RESUMO
The kidneys play an important role in the regulation of phosphate and calcium balance and serum concentrations, coordinated by fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23), parathyroid hormone (PTH), and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D (1,25D). In patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD), this regulation is impaired, leading to CKD-mineral and bone disorder (CKD-MBD), characterized by decreased 1,25D, elevated FGF23, secondary hyperparathyroidism, hyperphosphatemia, bone abnormalities, and vascular and soft-tissue calcification. While bone abnormalities associated with CKD-MBD, known as renal osteodystrophy, have been recognized as the most typical interaction between the kidney and bone, a number of other kidney-bone interactions have been identified, for which our knowledge of the pathogenesis of CKD-MBD has played an important role. This article summarizes recent findings on CKD-MBD and explores the crosstalk between the kidney and bone from the perspective of CKD-MBD.
RESUMO
BACKGROUND: Hyponatremia is implicated in pathological bone resorption and has been identified as a risk factor for bone fracture in the general population. However, there are limited data on the association between serum sodium levels and fracture risk in patients undergoing hemodialysis (HD). METHODS: We analyzed a historical cohort of 2220 maintenance HD patients to examine the association between serum sodium levels and the risk of fracture and mortality. We also examined the association between serum sodium levels and osteoporosis, based on metacarpal bone mineral density, in a subcohort of 455 patients with available data. In addition, we examined the association between serum sodium levels and bone turnover markers in a separate cross-sectional cohort of 654 maintenance HD patients. RESULTS: During a median follow-up of 5.4 years, 712 patients died, 113 experienced clinical fractures, and 64 experienced asymptomatic vertebral fractures. Lower serum sodium levels were associated with an increased risk of mortality (HR 1.06 per 1 mEq/L decrease; 95% CI 1.03-1.09) but not with the risk of clinical fracture (HR 1.04 per 1 mEq/L decrease; 95% CI 0.97-1.11). A similar lack of association was observed for asymptomatic vertebral fracture and any fracture. Serum sodium levels were also not associated with osteoporosis in a subcohort with available data (n = 455) or with bone alkaline phosphatase or tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase-5b in a separate cross-sectional cohort. CONCLUSION: Serum sodium levels were associated with mortality but not with fracture risk, osteoporosis, or bone turnover markers in maintenance HD patients.