Parents' Time Perspective as a Predictor of Child's Postsurgical Pain, Emergence Delirium, and Parents' Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Symptoms after Child's Surgery.

BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to predict children's postsurgical pain, emergence delirium and parents' posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms after a child's surgery based on the parents' time perspective. METHOD: A total of 98 children, aged 2 to 15, and their accompanying parents participated in this study. Measures of parents' time perspective and posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms were obtained based on questionnaires. The level of children's postsurgical pain and delirium were rated by nurses and anaesthesiologist. RESULTS: Parents' future-negative perspective was a predictor of emergence delirium in the group of children aged 8-15 years. Low parents' past-positive perspective turned out to be a predictor of parents' posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms after child's surgery. CONCLUSIONS: The results provide evidence for associations between parents' time perspective with child's emergence delirium and parents' posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms after child's surgery.

Adult behavior toward the child before surgery and pediatric emergence delirium.

BACKGROUND: Emergence delirium is one of the problems that occur when a child wakes from anesthesia. Research results indicate that psychological factors are associated with this phenomenon. The relationship between adult behavior before child surgery and pediatric emergence delirium has not been investigated before. AIMS: The aim of this study was to explore the associations of parent, anesthesiologist, and nurse behaviors before child surgery with pediatric emergence delirium. METHODS: The study included 99 pediatric patients (aged 2-17 years) undergoing surgery with general anesthesia, their accompanying parents, an anesthesiologist, and nurses. The study was conducted directly before surgery and after recovery from anesthesia. Before surgery, the behaviors of children, parents, and medical staff were videotaped and then scored using the Child-Adult Medical Procedure Interaction Scale-Revised. Emergence delirium was measured with the Pediatric Anesthesia Emergence Delirium Scale. RESULTS: Parent reassuring comments (ꞵ = 0.22, B = 1.32, 95% CI 0.14-2.49, p = .028) and parent giving control to child (ꞵ = 0.21, B = 7.02, 95% CI 0.68-13.56, p = .031) were positive predictors of emergence delirium in the group of children aged 2-8 years. Parent behavior explained an additional 10% of the variance in pediatric emergence delirium. CONCLUSIONS: Our results suggest that parent reassuring comments and giving control to the child before surgery are related to the level of child emergence delirium in children aged 2 to 8 years.