIs; 136 (8.2%) more sites were performing inpatient PCIs; and 19 (1.6%) more sites were performing coronary artery bypass graft surgery. CONCLUSIONS: The total number of revascularization procedures performed on Medicare beneficiaries peaked in 2010 and declined by >4% per year in 2011 and 2012. Observed mortality rates among all Medicare beneficiaries undergoing any coronary revascularization remained between 2.1% and 2.2% annually during the study period.

The incremental hospital cost and length-of-stay associated with treating adverse events among Medicare beneficiaries undergoing TKA.

This paper estimates the incremental hospital resource consumption associated with treating selected adverse events experienced by Medicare beneficiaries undergoing TKA. This retrospective study, using the Medicare Provider Analysis and Review file, identified 353,650 Medicare beneficiaries who underwent a primary TKA during 2011. Overall, 11.82% of Medicare beneficiaries (MBs) undergoing TKA experienced at least one of the study's adverse events. MBs experiencing any adverse event consumed significantly more unadjusted hospital resources ($3110 cost) and had longer stays (1.3 days). The risk-adjusting incremental cost of treating adverse events ranged between $30,902 (pneumonia) and $2167 (hemorrhage or post-operative shock requiring transfusion). Most major adverse events occur infrequently; however when an adverse event occurs following TKA, it adds substantially to hospital costs.

Trends in utilization and complications of catheter ablation for atrial fibrillation in Medicare beneficiaries.

BACKGROUND: Utilization of radiofrequency catheter ablation (RFA) for treatment of atrial fibrillation (AF) is increasing. Data regarding the safety of RFA for AF outside of selected centers of excellence and in older patients are limited. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to quantify utilization of RFA for treatment of AF and rates of adverse events over time in unselected U.S. Medicare patients. METHODS: Using Medicare Provider Analysis and Review (MedPAR) files for fiscal years 2001-2006, we developed a coding algorithm to identify AF patients treated with RFA. The number of hospitals performing the procedure, the number of procedures performed, and the frequency of eight RFA complications were determined. The impact of patient characteristics on complication rates was assessed using multivariable logistic regression. RESULTS: For fiscal years 2001 to 2006, the number of hospitals performing RFA for AF in Medicare patients increased from 100 to 162, and the annual total procedure volume increased from 315 to 1975 cases. The overall complication rate was 9.1%. Annual complication rates increased from 6.7% in 2001 to 10.1% in 2006 (P for trend = .01), mainly due to an increase in rates of vascular access complications. Increasing patient age was not associated with a higher complication rate. Hospital procedural volume was not associated with the overall risk of complications but was associated with the probability of in-hospital death. CONCLUSION: For fiscal years 2001-2006, use of RFA for treatment of AF increased markedly in the Medicare population. Overall complication rates rose during this time, with perforation/tamponade and vascular access complications accounting for the majority of events.

Sex differences in hospital risk-adjusted mortality rates for Medicare beneficiaries undergoing CABG surgery.

BACKGROUND: The primary purpose of this study was to rank US hospitals performing coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgery on Medicare beneficiaries into 4 performance tiers and determine if there were overall and sex-specific differences in the risk-adjusted mortality rates across performance tiers. METHODS: A retrospective analysis was done using a Medicare Provider Analysis and Review (MEDPAR) file of all Medicare beneficiaries who underwent CABG surgery without valve repair or replacement during fiscal years 2003 and 2004. Logistic regression models controlling for demographic characteristics, comorbidities, and cardiac risk factors were used to predict the probability of in-hospital mortality. Hospitals performing at least 52 CABG surgeries during a fiscal year (at least 17 female patients) were ranked into 4 tiers. Rankings were based on the number of lives saved, calculated as the expected number of risk-adjusted deaths minus the actual number of deaths in the hospital during each fiscal year. RESULTS: Average risk-adjusted mortality rate was stable and declining over the 2 years: 3.68% in 2003 and 3.61% in 2004. In 2004, the average risk-adjusted mortality rate ranged from 1.39% in tier 1 hospitals to 6.40% in tier 4 hospitals. The sex-specific mortality rate was consistently higher for women in all tiers, with the differential smallest (0.68%) in tier 1 hospitals and greatest (2.67%) in tier 4 hospitals. CONCLUSION: The sex differential increases from top- to bottom-tier hospitals, suggesting female beneficiaries could benefit from having CABG performed at tier 1 hospitals.

The frequency and cost of complications associated with coronary artery bypass grafting surgery: results from the United States Medicare program.

BACKGROUND: We estimate the incremental hospital resource consumption associated with treating selected complications experienced by Medicare beneficiaries undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG). METHODS: This retrospective study, using the Medicare Provider Analysis and Review file, identified 114,233 Medicare beneficiaries who survived CABG without concomitant valve repair during a hospitalization for fiscal year 2005. The frequencies of seven complications were determined: hemorrhage or postoperative shock, reoperation, postoperative adult respiratory distress syndrome, new-onset hemodialysis, postoperative stroke, postoperative infection and septicemia. The observed and adjusted incremental hospital resources consumed (cost and length-of-stay) in treating beneficiaries experiencing each of the selected complications were estimated. RESULTS: The mean cost of a hospitalization associated with a CABG procedure among Medicare beneficiaries was $32,201 +/- $23,059, and the mean length of stay was 9.9 +/- 7.8 days. After adjusting for patient demographics and comorbid conditions, the 13.64% of Medicare beneficiaries experiencing any of the study complications consumed significantly more hospital resources (incremental cost, $15,468) and had a longer length of stay (incremental stay, 5.3 days). CONCLUSIONS: Despite ongoing improvements in outcomes, major complications remain common after bypass grafting and add substantially to hospital costs for these procedures. These findings suggest that the potential cost savings of redirecting resources currently spent on treating complications will help make the "business case" for investing in patient safety initiatives and best practices guidelines shown to reduce selected complications.

Cardiovascular centers of excellence program: a system approach for improving the care and outcomes of cardiovascular patients at HCA hospitals.

BACKGROUND: A voluntary continuous quality improvement (CQI) effort, the cardiovascular Centers of Excellence (COE) program was implemented by HCA, Inc., to improve cardiovascular care in its hospital system. METHODS: The cardiovascular COE program targeted 165 hospitals that provide cardiovascular services in at least one major service area. Awards (unrestricted grants) provided hospitals with an incentive to participate. RESULTS: One hundred fifty-eight hospitals (95.8%) completed the entire 2005 cardiovascular COE program; five were identified as cardiovascular COE. The program developed three key CQI activities: (1) an ongoing Web-based survey to inventory, track, and verify evidence-based practices across all aspects of patient care, including clinical practices, leadership, communications, patient safety, and patient education; (2) quarterly benchmark reports tracking risk-adjusted outcomes and evidence-based practices; and (3) regularly scheduled educational programs presented by an interdisciplinary team in which lessons learned from an institution's successful, evidence-based, best-practice implementation were discussed. DISCUSSION: The COE program successfully encouraged facilities to proacrively investigate their evidence-based clinical standards and outcomes.

The frequency and incremental cost of major complications among medicare beneficiaries receiving implantable cardioverter-defibrillators.

OBJECTIVES: We aimed to quantify the frequency and nature of early complications after implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD) implantation in general practice, and estimate the incremental costs of those complications to the health care system. BACKGROUND: Cardioverter-defibrillator implantation rates are rising quickly. Little has been published regarding the outcomes and costs of these procedures in unselected populations. METHODS: Using Medicare Provider Analysis and Review (MedPAR) files, we identified 30,984 admissions containing procedure codes for new ICD or cardiac resynchronization therapy defibrillator implantation in fiscal year 2003. The frequencies of eight complicating diagnoses during these admissions were determined. Length of stay (LOS) and total hospital costs, derived using whole-hospital cost to charge ratios, were calculated for each admission. The incremental effects of any and each complication on LOS and hospital cost were estimated in multivariable models, adjusting for demographic factors and comorbid conditions. RESULTS: The mean cost for all admissions was 42,184 dollars (median 37,902 dollars) with mean LOS of 4.7 days (median 2.0 days). One or more complications were coded in 10.8% of admissions, most commonly "mechanical complication of the ICD" and hemorrhage/hematoma. The occurrence of any complication increased adjusted LOS by 3.4 days and costs by 7,251 dollars. Each of the individual complications was associated with highly significant increases in both LOS (1 to 10 days) and hospital cost (5,000 dollars to 20,000 dollars). CONCLUSIONS: In fiscal 2003, 10.8% of Medicare patients undergoing cardioverter-defibrillator implantation experienced one or more early complications, associated with significant increases in LOS and costs. Efforts to reduce these complications could have significant clinical and financial benefits.

Hospital resources consumed in treating complications associated with percutaneous coronary interventions.

Nearly 9.5% of all Medicare beneficiaries who undergo a percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) procedure develop > or =1 of 7 acute complications. This study used 2 approaches (regression analysis and propensity-matched samples) to estimate the cost of selected complications, based on administrative data from 335,477 Medicare beneficiaries who underwent PCI during a hospitalization in fiscal year 2002. Selected complications included hospital mortality, emergency/urgent coronary artery bypass surgery, postoperative stroke, acute renal failure, vascular complications, septicemia, and adult respiratory distress syndrome. The observed average cost of a PCI hospitalization for patients who did not develop complications was 13,861 dollars +/- 9,635 dollars, with an average length of stay of 3.0 +/- 3.2 days, compared with 26,807 dollars +/- 27,596 dollars and 8.0 +/- 8.9 days for patients who did develop complications. Estimates of the adjusted incremental hospital cost of treating any acute complication except death varied from a high of 33,030 dollars for patients who developed septicemia to a low of 4,278 dollars for those who developed vascular complications, whereas estimates of the incremental length of stay ranged from a high of 12.3 days for patients who had septicemia to a low of 1.8 days for patients who had vascular complications. In conclusion, we found that the incremental hospital resources that are consumed to treat patients with acute PCI complications are large compared with the cost of an uncomplicated PCI hospitalization.

Current status and outcomes of coronary revascularization 1999 to 2002: 148,396 surgical and percutaneous procedures.

BACKGROUND: Current practice, trends, and early outcomes in patients undergoing surgical and percutaneous coronary interventions (PCI) are changing and subject to speculation. METHODS: 148,396 consecutive patients in 69 HCA, Inc hospitals who underwent either PCI or coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) were tracked in the HCA Casemix Database from 1999 through the first quarter of 2002. Comorbid conditions, procedures, complications, and outcome variables were defined through International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision coding. Odds ratios (OR) for death and other procedure-related complications were estimated using logistic regression adjusting for age, sex, and 31 other patient clinical and procedural characteristics. RESULTS: Now 65.4% of all coronary revascularization is by PCI with a 6.8% annual rate of increase whereas CABG volume is declining by 1.9% per year. However the majority of these changes occurred between 1999 and 2000 with only small changes in the last 3 years. Coronary artery bypass grafting is still utilized primarily for multivessel disease (3.38 bypasses per patient) whereas PCI is predominately (83%) still limited to single-vessel intervention. Unadjusted mortality rates over the full 13-quarter period were 1.25% for PCI and 2.63% for CABG (p < 0.001), with PCI rates remaining constant and CABG mortality declining. Twenty-three percent of CABG is performed off pump with a lower mortality than conventional on-pump CABG (2.37% versus 2.69%, p < 0.001). Percutaneous coronary intervention patients have lower mortality (OR 0.51), and fewer acute renal failure (OR 0.39), neurologic (OR 0.12), and cardiac (OR 0.16) complications than CABG patients (p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Interventions for coronary artery disease continue to rise primarily due to an increase in PCI. The volume of PCI continues to increase relative to CABG. Although adverse outcomes are higher after CABG, the proportion of multivessel disease treated is greater. The difference in adverse outcomes between CABG and PCI remains small and continues to decline.

The influence of diabetes mellitus on the practice and outcomes of percutaneous coronary intervention in the community: a report from the HCA database.

BACKGROUND: Diabetics remain a high-risk group for those undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) using balloon angioplasty and/or intracoronary stents for myocardial revascularization. The objective of this study is to compare clinical characteristics, demographics, procedure indications, lesion characteristics, and acute and long-term outcomes between diabetic patients and non-diabetic patients in a community based PCI registry. METHODS AND RESULTS: Information on patient demographics, coronary risk factors, lesion characteristics, procedures, and outcomes were derived from an HCA, Inc. database on all patients undergoing a PCI procedure in one of four community cardiac catheterization laboratories (CCL). A total of 3,139 patients who underwent PCI procedures from July 1, 1999 through September 30, 2000 were enrolled in this study. Approximately one-third of these patients completed a follow-up survey one year after their initial encounter. Analysis was limited to those patients undergoing PCI of native vessels with stents or conventional balloon angioplasty; patients with target lesions in bypass grafts or those treated with atherectomy were excluded. Approximately 23.5% of the patients enrolled in the study were diabetic. This study found no significant difference in any acute outcome between diabetic and non-diabetic patients in the hospital episode associated with the index PCI procedure. However, data from the 1-year follow-up survey indicates diabetic patients tended to have more target lesion revascularization (TLR) (13.6% versus 8.9%; p = 0.07) and more target vessel revascularization (TVR) (17.6% versus 12.7%; p = 0.058) than non-diabetic patients. In addition, adjusted odds ratios indicate that diabetic patients were 1.6 times more likely to have a second PCI procedure in another vessel (p = 0.013), 2.4 times more likely to undergo bypass surgery (p = 0.003), 1.9 times more likely to undergo an additional revascularization procedure (p < 0.001) and 1.8 times more likely to experience any major adverse cardiac events (p < 0.001) than non-diabetic patients during the follow-up period. CONCLUSIONS: This study indicates that selected diabetic patients can be treated for myocardial revascularization using PCI procedures with acceptable acute outcomes. However, diabetic patients undergoing PCIs have significantly more disease progression and are more likely to experience the need for recurrent revascularization.