RESUMO
Optimization of pyridine-based noncatalytic site integrase inhibitors (NCINIs) based on compound 2 has led to the discovery of molecules capable of inhibiting virus harboring N124 variants of HIV integrase (IN) while maintaining minimal contribution of enterohepatic recirculation to clearance in rat. Structure-activity relationships at the C6 position established chemical space where the extent of enterohepatic recirculation in the rat is minimized. Desymmetrization of the C4 substituent allowed for potency optimization against virus having the N124 variant of integrase. Combination of these lessons led to the discovery of compound 20, having balanced serum-shifted antiviral potency and minimized excretion in to the biliary tract in rat, potentially representing a clinically viable starting point for a new treatment option for individuals infected with HIV.
RESUMO
Previous investigations identified 2'-C-Me-branched ribo-C-nucleoside adenosine analogues, 1, which contains a pyrrolo[2,1-f][1,2,4]triazin-4-amine heterocyclic base, and 2, which contains an imidazo[2,1-f][1,2,4]triazin-4-amine heterocyclic base as two compounds with promising anti-HCV in vitro activity. This Letter describes the synthesis and evaluation of a series of novel analogues of these compounds substituted at the 2-, 7-, and 8-positions of the heterocyclic bases. A number of active new HCV inhibitors were identified but most compounds also demonstrated unacceptable cytotoxicity. However, the 7-fluoro analogue of 1 displayed good potency with a promising cytotherapeutic margin.
Assuntos
Antivirais/farmacologia , Proliferação de Células/efeitos dos fármacos , Hepacivirus/efeitos dos fármacos , Imidazóis/química , Nucleosídeos/farmacologia , Pirróis/química , Triazinas/química , Replicação Viral/efeitos dos fármacos , Antivirais/química , Carcinoma Hepatocelular/tratamento farmacológico , Carcinoma Hepatocelular/patologia , Carcinoma Hepatocelular/virologia , Hepacivirus/genética , Hepatite C/tratamento farmacológico , Hepatite C/virologia , Humanos , Neoplasias Hepáticas/tratamento farmacológico , Neoplasias Hepáticas/patologia , Neoplasias Hepáticas/virologia , Estrutura Molecular , Nucleosídeos/química , RNA Viral/genética , Relação Estrutura-Atividade , Células Tumorais CultivadasRESUMO
An assay recapitulating the 3' processing activity of HIV-1 integrase (IN) was used to screen the Boehringer Ingelheim compound collection. Hit-to-lead and lead optimization beginning with compound 1 established the importance of the C3 and C4 substituent to antiviral potency against viruses with different aa124/aa125 variants of IN. The importance of the C7 position on the serum shifted potency was established. Introduction of a quinoline substituent at the C4 position provided a balance of potency and metabolic stability. Combination of these findings ultimately led to the discovery of compound 26 (BI 224436), the first NCINI to advance into a phase Ia clinical trial.
RESUMO
Nucleoside analogues have long been recognized as prospects for the discovery of direct acting antivirals (DAAs) to treat hepatitis C virus because they have generally exhibited cross-genotype activity and a high barrier to resistance. C-Nucleosides have the potential for improved metabolism and pharmacokinetic properties over their N-nucleoside counterparts due to the presence of a strong carbon-carbon glycosidic bond and a non-natural heterocyclic base. Three 2'CMe-C-adenosine analogues and two 2'CMe-guanosine analogues were synthesized and evaluated for their anti-HCV efficacy. The nucleotide triphosphates of four of these analogues were found to inhibit the NS5B polymerase, and adenosine analogue 1 was discovered to have excellent pharmacokinetic properties demonstrating the potential of this drug class.
RESUMO
A scaffold replacement approach was used to identifying the pyridine series of noncatalytic site integrase inhibitors. These molecules bind with higher affinity to a tetrameric form compared to a dimeric form of integrase. Optimization of the C6 and C4 positions revealed that viruses harboring T124 or A124 amino acid substitutions are highly susceptible to these inhibitors, but viruses having the N124 amino acid substitution are about 100-fold less susceptible. Compound 20 had EC50 values <10 nM against viruses having T124 or A124 substitutions in IN and >800 nM in viruses having N124 substitions. Compound 20 had an excellent in vitro ADME profile and demonstrated reduced contribution of biliary excretion to in vivo clearance compared to BI 224436, the lead compound from the quinoline series of NCINIs.
RESUMO
BI 224436 is an HIV-1 integrase inhibitor with effective antiviral activity that acts through a mechanism that is distinct from that of integrase strand transfer inhibitors (INSTIs). This 3-quinolineacetic acid derivative series was identified using an enzymatic integrase long terminal repeat (LTR) DNA 3'-processing assay. A combination of medicinal chemistry, parallel synthesis, and structure-guided drug design led to the identification of BI 224436 as a candidate for preclinical profiling. It has antiviral 50% effective concentrations (EC50s) of <15 nM against different HIV-1 laboratory strains and cellular cytotoxicity of >90 µM. BI 224436 also has a low, â¼2.1-fold decrease in antiviral potency in the presence of 50% human serum and, by virtue of a steep dose-response curve slope, exhibits serum-shifted EC95 values ranging between 22 and 75 nM. Passage of virus in the presence of inhibitor selected for either A128T, A128N, or L102F primary resistance substitutions, all mapping to a conserved allosteric pocket on the catalytic core of integrase. BI 224436 also retains full antiviral activity against recombinant viruses encoding INSTI resistance substitutions N155S, Q148H, and E92Q. In drug combination studies performed in cellular antiviral assays, BI 224436 displays an additive effect in combination with most approved antiretrovirals, including INSTIs. BI 224436 has drug-like in vitro absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME) properties, including Caco-2 cell permeability, solubility, and low cytochrome P450 inhibition. It exhibited excellent pharmacokinetic profiles in rat (clearance as a percentage of hepatic flow [CL], 0.7%; bioavailability [F], 54%), monkey (CL, 23%; F, 82%), and dog (CL, 8%; F, 81%). Based on the excellent biological and pharmacokinetic profile, BI 224436 was advanced into phase 1 clinical trials.
Assuntos
Inibidores de Integrase de HIV/farmacologia , HIV-1/efeitos dos fármacos , HIV-1/enzimologia , Substituição de Aminoácidos/genética , Substituição de Aminoácidos/fisiologia , Animais , Fármacos Anti-HIV/farmacologia , Células CACO-2 , Clonagem Molecular , Inibidores das Enzimas do Citocromo P-450/farmacologia , DNA Viral/efeitos dos fármacos , Farmacorresistência Viral , Integrase de HIV/biossíntese , Integrase de HIV/genética , Integrase de HIV/metabolismo , Inibidores de Integrase de HIV/metabolismo , Inibidores de Integrase de HIV/farmacocinética , Hepatócitos/metabolismo , Humanos , Camundongos , Ratos , Soro/virologia , Replicação Viral/efeitos dos fármacosRESUMO
Recently, a new class of HIV reverse transcriptase (HIV-RT) inhibitors has been reported. The novel mechanism of inhibition by this class involves competitive binding to the active site of the RT enzyme and has been termed Nucleotide-Competing Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors (NcRTIs). In this publication we describe the optimization of a novel benzofurano[3,2-d]pyrimidin-2-one series of NcRTIs. The starting point for the current study was inhibitor 2, which had high biochemical and antiviral potency but only moderate permeability in a Caco-2 assay and high B-to-A efflux, resulting in moderate rat bioavailability and low Cmax. We present herein the results and strategies we employed to optimize both the potency as well as the permeability, metabolic stability and pharmacokinetic profile of this series. One of the key observations of the present study was the importance of shielding polar functionality, at least in the context of the current chemotype, to enhance permeability. These studies led to the identification of inhibitors 39 and 45, which display sub-nanomolar antiviral potency in a p24 ELISA assay with significantly reduced efflux ratios (ratios <1.5). These inhibitors also display excellent rat pharmacokinetic profiles with high bioavailabilities and low clearance.
Assuntos
Antivirais/farmacologia , Benzofuranos/farmacologia , Transcriptase Reversa do HIV/antagonistas & inibidores , HIV/efeitos dos fármacos , Pirimidinonas/farmacologia , Inibidores da Transcriptase Reversa/farmacologia , Administração Oral , Animais , Antivirais/administração & dosagem , Antivirais/química , Benzofuranos/química , Disponibilidade Biológica , Células CACO-2 , Relação Dose-Resposta a Droga , Transcriptase Reversa do HIV/metabolismo , Humanos , Testes de Sensibilidade Microbiana , Modelos Moleculares , Estrutura Molecular , Pirimidinonas/administração & dosagem , Pirimidinonas/química , Ratos , Inibidores da Transcriptase Reversa/administração & dosagem , Inibidores da Transcriptase Reversa/química , Relação Estrutura-AtividadeRESUMO
The optimization of a 1,5-dihydrobenzo[b][1,4]diazepine-2,4-dione series of inhibitors of HIV-1 capsid assembly that possess a labile stereocenter at C3 is described. Quaternization of the C3 position of compound 1 in order to prevent racemization gave compound 2, which was inactive in our capsid disassembly assay. A likely explanation for this finding was revealed by in silico analysis predicting a dramatic increase in energy of the bioactive conformation upon quaternization of the C3 position. Replacement of the C3 of the diazepine ring with a nitrogen atom to give the 1,5-dihydro-benzo[f][1,3,5]triazepine-2,4-dione analog 4 was well tolerated. Introduction of a rigid spirocyclic system at the C3 position gave configurationally stable 1,5-dihydrobenzo[b][1,4]diazepine-2,4-dione analog 5, which was able to access the bioactive conformation without a severe energetic penalty and inhibit capsid assembly. Preliminary structure-activity relationships (SAR) and X-ray crystallographic data show that knowledge from the 1,5-dihydrobenzo[b][1,4]diazepine-2,4-dione series of inhibitors of HIV-1 capsid assembly can be transferred to these new scaffolds.
Assuntos
Fármacos Anti-HIV/química , Benzodiazepinas/química , Proteínas do Capsídeo/antagonistas & inibidores , HIV-1/metabolismo , Fármacos Anti-HIV/síntese química , Fármacos Anti-HIV/farmacologia , Benzodiazepinas/síntese química , Benzodiazepinas/farmacologia , Sítios de Ligação , Proteínas do Capsídeo/metabolismo , Cristalografia por Raios X , Humanos , Interações Hidrofóbicas e Hidrofílicas , Estrutura Terciária de Proteína , Estereoisomerismo , Relação Estrutura-Atividade , Montagem de Vírus/efeitos dos fármacosRESUMO
A HTS screen led to the identification of a benzofurano[3,2-d]pyrimidin-2-one core structure which upon further optimization resulted in 1 as a potent HIV-1 nucleotide competing reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NcRTI). Investigation of the SAR at N-1 allowed significant improvements in potency and when combined with the incorporation of heterocycles at C-8 resulted in potent analogues not requiring a basic amine to achieve antiviral activity. Additional modifications at N-1 resulted in 33 which demonstrated excellent antiviral potency and improved physicochemical properties.
Assuntos
Benzofuranos/química , Transcriptase Reversa do HIV/antagonistas & inibidores , Nucleotídeos/química , Pirimidinonas/química , Inibidores da Transcriptase Reversa/química , Células CACO-2 , Permeabilidade da Membrana Celular/efeitos dos fármacos , Transcriptase Reversa do HIV/metabolismo , HIV-1/efeitos dos fármacos , HIV-1/enzimologia , Humanos , Microssomos Hepáticos/metabolismo , Nucleotídeos/metabolismo , Ligação Proteica , Pirimidinonas/síntese química , Pirimidinonas/farmacologia , Inibidores da Transcriptase Reversa/síntese química , Inibidores da Transcriptase Reversa/farmacologia , Estereoisomerismo , Relação Estrutura-AtividadeRESUMO
Detailed structure-activity relationships of the C3-phenyl moiety that allow for the optimization of antiviral potency of a series of 1,5-dihydrobenzo[b][1,4]diazepine-2,4-dione inhibitors of HIV capsid (CA) assembly are described. Combination of favorable substitutions gave additive SAR and allowed for the identification of the most potent compound in the series, analog 27. Productive SAR also transferred to the benzotriazepine and spirobenzodiazepine scaffolds, providing a solution to the labile stereocenter at the C3 position. The molecular basis of how compound 27 inhibits mature CA assembly is rationalized using high-resolution structural information. Our understanding of how compound 27 may inhibit immature Gag assembly is also discussed.
Assuntos
Fármacos Anti-HIV/química , Benzodiazepinas/química , Benzodiazepinonas/química , Proteínas do Capsídeo/antagonistas & inibidores , HIV-1/metabolismo , Fármacos Anti-HIV/síntese química , Fármacos Anti-HIV/farmacologia , Benzodiazepinas/síntese química , Benzodiazepinas/farmacologia , Benzodiazepinonas/síntese química , Benzodiazepinonas/farmacologia , Sítios de Ligação , Células CACO-2 , Proteínas do Capsídeo/metabolismo , Permeabilidade da Membrana Celular/efeitos dos fármacos , Cristalografia por Raios X , Humanos , Estrutura Terciária de Proteína , Estereoisomerismo , Relação Estrutura-Atividade , Montagem de Vírus/efeitos dos fármacosRESUMO
Screening of our sample collection led to the identification of a set of benzofurano[3,2-d]pyrimidine-2-one hits acting as nucleotide-competing HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitiors (NcRTI). Significant improvement in antiviral potency was achieved when substituents were introduced at positions N1, C4, C7 and C8 on the benzofuranopyrimidone scaffold. The series was optimized from low micromolar enzymatic activity against HIV-1 RT and no antiviral activity to low nanomolar antiviral potency. Further profiling of inhibitor 30 showed promising overall in vitro properties and also demonstrated that its potency was maintained against viruses resistant to the other major classes of HIV-1 RT inhibitors.
Assuntos
Benzofuranos/química , Transcriptase Reversa do HIV/antagonistas & inibidores , Nucleotídeos/química , Pirimidinonas/química , Inibidores da Transcriptase Reversa/química , Animais , Transcriptase Reversa do HIV/metabolismo , HIV-1/efeitos dos fármacos , HIV-1/enzimologia , Humanos , Microssomos Hepáticos/metabolismo , Nucleotídeos/metabolismo , Ligação Proteica , Pirimidinonas/síntese química , Pirimidinonas/farmacologia , Ratos , Inibidores da Transcriptase Reversa/síntese química , Inibidores da Transcriptase Reversa/farmacologia , Relação Estrutura-AtividadeRESUMO
The emergence of resistance to existing classes of antiretroviral drugs underlines the need to find novel human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1 targets for drug discovery. The viral capsid protein (CA) represents one such potential target. Recently, a series of benzodiazepine inhibitors was identified via high-throughput screening using an in vitro capsid assembly assay (CAA). Here, we demonstrate how a combination of NMR and X-ray co-crystallography allowed for the rapid characterization of the early hits from this inhibitor series. Ligand-based (19)F NMR was used to confirm inhibitor binding specificity and reversibility as well as to identify the N-terminal domain of the capsid (CA(NTD)) as its molecular target. Protein-based NMR ((1)H and (15)N chemical shift perturbation analysis) identified key residues within the CA(NTD) involved in inhibitor binding, while X-ray co-crystallography confirmed the inhibitor binding site and its binding mode. Based on these results, two conformationally restricted cyclic inhibitors were designed to further validate the possible binding modes. These studies were crucial to early hit confirmation and subsequent lead optimization.
Assuntos
Benzodiazepinas/metabolismo , Proteínas do Capsídeo/metabolismo , HIV-1/metabolismo , Benzodiazepinas/química , Sítios de Ligação , Proteínas do Capsídeo/química , Cristalografia por Raios X , Flúor/química , Humanos , Ligantes , Espectroscopia de Ressonância Magnética , Isótopos de Nitrogênio/química , Ligação Proteica , Estrutura Terciária de ProteínaRESUMO
A uHTS campaign led to the discovery of a 5-(5-furan-2-ylpyrazol-1-yl)-1H-benzimidazole series that inhibits assembly of HIV-1 capsid. Synthetic manipulations at N1, C2 and C16 positions improved the antiviral potency by a . The X-ray structure of 33 complexed with the capsid N-terminal domain allowed identification of major interactions between the inhibitor and the protein.
Assuntos
Antivirais/farmacologia , Benzimidazóis/farmacologia , Proteínas do Capsídeo/antagonistas & inibidores , HIV-1/efeitos dos fármacos , Antivirais/síntese química , Antivirais/química , Benzimidazóis/síntese química , Benzimidazóis/química , Relação Dose-Resposta a Droga , Testes de Sensibilidade Microbiana , Modelos Moleculares , Estrutura Molecular , Relação Estrutura-AtividadeRESUMO
The emergence of resistance to existing classes of antiretroviral drugs necessitates finding new HIV-1 targets for drug discovery. The viral capsid (CA) protein represents one such potential new target. CA is sufficient to form mature HIV-1 capsids in vitro, and extensive structure-function and mutational analyses of CA have shown that the proper assembly, morphology, and stability of the mature capsid core are essential for the infectivity of HIV-1 virions. Here we describe the development of an in vitro capsid assembly assay based on the association of CA-NC subunits on immobilized oligonucleotides. This assay was used to screen a compound library, yielding several different families of compounds that inhibited capsid assembly. Optimization of two chemical series, termed the benzodiazepines (BD) and the benzimidazoles (BM), resulted in compounds with potent antiviral activity against wild-type and drug-resistant HIV-1. Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopic and X-ray crystallographic analyses showed that both series of inhibitors bound to the N-terminal domain of CA. These inhibitors induce the formation of a pocket that overlaps with the binding site for the previously reported CAP inhibitors but is expanded significantly by these new, more potent CA inhibitors. Virus release and electron microscopic (EM) studies showed that the BD compounds prevented virion release, whereas the BM compounds inhibited the formation of the mature capsid. Passage of virus in the presence of the inhibitors selected for resistance mutations that mapped to highly conserved residues surrounding the inhibitor binding pocket, but also to the C-terminal domain of CA. The resistance mutations selected by the two series differed, consistent with differences in their interactions within the pocket, and most also impaired virus replicative capacity. Resistance mutations had two modes of action, either directly impacting inhibitor binding affinity or apparently increasing the overall stability of the viral capsid without affecting inhibitor binding. These studies demonstrate that CA is a viable antiviral target and demonstrate that inhibitors that bind within the same site on CA can have distinct binding modes and mechanisms of action.
Assuntos
Fármacos Anti-HIV/farmacologia , Capsídeo/efeitos dos fármacos , Produtos do Gene gag/antagonistas & inibidores , Infecções por HIV/virologia , HIV-1/efeitos dos fármacos , Benzimidazóis/farmacologia , Benzodiazepinas/farmacologia , Capsídeo/metabolismo , Linhagem Celular , Produtos do Gene gag/química , Produtos do Gene gag/genética , Produtos do Gene gag/metabolismo , Infecções por HIV/tratamento farmacológico , HIV-1/química , HIV-1/genética , HIV-1/fisiologia , Humanos , Estrutura Terciária de Proteína , Montagem de Vírus/efeitos dos fármacosRESUMO
The discovery of a 1,5-dihydrobenzo[b][1,4]diazepine-2,4-dione series of inhibitors of HIV-1 capsid assembly is described. Synthesis of analogs of the 1,5-dihydrobenzo[b][1,4]diazepine-2,4-dione hit established structure-activity relationships. Replacement of the enamine functionality of the hit series with either an imidazole or a pyrazole ring led to compounds that inhibited both capsid assembly and reverse transcriptase. Optimization of the bicyclic benzodiazepine scaffold to include a 3-phenyl substituent led to lead compound 48, a pure capsid assembly inhibitor with improved antiviral activity.
Assuntos
Fármacos Anti-HIV/química , Benzodiazepinonas/química , Proteínas do Capsídeo/antagonistas & inibidores , HIV-1/efeitos dos fármacos , Fármacos Anti-HIV/síntese química , Fármacos Anti-HIV/farmacologia , Benzodiazepinonas/síntese química , Benzodiazepinonas/farmacologia , Proteínas do Capsídeo/metabolismo , Avaliação Pré-Clínica de Medicamentos , Transcriptase Reversa do HIV/antagonistas & inibidores , Transcriptase Reversa do HIV/metabolismo , Humanos , Imidazóis/química , Pirazóis/química , Inibidores da Transcriptase Reversa/síntese química , Inibidores da Transcriptase Reversa/química , Inibidores da Transcriptase Reversa/farmacologia , Relação Estrutura-AtividadeRESUMO
The role of the tetrazole moiety in the binding of aryl thiotetrazolylacetanilides with HIV-1 wild type and K103N/Y181C double mutant reverse transcriptases was explored. Different acyclic, cyclic and heterocyclic replacements were investigated in order to evaluate the conformational and electronic contribution of the tetrazole ring to the binding of the inhibitors in the NNRTI pocket. The replacement of the tetrazole by a pyrazolyl group led to reversal of selectivity, providing inhibitors with excellent potency against the double mutant reverse transcriptase.
Assuntos
Fármacos Anti-HIV/síntese química , Fármacos Anti-HIV/farmacologia , Transcriptase Reversa do HIV/genética , Tetrazóis/síntese química , Tetrazóis/farmacologia , Fármacos Anti-HIV/química , Técnicas de Química Combinatória , Desenho de Fármacos , HIV-1/efeitos dos fármacos , HIV-1/genética , Modelos Moleculares , Estrutura Molecular , Relação Estrutura-Atividade , Tetrazóis/químicaRESUMO
A series of aryl thiotetrazolylacetanilides were synthesized and found to be potent inhibitors of the HIV-1 wild type and K103N/Y181C double mutant reverse transcriptases. The incorporation of an alkynyl fragment on the aniline provided inhibitors with excellent cellular activity and extensive SAR led to the identification of one inhibitor having good oral bioavailability in rats.
Assuntos
Acetanilidas/farmacologia , Antivirais/química , Antivirais/farmacologia , Transcriptase Reversa do HIV/genética , HIV-1/efeitos dos fármacos , HIV-1/genética , Acetanilidas/química , Animais , Disponibilidade Biológica , Modelos Moleculares , Estrutura Molecular , Mutação , Ratos , Inibidores da Transcriptase Reversa/química , Inibidores da Transcriptase Reversa/farmacologia , Relação Estrutura-AtividadeRESUMO
High-throughput screening hit 1 was identified as a potent, broad-spectrum, non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTI) of HIV-1 replication. Analysis of the bound conformation of analogs of this inhibitor via molecular modeling and NMR contributed to the design of novel tertiary amide, carbamate, and thiocarbamate based NNRTIs.
Assuntos
Fármacos Anti-HIV/farmacologia , Transcriptase Reversa do HIV/antagonistas & inibidores , Inibidores da Transcriptase Reversa/farmacologia , Replicação Viral/efeitos dos fármacos , Amidas/química , Fármacos Anti-HIV/síntese química , Carbamatos/química , Desenho de Fármacos , Farmacorresistência Viral , Humanos , Concentração Inibidora 50 , Espectroscopia de Ressonância Magnética , Modelos Químicos , Inibidores da Transcriptase Reversa/síntese química , Relação Estrutura-Atividade , Tiocarbamatos/químicaRESUMO
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a major cause of respiratory illness in infants, immunocompromised patients, and the elderly. New antiviral agents would be important tools in the treatment of acute RSV disease. RSV encodes its own RNA-dependent RNA polymerase that is responsible for the synthesis of both genomic RNA and subgenomic mRNAs. The viral polymerase also cotranscriptionally caps and polyadenylates the RSV mRNAs at their 5' and 3' ends, respectively. We have previously reported the discovery of the first nonnucleoside transcriptase inhibitor of RSV polymerase through high-throughput screening. Here we report the design of inhibitors that have improved potency both in vitro and in antiviral assays and that also exhibit activity in a mouse model of RSV infection. We have isolated virus with reduced susceptibility to this class of inhibitors. The mutations conferring resistance mapped to a novel motif within the RSV L gene, which encodes the catalytic subunit of RSV polymerase. This motif is distinct from the catalytic region of the L protein and bears some similarity to the nucleotide binding domain within nucleoside diphosphate kinases. These findings lead to the hypothesis that this class of inhibitors may block synthesis of RSV mRNAs by inhibiting guanylylation of viral transcripts. We show that short transcripts produced in the presence of inhibitor in vitro do not contain a 5' cap but, instead, are triphosphorylated, confirming this hypothesis. These inhibitors constitute useful tools for elucidating the molecular mechanism of RSV capping and represent valid leads for the development of novel anti-RSV therapeutics.
Assuntos
Desenho de Fármacos , Inibidores Enzimáticos/farmacologia , RNA Mensageiro/metabolismo , RNA Polimerase Dependente de RNA/metabolismo , Vírus Sinciciais Respiratórios/efeitos dos fármacos , Vírus Sinciciais Respiratórios/enzimologia , Ribonucleoproteínas/farmacologia , Administração Intranasal , Sequência de Aminoácidos , Animais , Domínio Catalítico/genética , Inibidores Enzimáticos/administração & dosagem , Inibidores Enzimáticos/química , Concentração Inibidora 50 , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos BALB C , Dados de Sequência Molecular , Capuzes de RNA/biossíntese , Capuzes de RNA/efeitos dos fármacos , RNA Polimerase Dependente de RNA/antagonistas & inibidores , RNA Polimerase Dependente de RNA/genética , Infecções por Vírus Respiratório Sincicial/prevenção & controle , Infecções por Vírus Respiratório Sincicial/virologia , Vírus Sinciciais Respiratórios/fisiologia , Ribonucleoproteínas/administração & dosagem , Ribonucleoproteínas/química , Alinhamento de Sequência , Replicação Viral/efeitos dos fármacosRESUMO
A series of novel 8-substituted dipyridodiazepinone-based inhibitors were investigated for their antiviral activity against wild type human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1) and the clinically prevalent K103N/Y181C mutant virus. Our efforts have resulted in a series of benzoic acid analogues that are potent inhibitors of HIV-1 replication against a panel of HIV-1 strains resistant to non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs). Furthermore, the combination of good antiviral potency, a broad spectrum of activity, and an excellent pharmacokinetic profile provides strong justification for the further development of compound (7) as a potential treatment for wild type and NNRTI-resistant HIV-1 infection.