The Role of Ellis-Van Creveld 2(EVC2) in Mice During Cranial Bone Development.

EvC syndrome is a type of autosomal-recessive chondrodysplasia. Previous case studies in patients suggest abnormal craniofacial development, in addition to dwarfism and tooth abnormalities. To investigate how craniofacial development is affected in EvC patients, surface models were generated from micro-CT scans of control mice, Evc2 global mutant mice and Evc2 neural crest-specific mutant mice. The anatomic landmarks were placed on the surface model to assess the morphological abnormalities in the Evc2 mutants. Through analyzing the linear and angular measurements between landmarks, we identified a smaller overall skull, shorter nasal bone, shorter frontal bone, and shorter cranial base in the Evc2 global mutants. By comparing neural crest-specific Evc2 mutants with control mice, we demonstrated that the abnormalities within the mid-facial regions are not accounted for by the Evc2 mutation within these regions. Additionally, we also identified disproportionate length to width ratios in the Evc2 mutants at all levels from anterior to posterior of the skull. Overall, this study demonstrates a more comprehensive analysis on the craniofacial morphological abnormalities in EvC syndrome and provides the developmental insight to appreciate the impact of Evc2 mutation within the neural crest cells on multiple aspects of skull deformities. Anat Rec, 2017. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Anat Rec, 301:46-55, 2018. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Summary of current consensus on the effect of smoking on implant therapy.

Implant therapy has become a very predictable treatment option in the general population; however, there are certain factors that increase the risk of implant failure. The 2008 National Health Interview Survey estimates that 24.8 million men and 21.1 million women are smokers. The literature regarding cigarette smoking and dental implants currently suggests that advising the patient to stop smoking completely is best, but if this approach is not tenable, then the patient should be warned of the increased risk of implant failure and postoperative complications.

Dental implant placement in type II diabetics: a review of the literature.

Diabetes mellitus was once considered a contraindication to the use of dental implant therapy as it has been associated with comorbidities, including increased susceptibility to infection, impaired wound healing, and periodontitis. Since dental implants and techniques for controlling diabetes have evolved, dental implant therapy has become increasingly common among patients with diabetes. The rising success of dental implants, along with the realized benefits of implant therapy has shifted current trends to accommodate patients with controlled diabetes as good candidates for treatment. The literature currently suggests that successful treatment results can be attained when placing implants on carefully selected patients with glycosylated hemoglobin levels (HbA1C) less than 8 percent and with possible prophylactic antibiotic administration. This review aims to compile and critically evaluate the current literature for placement of dental implants in patients with diabetes.