Using the Generic Analysis Method to Analyze Sentinel Event Reports Across Hospitals: A Retrospective Cross-Sectional Study.

OBJECTIVES: Improving patient safety by investigating sentinel events (SEs) is hampered by the focus on isolated events within hospitals and a narrow scope of traditional root cause analysis methods. We aimed to examine if performing cross-hospital aggregate analysis of SEs applying a novel generic analysis method (GAM) bearing a human factor perspective can enhance learning from SEs. METHODS: A retrospective cross-sectional review of SE reports from 28 Dutch general hospitals using the GAM to reanalyze events was performed. A qualitative approach was used to identify contributing factors and system issues. Findings were discussed with a patient safety expert panel. Descriptive statistics and measures of associations between domains were calculated. RESULTS: Sixty-nine SE reports were reviewed. Applying the GAM provided a more holistic SE analysis than a traditional method. Of the 405 identified contributing factors in all SEs, the majority was related to the persons involved (patients and professionals, n = 146 [36.2%]) and the organization (n = 121 [30%]). The most frequently recurring pattern was the combination of factors related to the persons involved, the technology used, the tasks of professionals, and organizational factors influencing the event. Cross-hospital aggregate GAM analysis of SEs helped to identify system issues and propose more system-oriented overarching recommendations. CONCLUSIONS: This study found that applying the GAM to analyze SEs across hospitals can help to improve learning from SEs and may result in proposing stronger recommendations. The method can support hospitals, working together in a network of hospitals, to jointly learn from SEs.

Severe neonatal hyperbilirubinaemia: lessons learnt from a national perinatal audit.

OBJECTIVES: To describe characteristics of neonates with severe neonatal hyperbilirubinaemia (SNH) and to gain more insight in improvable factors that may have contributed to the development of SNH. DESIGN AND SETTING: Descriptive study, based on national Dutch perinatal audit data on SNH from 2017 to 2019. PATIENTS: Neonates, born ≥35 weeks of gestation and without antenatally known severe blood group incompatibility, who developed hyperbilirubinaemia above the exchange transfusion threshold. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Characteristics of neonates having SNH and corresponding improvable factors. RESULTS: During the 3-year period, 109 neonates met the eligibility criteria. ABO antagonism was the most frequent cause (43%). All neonates received intensive phototherapy and 30 neonates (28%) received an exchange transfusion. Improvable factors were mainly related to lack of knowledge, poor adherence to the national hyperbilirubinaemia guideline, and to incomplete documentation and insufficient communication of the a priori hyperbilirubinaemia risk assessment among healthcare providers. A priori risk assessment, a key recommendation in the national hyperbilirubinaemia guideline, was documented in only six neonates (6%). CONCLUSIONS: SNH remains a serious threat to neonatal health in the Netherlands. ABO antagonism frequently underlies SNH. Lack of compliance to the national guideline including insufficient a priori hyperbilirubinaemia risk assessment, and communication among healthcare providers are important improvable factors. Implementation of universal bilirubin screening and better documentation of the risk of hyperbilirubinaemia may enhance early recognition of potentially dangerous neonatal jaundice.

Randomized Controlled Early versus Late Ventricular Intervention Study in Posthemorrhagic Ventricular Dilatation: Outcome at 2 Years.

OBJECTIVE: To compare the effect of intervention at low vs high threshold of ventriculomegaly in preterm infants with posthemorrhagic ventricular dilatation on death or severe neurodevelopmental disability. STUDY DESIGN: This multicenter randomized controlled trial reviewed lumbar punctures initiated after either a low threshold (ventricular index of >p97 and anterior horn width of >6 mm) or high threshold (ventricular index of >p97 + 4 mm and anterior horn width of >10 mm). The composite adverse outcome was defined as death or cerebral palsy or Bayley composite cognitive/motor scores <-2 SDs at 24 months corrected age. RESULTS: Outcomes were assessed in 113 of 126 infants. The composite adverse outcome was seen in 20 of 58 infants (35%) in the low threshold group and 28 of 55 (51%) in the high threshold (P = .07). The low threshold intervention was associated with a decreased risk of an adverse outcome after correcting for gestational age, severity of intraventricular hemorrhage, and cerebellar hemorrhage (aOR, 0.24; 95% CI, 0.07-0.87; P = .03). Infants with a favorable outcome had a smaller fronto-occipital horn ratio (crude mean difference, -0.06; 95% CI, -0.09 to -0.03; P < .001) at term-equivalent age. Infants in the low threshold group with a ventriculoperitoneal shunt, had cognitive and motor scores similar to those without (P = .3 for both), whereas in the high threshold group those with a ventriculoperitoneal shunt had significantly lower scores than those without a ventriculoperitoneal shunt (P = .01 and P = .004, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: In a post hoc analysis, earlier intervention was associated with a lower odds of death or severe neurodevelopmental disability in preterm infants with progressive posthemorrhagic ventricular dilatation. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ISRCTN43171322.

Treatment thresholds for intervention in posthaemorrhagic ventricular dilation: a randomised controlled trial.

OBJECTIVE: To compare a low versus a higher threshold for intervention in preterm infants with posthaemorrhagic ventricular dilatation. DESIGN: Multicentre randomised controlled trial (ISRCTN43171322). SETTING: 14 neonatal intensive care units in six countries. PATIENTS: 126 preterm infants ≤34 weeks gestation with ventricular dilatation after grade III-IV haemorrhage were randomised to low threshold (LT) (ventricular index (VI) >p97 and anterior horn width (AHW) >6 mm) or higher threshold (HT) (VI>p97+4 mm and AHW >10 mm). INTERVENTION: Cerebrospinal fluid tapping by lumbar punctures (LPs) (max 3), followed by taps from a ventricular reservoir, to reduce VI, and eventually a ventriculoperitoneal (VP) shunt if stabilisation of the VI below the p97+4 mm did not occur. COMPOSITE MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: VP shunt or death. RESULTS: 19 of 64 (30%) LT infants and 23 of 62 (37%) HT infants were shunted or died (P=0.45). A VP shunt was inserted in 12/64 (19%) in the LT and 14/62 (23%) infants in the HT group. 7/12 (58%) LT infants and 1/14 (7%) HT infants required shunt revision (P<0.01). 62 of 64 (97%) LT infants and 36 of 62 (58%) HT infants had LPs (P<0.001). Reservoirs were inserted in 40 of 64 (62%) LT infants and 27 of 62 (43%) HT infants (P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: There was no significant difference in the primary composite outcome of VP shunt placement or death in infants with posthaemorrhagic ventricular dilatation who were treated at a lower versus a higher threshold for intervention. Infants treated at the lower threshold received more invasive procedures. Assessment of neurodevelopmental outcomes will provide further important information in assessing the risks and benefits of the two treatment approaches.

Withdrawal of a novel-design duodenoscope ends outbreak of a VIM-2-producing Pseudomonas aeruginosa.

BACKGROUND AND STUDY AIMS: Infections are a recognized risk of endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP). This paper reports on a large outbreak of VIM-2-producing Pseudomonas aeruginosa that was linked to the use of a recently introduced duodenoscope with a specific modified design (Olympus TJF-Q180V). METHODS: Epidemiological investigations and molecular typing were executed in order to identify the source of the outbreak. Audits on implementation of infection control measures were performed. Additional infection control strategies were implemented to prevent further transmission. The design and the ability to clean and disinfect the duodenoscope were evaluated, and the distal tip was dismantled. RESULTS: From January to April 2012, 30 patients with a VIM-2-positive P. aeruginosa were identified, of whom 22 had undergone an ERCP using a specific duodenoscope, the TJF-Q180V. This was a significant increase compared with the hospital-wide baseline level of 2 - 3 cases per month. Clonal relatedness of the VIM-2 P. aeruginosa was confirmed for all 22 cases and for the VIM-2 strain isolated from the recess under the forceps elevator of the duodenoscope. An investigational study of the new modified design, including the dismantling of the duodenoscope tip, revealed that the fixed distal cap hampered cleaning and disinfection, and that the O-ring might not seal the forceps elevator axis sufficiently. The high monthly number of cases decreased below the pre-existing baseline level following withdrawal of the TJF-Q180V device from clinical use. CONCLUSIONS: Duodenoscope design modifications may compromise microbiological safety as illustrated by this outbreak. Extensive pre-marketing validation of the reprocessability of any new endoscope design and stringent post-marketing surveillance are therefore mandatory.

Critical incidents among intensive care unit nurses and their need for support: explorative interviews.

AIMS: This article aims (a) to get insight into intensive care nurses' most critical work-related incidents, (b) their reactions and coping and (c) perceived support, in a Dutch intensive care unit. BACKGROUND: Research about the impact of critical incidents has largely been aimed at ambulance and emergency nurses; knowledge about intensive care nurses in this respect is scarce. Persistent stress reactions after critical incidents may cause symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder, depression and anxiety. Unresolved problems may also cause poor behaviour towards patients. In response, nurses reduce work hours or even resign. Social support alleviates emotional problems, but little is known about actual support perceived. DESIGN: This study is a qualitative explorative study. METHOD: Thematic analysis of semi-structured interviews was performed among a purposive sample of 12 intensive care nurses in a university hospital in The Netherlands. FINDINGS: Four main themes have been identified in critical incidents: high emotional involvement in patient-related incidents (in contrast to major life-threatening events as such), avoidable incidents, sub-standard patient care and intimidation. Themes discerned in nurses' reactions after critical incidents were physical reactions, emotional reactions and cognitive/behavioural reactions. After critical incidents, nurses talked with colleagues, friends or relatives, but would have appreciated additional support. CONCLUSIONS: Incidents under emotionally demanding circumstances are among the most difficult situations, but may not be recognized as critical incidents by colleagues. Both adequate and inadequate coping strategies, with long-lasting problems after critical incidents, were reported. Feelings of anger, shame and powerlessness, may have hindered recovery. Talking to colleagues was perceived to be helpful, but intensive care nurses' need for support was insufficiently met. RELEVANCE TO CLINICAL PRACTICE: Managers should acknowledge the effects of critical incidents on intensive care nurses and take preventive measures: reducing critical incidents, improving open communication, imposing a buddy-system for collegial support, and timely evaluating the necessity of professional help.

A literature review on flow-rate variability in neonatal IV therapy.

AIM: To provide an overview of factors influencing the flow rate in intravenous (IV) therapy for newborns. METHODS: We conducted a review of the literature from 1980 to 2011 in PubMed and Web of Knowledge. Articles focusing on flow-rate variability and possible complications due to flow-rate variability were included. RESULTS: Forty-one articles were selected for this review. IV therapy in (preterm) neonates is prone to significant start-up delays and flow-rate variability. The sudden changes in the volume delivered to (preterm) neonates may have serious consequences. Low preprogrammed flow rates, total compliance, and volume of the IV administration set, the presence or absence of antisiphon valves or inline filters and the vertical displacement of syringe pumps all contribute to flow-rate variability in IV therapy for neonates. CONCLUSIONS: Flow-rate variability in IV therapy and its clinical relevance are due to the preprogrammed flow rate, the hydrostatic pressure changes, the complete IV administration set compliance and the type of substances supplied to the patient. To improve IV therapy, the internal compliance of the complete IV administration set should be minimized and the highest possible preprogrammed flow rate should be used in combination with small syringes and low-resistance valves.

[Fatal respiratory failure in a morbidly obese patient]. / Respiratoire insufficiëntie met een fataal beloop bij een patiënt met morbide obesitas.

BACKGROUND: Healthcare professionals are seeing an increasing number of morbidly obese patients. Medical interventions are often difficult to perform in these patients. In acute situations this can lead to major problems. CASE DESCRIPTION: Assistance from a mobile medical team was requested for a 42-year-old male weighing 350 kg with severe respiratory failure. Transporting the patient was problematic due to his build. The hospital to which he was brought after hours of delay lacked the appropriate space and resources for morbidly obese patients. Since the condition of the patient deteriorated, intubation and mechanical ventilation were required. Despite additional equipments for problematic airway access, the procedure failed and the patient died due to respiratory failure. CONCLUSION: Designating centres for care, also in the acute situations, of morbidly obese patients is recommended, to improve the care of these patients and to prevent disasters.

Parental involvement and kangaroo care in European neonatal intensive care units: a policy survey in eight countries.

OBJECTIVE: To compare, in a large representative sample of European neonatal intensive care units, the policies and practices regarding parental involvement and holding babies in the kangaroo care position as well as differences in the tasks mothers and fathers are allowed to carry out. DESIGN: Prospective multicenter survey. SETTING: Neonatal intensive care units in eight European countries (Belgium, Denmark, France, Italy, The Netherlands, Spain, Sweden, and the United Kingdom). PATIENTS: Patients were not involved in this study. INTERVENTIONS: None. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: A structured questionnaire was mailed to 362 units (response rate 78%); only units with ≥50 very-low-birth-weight annual admissions were considered for this study. Facilities for parents such as reclining chairs near the babies' cots, beds, and a dedicated room were common, but less so in Italy and Spain. All units in Sweden, Denmark, the United Kingdom, and Belgium reported encouraging parental participation in the care of the babies, whereas policies were more restrictive in Italy (80% of units), France (73%), and Spain (41%). Holding babies in the kangaroo care position was widespread. However, in the United Kingdom, France, Italy, and Spain, many units applied restrictions regarding its frequency (sometimes or on parents request only, rather than routinely), method (conventional rather than skin-to-skin), and clinical conditions (especially mechanical ventilation and presence of umbilical lines) that would prevent its practice. In these countries, fathers were routinely offered kangaroo care less frequently than mothers (p < .001) and less often it was skin-to-skin (p < .0001). CONCLUSIONS: This study showed that, although the majority of units in all countries reported a policy of encouraging both parents to take part in the care of their babies, the intensity and ways of involvement as well as the role played by mothers and fathers varied within and between countries.

"New-generation" pulse oximeters in extremely low-birth-weight infants: how do they perform in clinical practice?

The aim of this study was to evaluate the performance of "new-generation" pulse oximeters in extremely low-birth-weight ([ELBW] ≤ 1000 g) infants. In a prospective crossover observational study, the performance of pulse oximeters of 3 brands (Masimo, Nellcor, and Philips) was evaluated by dual SpO2 measurement in ELBW infants. Disposable probes of either equal or different brands were placed around both feet of the patient simultaneously for approximately 4 hours. Probes were switched between feet every hour. Absolute differences in SpO2 values (ΔSpO2) and the bias between brands were studied. Nine ELWB infants were included (gestational age: mean ± SD = 26(3)/7 ± 1 4/7 weeks). The median (range) ΔSpO2 was 2% (0%-26%). In 9% of the time, ΔSpO2 was 5% or more. The variance of the difference of the 3 pulse oximeter brands was not significantly different. No consequent bias between brands was found. Simultaneously obtained pulse oximeter measurements from the feet of ELBW infants differ from each other. Our results suggest that it is not the brand but the handling of the pulse oximeter in clinical practice, such as the place and positioning of the probe, that influences the performance of the pulse oximeter the most. Improvement in the accuracy of oxygen-monitoring techniques for ELBW infants is required.

Work-related critical incidents in hospital-based health care providers and the risk of post-traumatic stress symptoms, anxiety, and depression: a meta-analysis.

This meta-analysis reviewed existing data on the impact of work-related critical incidents in hospital-based health care professionals. Work-related critical incidents may induce post-traumatic stress symptoms or even post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), anxiety, and depression and may negatively affect health care practitioners' behaviors toward patients. Nurses and doctors often cope by working part time or switching jobs. Hospital administrators and health care practitioners themselves may underestimate the effects of work-related critical incidents. Relevant online databases were searched for original research published from inception to 2009 and manual searches of the Journal of Traumatic Stress, reference lists, and the European Traumatic Stress Research Database were conducted. Two researchers independently decided on inclusion and study quality. Effect sizes were estimated using standardized mean differences with 95% confidence intervals. Consistency was evaluated, using the I(2)-statistic. Meta-analysis was performed using the random effects model. Eleven studies, which included 3866 participants, evaluated the relationship between work-related critical incidents and post-traumatic stress symptoms. Six of these studies, which included 1695 participants, also reported on the relationship between work-related critical incidents and symptoms of anxiety and depression. Heterogeneity among studies was high and could not be accounted for by study quality, character of the incident, or timing of data collection. Pooled effect sizes for the impact of work-related critical incidents on post-traumatic stress symptoms, anxiety, and depression were small to medium. Remarkably, the effect was more pronounced in the longer than in the shorter term. In conclusion, this meta-analysis supports the hypothesis that work-related critical incidents are positively related to post-traumatic stress symptoms, anxiety, and depression in hospital-based health care professionals. Health care workers and their supervisors should be aware of the harmful effects of critical incidents and take preventive measures.

Heel blood sampling in European neonatal intensive care units: compliance with pain management guidelines.

OBJECTIVE: To describe the use of heel blood sampling and non-pharmacological analgesia in a large representative sample of neonatal intensive care units (NICUs) in eight European countries, and compare their self-reported practices with evidence-based recommendations. METHODS: Information on use of heel blood sampling and associated procedures (oral sweet solutions, non-nutritive sucking, swaddling or positioning, topical anaesthetics and heel warming) were collected through a structured mail questionnaire. 284 NICUs (78% response rate) participated, but only 175 with ≥50 very low birth weight admissions per year were included in this analysis. RESULTS: Use of heel blood sampling appeared widespread. Most units in the Netherlands, UK, Denmark, Sweden and France predominantly adopted mechanical devices, while manual lance was still in use in the other countries. The two Scandinavian countries and France were the most likely, and Belgium and Spain the least likely to employ recommended combinations of evidence-based pain management measures. CONCLUSIONS: Heel puncture is a common procedure in preterm neonates, but pain appears inadequately treated in many units and countries. Better compliance with published guidelines is needed for clinical and ethical reasons.

Polyalanine expansion in the ZIC3 gene leading to X-linked heterotaxy with VACTERL association: a new polyalanine disorder?

BACKGROUND: The VACTERL association is a non-random association of congenital defects with an unknown aetiology in the majority of patients. METHODS: A male newborn is reported with features of the VACTERL association, including anal atresia, laryngeal and oesophageal atresia with tracheo-oesophageal fistula, dextroposition of the heart with persistent left superior vena cava, and unilateral multicystic kidney. As the clinical picture of this patient overlaps with that of X-linked heterotaxy caused by ZIC3 mutations, the ZIC3 coding region was sequenced. RESULTS: In a patient with the VACTERL association a 6-nucleotide insertion was found in the GCC repeat of the ZIC3 gene, which is predicted to expand the amino-terminal polyalanine repeat from 10 to 12 polyalanines. The polyalanine expansion is a novel ZIC3 mutation which was not found in 336 chromosomes from 192 ethnically matched controls. The mutation was also not present in the mother, suggesting it occurred de novo in the patient and is therefore a pathogenetic mutation. CONCLUSION: It is hypothesized that this novel and de novo polyalanine expansion in ZIC3 contributes to the VACTERL association in this patient. A newborn male is described with features of the VACTERL association, including anal atresia, laryngeal and oesophageal atresia with tracheo-oesophageal fistula, dextroposition of the heart with persistent left superior vena cava, and unilateral multicystic kidney. As the clinical picture of the VACTERL association overlaps with X-linked heterotaxy caused by ZIC3 mutations, the ZIC3 coding region was sequenced, and a 6-nucleotide insertion was found that is predicted to expand the amino-terminal polyalanine repeat from 10 to 12 polyalanines. This novel mutation was not present in the mother, nor in 336 chromosomes from 192 ethnically matched controls. It is hypothesised that this novel and de novo polyalanine expansion in the ZIC3 gene contributes to the VACTERL association in this patient.

Nasogastric tube position and intragastric air collection in a neonatal intensive care population.

PURPOSE: For neonates receiving intensive care, nasogastric tube feeding is essential. Since nasogastric tube placement techniques are not well standardized and common verification methods can be unreliable, placement errors may lead to unsafe situations. In mechanically ventilated neonates and neonates on continuous positive airway pressure, malpositioning of the nasogastric tube may prevent excess air within the stomach to escape. In this study, we aimed to relate tube position to amount of air. The hypothesis was: the better the position of the tube, the smaller the amount of air in the stomach. SUBJECTS: A 1-year cohort of neonates in a level IIIc neonatal intensive care unit with a nasogastric tube. DESIGN AND METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed 326 radiographs and classified nasogastric tube position and gastric air. Descriptive statistics were used to describe demographic data. Kendal's tau statistic was applied to explore the relationship between nasogastric tube position and amount of gastric air. A Mann-Whitney U test was performed to confirm the differences in gastric air in neonates with Ch5 and Ch6 gastric tubes and neonates with Ch8 gastric tubes. RESULTS: One or both orifices of nasogastric tubes were in the esophagus in 7.1% of cases, tubes were curled up in the stomach in 35.3% of cases, and tube tips were beyond the pyloric sphincter in 5.5% of cases. Substantial or excessive air was found in 37.7% of cases. Kendal's tau value indicated that there was no significant correlation between nasogastric tube position and gastric air. The Mann-Whitney U value indicated that children with Ch5 and Ch6 gastric tubes had significantly more gastric air than children with Ch8 gastric tubes. CONCLUSION: Nasogastric tubes were malpositioned in nearly half of cases, and substantial or excessive air was found in more than one-third of cases. The hypothesis-the better the position of the tube, the smaller the amount of gastric air-was not confirmed by the data. However, a significant relationship was found between tube size and gastric air.

Parents, siblings and grandparents in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit. A survey of policies in eight European countries.

OBJECTIVE: To describe policies towards family visiting in Neonatal Intensive Care Units (NICU) and compare findings with those of a survey carried out 10 years earlier. METHODS: A questionnaire on early developmental care practices was mailed to 362 units in eight European countries (Sweden, Denmark, the UK, the Netherlands, Belgium, France, Spain and Italy). Of them 78% responded, and among those responded, 175 reported caring for at least 50 very low birth weight infants every year and their responses were analysed further. RESULTS: A majority of all units allowed access at any time for both parents. This was almost universal in northern Europe and the UK, whereas it was the policy of less than one-third of NICU in Spain and Italy, with France in an intermediate position. Restrictions on visiting of grandparents, siblings and friends, as well as restricting parents' presence during medical rounds and procedures followed the same pattern. A composite visiting score was computed using all the variables related to family visiting. Lower median values and larger variability were obtained for the southern countries, indicating more restrictive attitudes and lack of national policy. CONCLUSIONS: The presence of parents and other family members in European NICUs has improved over a 10-year period. Several barriers, however, are still in place, particularly in the South European countries.

Communicating with Muslim parents: "the four principles" are not as culturally neutral as suggested.

The "four principles approach" has been popularly accepted as a set of universal guidelines for biomedical ethics. Based on four allegedly trans-cultural principles (respect for autonomy, nonmaleficence, beneficence and justice), it is supposed to fulfil the need of a 'culturally neutral approach to thinking about ethical issues in health care'. On the basis of a case-history, this paper challenges the appropriateness of communicating in terms of these four principles with patients with a different background. The case describes the situation in which Muslim parents bring forward that their religion keeps them from consenting to end-of-life decisions by non-religious paediatricians. In a literature analysis, the different meanings and roles of the relevant principles in non-religious and Islamic ethics are compared. In non-religious ethics, the principle of nonmaleficence may be used to justify withholding or withdrawing futile or damaging treatments, whereas Islamic ethics applies this principle to forbid all actions that may harm life. And while the non-religious version of the principle of respect for autonomy emphasises the need for informed consent, the Islamic version focuses on "respect for the patient". We conclude that the parties involved in the described disagreement may feel committed to seemingly similar, but actually quite different principles. In such cases, communication in terms of these principles may create a conflict within an apparently common conceptual framework. The four principles approach may be very helpful in analysing ethical dilemmas, but when communicating with patients with different backgrounds, an alternative approach is needed that pays genuine attention to the different backgrounds.

Brain ultrasonography findings in neonates with exposure to cocaine during pregnancy.

BACKGROUND: Cocaine exposure during pregnancy has been reported to have detrimental effects on the fetus. OBJECTIVE: To describe the findings on cranial ultrasonography (CUS) as part of a neonatal screening programme for exposed neonates. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study was a semiprospective analysis of a 12-year cohort of neonates born to mothers who had used cocaine during their pregnancy and who had follow-up according to a strict clinical protocol. RESULTS: In total, 154 neonates (78 boys, 76 girls) were included, of whom 29 (19%) were born preterm, and 125 (81%) were born full-term. Abnormalities on CUS were seen in 37 neonates (24%; 95% CI 18-31%). The abnormalities were classified as minor in 20 (13%; 95% CI 9-19%) and mildly abnormal in 17 (11%; 95% CI 7-17%). None of the infants showed severe abnormalities. The abnormalities were not associated with the duration or maximum amount of cocaine use during pregnancy. CONCLUSION: None of the infants had severe abnormalities. Detected abnormalities were not correlated with the duration or maximum amount of cocaine use. Given these findings, we feel that routine cranial ultrasonography in this population is not warranted.

A survey on job satisfaction among nursing staff before and after introduction of the NIDCAP model of care in a level III NICU in the Netherlands.

PURPOSE: To study the effect of introduction of the Newborn Individualized Developmental Care and Assessment Program (NIDCAP) on nursing staff job satisfaction. SUBJECTS: Registered nurses, with specialist neonatal qualifications or in training, in a level III neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) in the Netherlands. DESIGN AND METHODS: A survey was performed before 2001 and 6 months after (2003) the introduction of NIDCAP as the new model of care. Job satisfaction was measured by means of the Index of Work Satisfaction (IWS) instrument. PRINCIPAL RESULTS: From the 74 and 70 nurses on the payroll, who participated in the survey before and after the introduction of NIDCAP, respectively 67.6% and 80% responded. No differences were seen in background variables between both groups. Individual components of the IWS on importance and satisfaction were ranked in the same order before and after the NIDCAP introduction. The results on the IWS demonstrated no change in the overall satisfaction rate, respectively 14.4 and 14.5. Only in 1 component, organizational policies, the mean score increased significantly (3.68 and 4.13, respectively, P = .008). The other component scores did not increase significantly. CONCLUSIONS: Major changes in nursing care practice by means of NIDCAP, on our NICU did not affect overall satisfaction. Scores suggested that nursing staff were persistently satisfied with their job.