Spinal Accessory to Suprascapular Nerve Transfer in Traumatic Brachial Plexus Injury: A Comparative Study of Shoulder Recovery Outcomes in Anterior versus Posterior Approach and Surgeons' Preference.

PROBLEM STATEMENT: Conventionally, neural transfer of SAN to SSN for shoulder abduction in traumatic brachial plexus injury is done via the anterior approach. But important advantages of the posterior approach like the proximity of neural coaptation to the muscle to be reinnervated and negating the effects of a second injury to the suprascapular nerve have made it an alternative option. METHODOLOGY: Retrospective data was collected for a total of 30 SAN to SSN transfer patients of brachial plexus injury in two groups of 15 patients each of anterior (Group A) and posterior approach (Group B) over four years. Functional outcome at the shoulder was measured as muscle power and active range of motion (ROM) at 18 months and data on patients' satisfaction levels and surgeons' perceptions were also collected. RESULTS: No statistical difference was found in the muscle strength achieved in the two groups (p-value = 0.34) but significant recovery was found in the external rotation achieved by group B (p-value = 0.02). Statistical difference was insignificant in the two groups' active ROM during abduction and external rotation. The satisfaction index of patients was 86.7% in the posterior approach compared to 68% in group A. Surgeons' perspective showed a faster speed of suprascapular nerve exploration as perceived in the posterior approach with better visibility of supraspinatus muscle contraction, and overall surgeons' preference for a posterior approach. CONCLUSION: External rotation at the shoulder is better with the posterior approach but no difference in abduction. Patients with the posterior approach were more satisfied with the recovery, and surgeons preferred the posterior approach.

A Unique Case of Venous Coupler Disruption and Salvage of Venous Anastomosis in a Case of Free Latissimus Dorsi Flap Reconstruction.

Free flaps are considered the gold standard for the reconstruction of various defects. Microvascular anastomosis is a very critical component of free flap surgery determining its success. The workhorse technique of hand suturing for microvascular anastomosis has consistently been used with excellent results. Recently, venous couplers are being increasingly used for performing venous anastomosis. We describe the case of a 14-year-old girl in which heel reconstruction was planned for an unstable scar and chronic osteomyelitis of the calcaneal region with a free latissimus dorsi muscle flap. Arterial anastomosis was done by hand suturing, while venous coupler (GEM coupler, Synovis Micro Companies Alliance) was used for venous anastomosis. Just before wound closure, the venous coupler spontaneously snapped open, resulting in disruption of the device and opening of the anastomosis. After securing hemostasis, the ring of the coupling device was tried to be removed, but it was adhered to the tunica externa due to the interlocking pins. Cutting the veins proximal to the rings would result in shortening of the vein with the requirement of a vein graft. The harvested latissimus dorsi muscle had a single vena comitans which had to be salvaged, so we improvised by everting the vein edges from the interlocking pins and completing the anastomosis by hand after freshening the margins. The interlocking rings were left as such in their place. Postoperative period was uneventful, and the flap survived with good results. Thus, this is a unique case where we report for the first time the disruption of a venous coupling device and subsequent salvage of free flap.

Early Reconstruction with Locoregional-Free Flaps in Post-COVID-19 Rhino-orbital-cerebral Mucormycosis Craniofacial Deformities: A Single-Center Clinical Experience from India.

Aim of the Study Mucormycosis is a rare invasive and fatal fungal infection and its resurgence in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients has been a matter of grave concern. It is essentially a medical disease, but surgical debridement of necrotic tissues is of paramount importance leading to severe craniofacial deformities. In this case series, we present our experience with the feasibility of early reconstruction after surgical debridement. Case Series As a Dedicated COVID Center (DCH), the institute received the largest population of COVID-19 mucormycosis patients from the entire eastern region of the country between May 2021 and August 2021. More than 5,000 COVID-19 were admitted out of which 218 patients were diagnosed with mucormycosis. Nine patients, seven males and two females, with a mean age of 39 years with craniofacial mucormycosis underwent debridement and early reconstructions (2-4 weeks from first debridement and start of antifungal therapy) with free and pedicled flaps. All flaps survived and showed no evidence of recurrence. The average time of the early reconstruction after surgical debridement was 1.7 weeks once the course of systemic amphotericin B was received. Conclusion After aggressive surgical resection and a short course of antifungal therapy, early reconstruction can be done safely based on clinical criteria, as long as there is no evidence of hyphae invasion on wound edges in the intraoperative pathology examination.

Post-Traumatic Radial Artery Pseudoaneurysm at the Wrist Level: A Case Report.

A pseudoaneurysm is a collection of blood outside the arterial lumen but remains in continuity with the lumen and lined by fibrous tissue. Radial artery pseudoaneurysm is a rare entity mostly occurring due to iatrogenic reasons. Traumatic causes are rare. In this case report, we report a post-traumatic left radial artery pseudoaneurysm at the wrist level in a 20-year-old male patient. The patient was treated with end-to-end repair of excised pseudoaneurysm with a vein graft taken from the radial artery vena comitantes through the same incision.

Glycerosomes: Novel Nano-Vesicles for Efficient Delivery of Therapeutics.

BACKGROUND: The topical drug delivery system has gained more attention in recent years as compared to oral and parenteral drug delivery. However, owing to the barrier function of the skin's topmost layer, only a few drug molecules can be administered by this route. Therefore, encapsulating the drugs in glycerosomes is one potential solution to this problem. Glycerosomes are vesicular drug delivery systems primarily made up of large concentrations of glycerol, phospholipid, water, and other active ingredients. OBJECTIVE: The main aim of this review is to summarize the most recent information on the encapsulated vesicular system used in cosmetic preparations, specifically glycerosomes made from both synthetic and naturally occurring plant bioactive substances. PURPOSE: Glycerosomes offer many benefits, including increased efficacy, better stability, improve absorption, drug targeting at specific sites, and delivering the same at a predetermined rate. METHOD: The mechanism behind the penetration of glycerosomes is the hydration and lipid fluidization of skin, fabricated by glycerol. RESULT: Numerous methods have been reported for the formulation of glycerosomes, including the thin film hydration method, reverse-phase evaporation, solvent spherule, detergent removal method, and so on. CONCLUSION: Researchers are currently investigating the potential of glycerosomes as nanocarriers for natural bioactive and synthetic drugs. This review describes the structure of glycerosomes, preparation techniques, applications, distinctions from liposomes, and benefits of glycerosomes.

Leveraging Large Language Models (LLM) for the Plastic Surgery Resident Training: Do They Have a Role?

Introduction Large language models (LLMs) are designed for recognizing, summarizing, translating, predicting, and generating text-based content from knowledge gained from extensive data sets. ChatGPT4 (Generative Pre-trained Transformer 4) (OpenAI, San Francisco, California, United States) is a transformer-based LLM model pretrained on public data as well as data obtained from third-party sources using deep learning techniques of fine tuning and reinforcement learning from human feedback to predict the next text. We wanted to explore the role of LLM as a teaching assistant (TA) in plastic surgery. Material and Methods TA roles were first identified in available literature, and based on the roles, a list of suitable tasks was created where LLM could be used to perform the task. Prompts designed to be fed in to the LLM (specifically ChatGPT) to generate appropriate output, were then created and fed to the ChatGPT model. The outputs generated were scored by evaluators and compared for interobserver agreement. Results A final set of eight TA roles were identified where a LLM could be utilized to generate content. These contents were scored for usefulness and accuracy. These were scored independently by the eight study authors in a scoring sheet created for the study. Interobserver agreements for content accuracy, usefulness, and clarity were 100% for content generated for the following: interactive case studies (generation), simulation of preoperative consultations, and generation of ethical considerations. Discussion LLMs in general and ChatGPT (on which this study is based) in specific, can generate answers to questions and prompts based on huge amount of text fed into the model for training the underlying language model. The answers generated have been found to be accurate, readable, and even indistinguishable from human-generated text. This capability of automated content synthesis can be exploited to generate summaries to text, answer short and long answers, and generate case scenarios. We could identify a few such scenarios where the LLM could in general be utilized to play the role of a TA and aid plastic surgery residents in particular. In addition, these models could also be used by students to obtain feedback and gain reflection which itself stimulates critical thinking. Conclusion Incorporating LLMs into the educational arsenal of plastic surgery residency programs can provide a dynamic, interactive, and individualized learning experience for residents and prove to be worthy TAs of future.

Multimodal fluorescence imaging and spectroscopic techniques for oral cancer screening: a real-time approach.

The survival rate of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) patients is very poor, but it can be improved using highly sensitive, specific, and accurate techniques. Autofluorescence and fluorescence techniques are very sensitive and helpful in cancer screening; being directly linked with the molecular levels of human tissue, they can be used as a quantitative tool for cancer detection. Here, we report the development of multi-modal autofluorescence and fluorescence imaging and spectroscopic (MAF-IS) smartphone-based systems for fast and real-time oral cancer screening. MAF-IS system is indigenously developed and offers the advantages of being a low-cost, handy, non-contact, non-invasive, and easily operable device that can be employed in hospitals, including low-resource settings. In this study, we report the results of 43 individuals with 28 OSCC and 15 oral potentially malignant disorders (OPMDs), i.e., epithelial dysplasia and oral submucous fibrosis, using the developed devices. We observed a red shift in fluorescence emission spectrain vivo. We found red-shift of 7.72 ± 6 nm, 3 ± 4.36 nm, and 1.33 ± 0.47 nm in the case of OSCC, epithelial dysplasia, and oral submucous fibrosis, respectively, compared to normal. The results were compared with histopathology and found to be consistent. Further, the MAF-IS system provides results in real-time with higher accuracy and sensitivity compared to devices using a single modality. Our system can achieve an accuracy of 97% with sensitivity and specificity of 100% and 94.7%, respectively, even with a smaller number of patients (28 patients of OSCC). The proposed MAF-IS device has great potential for fast screening and diagnosis of oral cancer in the future.

Utilization of Chemometric-Aided UV Spectrophotometric Methods for Concurrent Assessment of Emtricitabine, Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate, Elvitegravir, and Cobicistat in Tablet Formulation.

BACKGROUND: Emtricitabine (ETC), tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TNF), elvitegravir (EVG), and cobicistat (CBS) are antiviral drugs used to treat human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infections. OBJECTIVE: To develop chemometric-aided UV spectrophotometric methods for concurrent estimation of the aforementioned drugs used to treat HIV. This method can be used to reduce modification of the calibration model by assessing the absorbance at various points in the zero-order spectra within the selected wavelength range. Additionally, it eliminates interfering signals and provides sufficient resolution in multi-component systems. METHODS: Two chemometric-assisted UV spectrophotometric methods, namely, partial least-squares (PLS) and principal component regression (PCR) models, were established for the concurrent assessment of EVG, CBS, TNF, and ETC in tablet formulations. The proposed methods were applied to decrease complexity of overlapped spectra and to achieve maximum sensitivity and the lowest error. These approaches were performed in accordance with International Council on Harmonization (ICH) criteria and compared to the reported HPLC method. RESULTS: The proposed methods were used to assess EVG, CBS, TNF, and ETC in the ranges of 5-30, 5-30 , 5-50, and 5-50 µg/mL, respectively, with an excellent correlation coefficient (r2 ≥ 0.998). The accuracy and precision results were found to be within the acceptable limits. No statistical difference was observed between the proposed and reported studies. CONCLUSION: The chemometric-aided UV spectrophotometric approaches could be considered as alternatives to chromatographic procedures in the pharmaceutical industry for routine analysis and testing of readily accessible commercial formulations. HIGHLIGHTS: Novel chemometric-assisted UV spectrophotometric techniques were developed for assessment of multicomponent antiviral combinations in single-tablet formulations. The proposed methods were performed without using harmful solvents, tedious preparation, or expensive instruments. The proposed methods were compared statistically with a reported HPLC method. Assessment of EVG, CBS, TNF, and ETC was performed without interference from excipients in their multicomponent formulations.

Point-of-care devices based on fluorescence imaging and spectroscopy for tumor margin detection during breast cancer surgery: Towards breast conservation treatment.

OBJECTIVE: Fluorescence-based methods are highly specific and sensitive and have potential in breast cancer detection. Simultaneous fluorescence imaging and spectroscopy during intraoperative procedures of breast cancer have great advantages in detection of tumor margin as well as in classification of tumor to healthy tissues. Intra-operative real-time confirmation of breast cancer tumor margin is the aim of surgeons, and therefore, there is an urgent need for such techniques and devices which fulfill the surgeon's priorities. METHODS: In this article, we propose the development of fluorescence-based smartphone imaging and spectroscopic point-of-care multi-modal devices for detection of invasive ductal carcinoma in tumor margin during removal of tumor. These multimodal devices are portable, cost-effective, noninvasive, and user-friendly. Molecular level sensitivity of fluorescence process shows different behavior in normal, cancerous and marginal tissues. We observed significant spectral changes, such as, red-shift, full-width half maximum (FWHM), and increased intensity as we go towards tumor center from normal tissue. High contrast in fluorescence images and spectra are also recorded for cancer tissues compared to healthy tissues. Preliminary results for the initial trial of the devices are reported in this article. RESULTS: A total 44 spectra from 11 patients of invasive ductal carcinoma (11 spectra for invasive ductal carcinoma and rest are normal and negative margins) are used. Principle component analysis is used for the classification of invasive ductal carcinoma with an accuracy of 93%, specificity of 75% and sensitivity of 92.8%. We obtained an average 6.17 ± 1.66 nm red shift for IDC with respect to normal tissue. The red shift and maximum fluorescence intensity indicates p < 0.01. These results described here are supported by histopathological examination of the same sample. CONCLUSION: In the present manuscript, simultaneous fluorescence-based imaging and spectroscopy is accomplished for the classification of IDC tissues and breast cancer margin detection.

Cancer Proteomics for Cellular Dysfunction: Insights and Trends.

BACKGROUND: Cancer is an ailment with having a very low survival rate globally. Poor cancer prognosis is primarily caused by the fact that people are found to have the disease when it is already well advanced. The goal of this study is to compile information on new avenues of investigation into biomarkers that may facilitate the routine detection of cancer. Proteomic analysis has recently developed into a crucial technique for cancer biology research, working in tandem with genomic analysis. Mass spectrometry techniques are one of several proteome analysis techniques that allow for the highly precise quantitative and qualitative recognition of hundreds of proteins in small quantities from various biological materials. These findings might soon serve as the foundation for better cancer diagnostic techniques. METHODS: An exhaustive literature survey has been conducted using electronic databases such as Google Scholar, Science Direct, and PubMed with keywords of proteomics, applications of proteomics, the technology of proteomics, biomarkers, and patents related to biomarkers. RESULT: Studies reported till 2021 focusing on cancer proteomics and the related patents have been included in the present review to obtain concrete findings, highlighting the applications of proteomics in cancer. CONCLUSION: The present review aims to present the overview and insights into cancer proteomics, recent breakthroughs in proteomics techniques, and applications of proteomics with technological advancements, ranging from searching biomarkers to the characterization of molecular pathways, though the entire process is still in its infancy.

Solution-Route Inkjet Fabrication of CeO2 Thin Films with Tunable Microstructure.

We report the fabrication and characterization of solution-route CeO2 thin films with a tunable porosity and microstructure. Films were deposited by means of inkjet printing technique using 0.2 M, 0.4 M and 0.6 M concentration inks prepared from Ce(NO3)3·6H2O precursor. Printing was performed at two different temperatures of 60 °C and 300 °C to study the variation in structure. Printing parameters were adjusted for the consecutive deposition of layers, resulting in ≈140 nm and ≈185 nm thick single layers for 60 °C and 300 °C printing temperatures, respectively. We compared the microstructure of printed films for different concentrations, printing temperatures, solvents and substrates. The formation of the cubic fluorite structure of the printed films was confirmed via XRD characterization. We suggest this technique as an advanced method for high-quality film fabrication with a controlled microstructure and with a minimal waste of materials. Through adjusting printing parameters, both dense and porous films can be produced for use in different applications.

Neuroprotective effect of phytoconstituents via nanotechnology for treatment of Alzheimer diseases.

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurological condition characterised by cognitive and behavioural dysfunction. The presence of the blood brain barrier (BBB), which prevents medications from entering the brain, makes treating AD difficult. Currently, existing therapeutic modalities provide symptomatic alleviation while also being unsafe. Phytoconstituents are gaining popularity due to their neuroprotective properties and ability to target many pathogenic pathways involved with AD. However, because to their lower BBB permeability, poor solubility, and low bioavailability, they have failed to reduce disease progression and treat Alzheimer's disease. Nanotechnology is an emerging tool for overcoming these obstacles in brain drug delivery. Thus, the development of phytochemical-loaded nanocarrier systems can reduce these barriers while improving neuroprotective benefits. In this review, we summarised prospective targets, methodologies for brain drug delivery, phytoconstituents, and their nanocarrier system developed for the management and treatment of AD. Researchers looking for an alternate method to treat AD were given new insight by emphasising obstacles and future prospects.

What does it take to achieve microelimination of hepatitis C among incarcerated individuals in Haryana, India?

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Dynamic correction of ulnar claw hand deformity with a simple insertion into the lumbrical muscle.

Numerous methods of tendon transfers are available to correct claw hand deformity. In this article, we describe a simple insertion of the transferred flexor digitorum superficialis tendon, into the lumbrical muscle and proximal tendon. Sixty patients underwent surgery for claw hand correction. These were equally divided into three groups undergoing; modified Stiles Bunnell procedure; 'lasso' insertion into A1 pulley and the lumbrical insertion procedure. Evaluation was done with proximal interphalangeal joint angle measurements, grip strength and using the Brand's criteria, 1 year after surgery. The improvements were comparable among the three groups. Insertion into the lateral bands has been a standard method of claw correction. In addition to correcting the hyperextension of the metacarpophalangeal joint, it transmits force for interphalangeal joint extension and restores the sequence of flexion of fingers, thus making the grasp effective. Insertion into the lumbrical muscle belly and proximal tendon shows similar results. It can be performed via a single incision in the palm, reducing operative time.

White light phase shifting interferometric microscopy with whole slide imaging for quantitative analysis of biological samples.

In this paper, we demonstrate the white light phase shifting interferometer employed as whole slide scanner and phase profiler for determining qualitative and quantitative information over large field-of-view (FOV). Experiments were performed on human erythrocytes and MG63 Osteosarcoma cells. Here, we have recorded microscopic images and phase shifted white light interferograms simultaneously in a stepped manner. Sample slide is translated in transverse direction such that there exists a correlation between the adjacent frames, and they were stitched together using correlation functions. Final stitched image has a FOV of 0.24 × 1.14 mm with high resolution ~0.8 µm. Circular Hough transform algorithm is implemented to the resulting image for cell counting and five-step phase shifting algorithm is utilised to retrieve the phase profiles over a large FOV. Further, this technique is utilised to study the difference between normal and anaemic erythrocytes. Significant changes are observed in anaemic cells as compared to normal cells.

Facilitating Safe Discharge Through Predicting Disease Progression in Moderate Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19): A Prospective Cohort Study to Develop and Validate a Clinical Prediction Model in Resource-Limited Settings.

BACKGROUND: In locations where few people have received coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccines, health systems remain vulnerable to surges in severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infections. Tools to identify patients suitable for community-based management are urgently needed. METHODS: We prospectively recruited adults presenting to 2 hospitals in India with moderate symptoms of laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 to develop and validate a clinical prediction model to rule out progression to supplemental oxygen requirement. The primary outcome was defined as any of the following: SpO2 < 94%; respiratory rate > 30 BPM; SpO2/FiO2 < 400; or death. We specified a priori that each model would contain three clinical parameters (age, sex, and SpO2) and 1 of 7 shortlisted biochemical biomarkers measurable using commercially available rapid tests (C-reactive protein [CRP], D-dimer, interleukin 6 [IL-6], neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio [NLR], procalcitonin [PCT], soluble triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cell-1 [sTREM-1], or soluble urokinase plasminogen activator receptor [suPAR]), to ensure the models would be suitable for resource-limited settings. We evaluated discrimination, calibration, and clinical utility of the models in a held-out temporal external validation cohort. RESULTS: In total, 426 participants were recruited, of whom 89 (21.0%) met the primary outcome; 257 participants comprised the development cohort, and 166 comprised the validation cohort. The 3 models containing NLR, suPAR, or IL-6 demonstrated promising discrimination (c-statistics: 0.72-0.74) and calibration (calibration slopes: 1.01-1.05) in the validation cohort and provided greater utility than a model containing the clinical parameters alone. CONCLUSIONS: We present 3 clinical prediction models that could help clinicians identify patients with moderate COVID-19 suitable for community-based management. The models are readily implementable and of particular relevance for locations with limited resources.

Medial plantar artery-based perforator and island flaps: a case series of applications in sole defects.

BACKGROUND: Soft tissue defects of the plantar foot pose a challenge to the reconstructive surgeon. The plantar region of the foot has a unique skin structure, which helps in its paramount functions of weight-bearing and providing protective sensation. It is best replaced with tissue of its own kind. The medial plantar artery (MPA) flap fulfils all the requirements of an ideal replacement for small-to-medium-sized defects in the mid plantar and heel region. This study describes our experience with MPA-based flaps for small-to-medium-sized defects of the plantar foot. METHOD: The study was conducted in a tertiary referral hospital between April 2017 and March 2020 on patients who presented with defects on the mid plantar region and heel. MPA perforator (MPAP) flap or island flap were applied. The donor site was covered with split-thickness skin grafts. RESULTS: The study included 21 patients. MPAP flap was applied in nine patients and the island flap was applied in 12 patients. The mean age of the patients was 37.95 years and the mean flap size was 36.6cm2. All flaps survived well. In two patients, venous congestion developed which resolved spontaneously, while three patients had small graft loss which also healed with conservative treatment. All patients regained protective sensation within five months of flap coverage. CONCLUSION: Based on the MPA, both perforator and island flaps can be raised due to the fairly constant position of the perforators. These flaps have the advantage of robust vascularity with the replacement of identical tissue for weight-bearing functions along with acceptable aesthetic outcomes. Since they also have the added advantage of conferring sensation, they can be used as a primary option in cases of small-to-medium-sized plantar foot defects.