The Applications of 2D Materials for Electrochemical Biosensing, Drug Delivery, and Environmental Monitoring.

Two-dimensional (2D) nanomaterials (NMs) have diverse mechanical, chemical and optical properties due to which they have received a lot of attention in various fields such as biosensors, imaging, tissue engineering, drug delivery, etc. A thorough understanding of the synthetic procedure, physical properties and electrochemical properties of 2D materials will be quite useful in the development of novel and high-efficient electrocatalysts for the electroanalytical application of our interest. This review article summarises the synthesis and application of graphene, graphitic carbon nitride, transition metal dichalcogenides and phosphorene for electrochemical biosensing, drug delivery application and environmental monitoring. Numerous synthetic approaches which have been adopted to synthesize the 2D materials have been covered and discussed. Also, the reasons behind the catalytic activity of various types of 2D materials and their application as electrode modifier for the development of an efficient biosensor for the point-of-care analysis of biomolecule and drug delivery and environmental monitoring have been discussed in detail. This review article will give valuable information and future insights to the researchers working in the field of biosensor, drug delivery and environmental monitoring. We anticipate that this review may be of significance for the field to understand the properties as well as the electroanalytical applications of 2D materials, especially in biosensing, drug and environmental monitoring.

Applications of Neural Network-Based Plan-Cancer Method for Primary Diagnosis of Mesothelioma Cancer.

"Malignant mesothelioma (MM)" is an uncommon although fatal form of cancer. The proper MM diagnosis is crucial for efficient therapy and has significant medicolegal implications. Asbestos is a carcinogenic material that poses a health risk to humans. One of the most severe types of cancer induced by asbestos is "malignant mesothelioma." Prolonged shortness of breath and continuous pain are the most typical symptoms of the condition. The importance of early treatment and diagnosis cannot be overstated. The combination "epithelial/mesenchymal appearance of MM," however, makes a definite diagnosis difficult. This study is aimed at developing a deep learning system for medical diagnosis MM automatically. Otherwise, the sickness might cause patients to succumb to death in a short amount of time. Various forms of artificial intelligence algorithms for successful "Malignant Mesothelioma illness" identification are explored in this research. In relation to the concept of traditional machine learning, the techniques support "Vector Machine, Neural Network, and Decision Tree" are chosen. SPSS has been used to analyze the result regarding the applications of Neural Network helps to diagnose MM.

A Cu(II) mediated new desulfurization pathway involving elimination of ethylene sulfide.

Reaction of thiodiacetate anion (tda) with [Cu(TMEDA)(NO3)2] (TMEDA = N,N,N'N'-tetramethyl ethylene-diamine) in a stoichiometric ratio afforded the complex {[Cu(TMEDA)(tda)]·(H2TMEDA)(NO3)2·H2O} (1). When [Cu(TMEDA)(NO3)2] was added in excess, it yielded a µ-oxalato complex {[Cu2(TMEDA)2(µ-ox)(H2O)2](NO3)2·2CH3CN} (2). The reaction involves a facile room temperature desulfurization of the thiodiacetate moiety via elimination of ethylene sulfide (thiirane).

ROS and RNS induced apoptosis through p53 and iNOS mediated pathway by a dibasic hydroxamic acid molecule in leukemia cells.

Anticancer drugs induce apoptosis to cancer cells and also exhibit undesired toxicity to normal cells. Therefore development of novel agents triggering apoptosis and have low toxicity towards normal cells is most important. Hydroxamic acids suppress tumour cell growth through apoptosis but the underlying mechanism is poorly understood. Herein, we describe the apoptotic potential of a dibasic hydroxamic acid derivative, viz., oxayl bis (N-phenyl) hydroxamic acid (OBPHA), which induces apoptosis through generation of both ROS and NO in doxorubicin resistant T-lymphoblastic leukemia, CEM/ADR5000 cells. Present study discloses that OBPHA selectively kills cancerous cells irrespective of their drug resistant phenotype. We also determined the crystal structure of OBPHA to understand the structural requirements for apoptosis; the study reveals that the presence of substituted hydroxamic acid groups (-CO-NH-OH) favours the generation of NO possibly through auto degeneration. Along with the induction of caspase 3 mediated intrinsic apoptosis; OBPHA also activates p53 dependent signalling cascade and downregulates HDAC3 expression in a time dependent manner possibly due to increased ROS and NO production and simultaneous decrease in cellular GSH level. Thus ROS and NO mediated downstream signalling are essential for the anticancer effect of OBPHA. Therefore OBPHA, having a structurally relevant pharmacophore provides important insight into the development of new ROS and RNS generating chemicals inducing p53 dependent apoptosis.

Studies of synthesis, structural features of Cu(I) thiophene-2-thiocarboxylates and unprecedented desulfurization of Cu(II) thiocarboxylate complexes.

Thiophene-2-thiocarboxylate complexes of Cu(I), [(Ph(3)P)(2)Cu(SCOth)] (1) and H[(Ph(3)P)(2)Cu(SCOth)(2)] (2) (where th = thiophene) were synthesized and characterized structurally by X-ray crystallography. Electronic absorption and emission spectral properties of the two compounds have been studied. Cu(II) complexes, [(TMEDA)Cu(SCOth)(2)] (3b) and [(Phen)Cu(SCOth)(2)] (4a) (where TMEDA = tetramethylethylenediamine; Phen = 1,10-phenanthroline) were prepared and characterized by spectroscopic measurements. 3b and 4a underwent desulfurization under ambient conditions readily yielding the corresponding carboxylate complexes [(TMEDA)Cu(O(2)Cth)(2)] (3a) and [(Phen)Cu(O(2)Cth)(2)·H(2)O] (4b). 3a and 4b have been characterized crystallographically.

N-(Prop-2-yn-1-yl)-1,3-benzothia-zol-2-amine.

In the title compound, C(10)H(8)N(2)S, the 2-amino-benzothia-zole and propyne groups are not coplanar [dihedral angle = 71.51 (1)°]. The crystal structure is stabilized by strong inter-molecular N-H⋯N hydrogen bonds and C-H⋯C, C-H⋯π and F-type aromatic-aromatic [centroid-centroid distance = 3.7826 (12) Å] inter-actions are also observed.

The chemistry of cadmium-thiocarboxylate derivatives: synthesis, structural features, and application as single source precursors for ternary sulfides.

Novel heterobimetallic complexes [(PPh(3))(2)Cu(µ-SCOPh)(2)Cd(SCOPh)] (2a), [(PPh(3))(2)Cu(µ-SCOth)(2)Cd(SCOth)] (2b), [(PPh(3))(2)Ag(µ-SCOth)(2)Cd(SCOth)] (3a), [(PPh(3))(2)Ag(µ-SCOth)(2)Cd(H(2)O)(SCOth)] (3b), [(PPh(3))(2)Ag(µ-SCOPh)(2)Cd(SCOPh)] (3c), and a bimetallic complex [PPh(3)Cd(µ-SCOth)SCOth](2)·CH(2)Cl(2) (5) (th = thiophene) were prepared and characterized by single crystal X-ray diffraction analysis. A coordination polymer [Cd(SCOPh)(2)](n) (4) has also been characterized structurally that exhibited metal-like electrical conductivity. The heterobimetallic complexes on pyrolyzing under controlled conditions yielded ternary sulfides of composition CuCd(7)S(8), CuCd(10)S(11), Ag(2)Cd(8)S(9), and Ag(2)Cd(5)S(6), which have been characterized by SEM-EDX and X-ray diffractometry. Photophysical properties and electrical conductivities of the sulfides have also been studied.