Thinking Like an Earthling: Children's Reasoning About Individual and Collective Action Related to Environmental Sustainability.

Learning to accept and understand our identity as inhabitants of planet Earth is an essential aspect of living sustainably in a global community with others. What is involved in learning, that despite what divides us, we are first and foremost Earthlings and that the well-being of our planetary home is in our collective hands? What are the cognitive features of concepts that are inherent to thinking like an Earthling? This article considers themes that arise from research that inform what is involved in developing a collective, planetary perspective as it relates to engaging in environmental sustainability. It samples research on how young people understand and reason about agency-their own and that of others-and about the relationship between individual and collective action. It considers the importance of recognizing and engaging with diverse perspectives on agency and collectivity as well as being able to adopt the perspectives of those in different roles and positions. While many of the concepts that are inherent to thinking as part of a collective community of Earthlings are challenging, many are also learnable and represent important instructional targets for helping the next generation to understand how to live together in sustainable ways on a small and finite planet.

A new strategy for the decellularization of whole organs by hydrostatic pressure.

Tissue engineering has been able to develop novel decellularization-recellularization techniques, which facilitates the research for the generation of functional organs. This is based in the initial obtention of the organ's extracellular matrix (ECM). Therefore, any improvement in the decellularization process would have a positive impact in the results of the recellularization process. Nevertheless, commonly the methods and equipment employed for this process are expensive and thus limit the access of this technique to various research groups globally. To develop a decellularization technique with the exclusive use of hydrostatic pressure of detergent solutions, to have an easily accessible and low-cost technique that meets the basic requirements of acellularity and functionality of the ECM. This experimental study was performed in 10 male Wistar rats, obtaining the liver to carry out serial washes, with 1%, 2%, and 3% Triton X-100 solutions and 0.1% SDS. The washes were performed by using a gravity perfusion system (GPS), which assured us a continuous hydrostatic pressure of 7.5 mmHg. The obtained ECM was processed using stains and immunostaining to determine the residual cell content and preservation of its components. The staining showed a removal of cellular and nuclear components of approximately 97% of the acellular ECM, with an adequate three-dimensional pattern of collagen and proteoglycans. Furthermore, the acellular ECM allowed the viability of a primary hepatocyte culture. The use of the GPS decellularization technique allowed us to obtain an acellular and functional ECM, drastically reducing experimentation costs.

18F-FDG-PET/CT in SARS-CoV-2 infection and its sequelae.

In recent months, much of the scientific efforts have focused on research on SARSCoV-2 infection and its consequences in humans. Still, many aspects remain unknown. It is known that the damage caused by SARS-CoV-2 is multifactorial and that its extension goes beyond lung inflammation and the acute phase, with the appearance of numerous complications and sequelae. To date, knowledge about the usefulness of 18F-FDG-PET/CT in the acute phase has been limited to the incidental detection of SARS-CoV-2 unsuspected pneumonia. Recent studies have been appearing collecting the findings of 18F-FDG-PET/CT in long COVID-19 or persistent COVID-19 state as well as the alterations caused after mass vaccination of the population in the metabolic studies. This work aims to review the existing literature focusing on these three issues and to briefly present our own preliminary experience.

[18F-FDG-PET/CT in SARS-CoV-2 infection and its sequelae]. / 18F-FDG-PET/TC ante la infección por SARS-CoV-2 y sus secuelas.

In recent months, much of the scientific efforts have focused on research on SARSCoV-2 infection and its consequences in humans. Still, many aspects remain unknown. It is known that the damage caused by SARS-CoV-2 is multifactorial and that its extension goes beyond lung inflammation and the acute phase, with the appearance of numerous complications and sequelae. To date, knowledge about the usefulness of 18F-FDG-PET/CT in the acute phase has been limited to the incidental detection of SARS-CoV-2 unsuspected pneumonia. Recent studies have been appearing collecting the findings of 18F-FDG- PET/CT in long COVID-19 or persistent COVID-19 state as well as the alterations caused after mass vaccination of the population in the metabolic studies. This work aims to review the existing literature focusing on these three issues and to briefly present our own preliminary experience.

Accessing the Inaccessible: Redefining Play as a Spectrum.

Defining play has plagued researchers and philosophers for years. From describing play as an inaccessible concept due to its complexity, to providing checklists of features, the field has struggled with how to conceptualize and operationalize "play." This theoretical piece reviews the literature about both play and learning and suggests that by viewing play as a spectrum - that ranges from free play (no guidance or support) to guided play and games (including purposeful adult support while maintaining playful elements), we better capture the true essence of play and explain its relationship to learning. Insights from the Science of Learning allow us to better understand why play supports learning across social and academic domains. By changing the lens through which we conceptualize play, we account for previous findings in a cohesive way while also proposing new avenues of exploration for the field to study the role of learning through play across age and context.

Signals from the caudal diencephalon are required for the projection of the Interstitial Nuclei of Cajal.

Axonal projection is controlled by discrete regions localized at the neuroepithelium, guiding the neurite growth during embryonic development. These regions exert their effect through the expression of a family of chemotropic molecules, which actively participate in the formation of neuronal connections of the central nervous system in vertebrates. Previous studies describe prosomere 1 (P1) as a possible organizer of axonal growth of the rostral rhombencephalon, contributing to the caudal projection of reticulospinal rhombencephalic neurons. This work studies the contribution of chemotropic signals from P1 or pretectal medial longitudinal fascicle (MLF) neurons upon the caudal projection of the interstitial nuclei of Cajal (INC). By using in ovo surgeries, retrograde axonal labeling, and immunohistochemical techniques, we were able to determine that the absence of P1 generates a failure in the INC caudal projection, while drastically diminishing the reticulospinal rhombencephalic neurons projections. The lack of INC projection significantly decreases the number of reticulospinal neurons projecting to the MLF. We found a 48.6% decrease in the projections to the MLF from the rostral and bulbar areas. Similarly, the observed decrease at prosomere 2 was 51.5%, with 61.8% and 32.4% for prosomeres 3 and 4, respectively; thus, constituting the most affected rostral regions. These results suggest the following possibilities: i, that the axons of the reticulospinal neurons employ the INC projection as a scaffold, fasciculating with this pioneer projection; and ii, that the P1 region, including pretectal MLF neurons, exerts a chemotropic effect upon the INC caudal projection. Nonetheless the identification of these chemotropic signals is still a pending task.

Thyroid hormones and obesity: a known but poorly understood relationship.

Hormony tarczycy (thyroid hormones, TH) sa zaangazowane w wiele róznych procesów biologicznych, wliczajac rozwój ukladu nerwowego, regulacje metabolizmu posredniego oraz zuzycie energii. Aktywnie uczestnicza w podstawowym zuzyciu energii i termogenezie adaptacyjnej i z tego wzgledu moga miec wplyw na mase ciala w przebiegu chorób tarczycy. Otylosc to niezakazna, przewlekla, zapalna choroba metaboliczna, która implikuje dodatni bilans energetyczny. Tkanka tluszczowa produkuje szereg hormonów i adipocytokin, takich jak leptyna, które moga wplywac na stan tarczycy na róznych poziomach. Istnieja dowody na to, ze dysfunkcja tarczycy moze predysponowac do otylosci i odwrotnie, istnieja dowody sugerujace, ze otylosc powoduje zmiany dotyczace tarczycy. Celem tej pracy bylo opisanie zwiazku miedzy ukladem tarczycy a otyloscia. Ponadto w pracy zaprezentowano hipotetyczny model podkreslajacy znaczenie obwodowej dejodynacji hormonów tarczycy i jego role w ustanowieniu dodatniego bilansu energetycznego. Podsumowujac, mozemy stwierdzic, ze relacja miedzy ukladem tarczycy a otyloscia i nadwaga jest zlozona i obejmuje wiele poziomów interakcji. Ponadto, poddajac ocenie otylego pacjenta, powinno sie rozwazyc ocene funkcji tarczycy, aby uzyskac lepsze i spersonalizowane efekty leczenia.

[URISCAM project: Multicenter evaluation of the UF-Series cytometer in the urinary tract infections screening]. / Proyecto URISCAM: Evaluación multicéntrica del citómetro UF-Series en el despistaje de infecciones urinarias.

OBJECTIVE: Urine culture, the gold standard to confirm the presence of urinary tract infection (UTI), is the most requested assay in the microbiology department. Our objective was to determine the diagnostic yield of the UF-Series cytometer as a screening method for UTI. METHODS: All the urine samples sent to the six Microbiology Laboratories participating in a period of 5 working days were analyzed. We collected demographic variables, apart from those variables related to urine samples: source and sample type (midstream, catheterized or nephrostomy urines), collection with/without boric acid, cytometer parameters (leukocyturia, bacteriuria, bacteria morphology and epithelial cells) and urine culture results. ROC curves were plotted to determine predictive capacity of the cytometer. RESULTS: A sample of 2,468 patients with average age of 53 years were processed (ratio women:men 2:1). Urine culture detected 23% of positive urine samples. The predictor variables of UTI were: morphology of bacilli, bacteriuria ≥21 bacteria/µL, age ≥65 years, samples collected in the emergency service and hospitalization and preserving conditions. With 21 bacteria/µL as a cut-off point, we obtained a sensitivity of 93.3% and 94.5% negative predictive value, then reducing the samples to be cultured by 28.9% with 1.6% false negatives. CONCLUSIONS: We consider that the UF-Series is a valid and accurate tool for the detection of UTI. Therefore, it could be used as screening method in the clinical practice prior to the urine culture, reducing culture requirement by approximately 30%, with a low false negative rate.

Comparison of cumulative dissipated energy delivered by active-fluidic pressure control phacoemulsification system versus gravity-fluidics.

PURPOSE: To compare the cumulative dissipated energy (CDE), aspiration time and estimated aspiration fluid utilized during phacoemulsification cataract surgery using two phacoemulsification systems . METHODS: A total of 164 consecutive eyes of 164 patients undergoing cataract surgery, 82 in the active-fluidics group and 82 in the gravity-fluidics group were enrolled in this study. Cataracts graded NII to NIII using LOCS II were included. Each subject was randomly assigned to one of the two platforms with a specific configuration: the active-fluidics Centurion ® phacoemulsification system or the gravity-fluidics Infiniti ® Vision System. CDE, aspiration time (AT) and the mean estimated aspiration fluid (EAF) were registered and compared. RESULTS: A mean age of 68.3 ± 9.8 years was found (range 57-92 years), and no significant difference was evident between both groups. A positive correlation between the CDE values obtained by both platforms was verified (r = 0.271, R 2 = 0.073, P = 0.013). Similarly, a significant correlation was evidenced for the EAF (r = 0.334, R 2 = 0.112, P = 0.046) and AT values (r = 0.156, R 2 = 0.024, P = 0.161). A statistically significantly lower CDE count, aspiration time and estimated fluid were obtained using the active-fluidics configuration when compared to the gravity-fluidics configuration by 19.29, 12.10 and 9.29%, respectively (P = 0.001, P < 0.0001 and P = 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: The active-fluidics Centurion ® phacoemulsification system achieved higher surgical efficiency than the gravity-fluidics Infiniti ® IP system for NII and NIII cataracts.

Sysmex UF-1000i flow cytometer to screen urinary tract infections: the URISCAM multicentre study.

The new Sysmex UF-1000i analyzer - which incorporates bacteria morphology distinction - allows to automatically screen samples to be cultured at microbiology laboratories. We have evaluated the feasibility and accuracy of Sysmex UF-1000i to screen urinary tract infections (UTIs). A total amount of 2468 urine samples from six Spanish hospitals were analysed. Demographic and clinical data such as age, gender, source and sample type, preserving conditions, cytometer parameters (bacteria, leucocytes and bacteria morphology) as well as urine culture results (gold standard) were recorded. After applying data mining techniques, the variables of age, bacteria count and rod morphology were defined as predictive variables of UTIs. By using the UF-1000i in combination with a predictive algorithm of three decision rules, we could identify 94·9 and 47·4% positive and negative urine samples, respectively, with a negative predictive value of 97 and only 1·17% diagnostic error. This error was reduced down to 0·4% when contaminated samples were excluded. Our results show that flow cytometry parameters together with age, by means of a predictive algorithm model, can be used to screen UTIs. Its implementation would avoid culturing 38% of urine samples, and therefore, would reduce time to diagnosis with a discrete false negative ratio. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: Fluorescent flow cytometry performance has recently spread for urine screening. However, controversy about cytometer results can be drawn from medical literature. This study shows the diagnosis accuracy of Sysmex UF-1000i analyzer by means of a group of decision rules encompassing both demographic variables (age) and cytometer parameters (bacteria, leucocytes and bacteria morphology). After applying the predictive algorithm, the UF-1000i could optimally identify 95% urinary tract infections with high negative predictive value and low diagnostic error. Implementation of UF-1000i would avoid culturing almost 38% of urine samples, thus reducing time to diagnosis, unnecessary antibiotic treatments and consequently improving cost-effectiveness.

Evaluation of VEGF gene polymorphisms and proliferative diabetic retinopathy in Mexican population.

AIM: To assess if the included vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) polymorphisms rs3025035, rs3025021 and rs2010963 are associated to proliferative retinopathy in a Mexican population with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). METHODS: A case-control study was conducted in adult individuals with T2DM associated to proliferative retinopathy or non-proliferative retinopathy from Oct. 2014 to Jun. 2015 from the Retina Department of the Asociation to Prevent Blindness in Mexico. The selected patients were adults with a diagnosis of T2DM ≥5y. All subjects had a comprehensive ocular examination and the classification of the retinopathy severity was made considering the Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study (ETDRS) standardization protocols. Genomic DNA was extracted from whole fresh blood. All samples were genotyped by qPCR for selected VEGF polymorphisms. Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium was calculated by comparing Chi-square values between the expected and the observed values for genotype counts. RESULTS: In total 142 individuals were enrolled, 71 individuals with T2DM and associated proliferative retinopathy and 71 individuals with non-proliferative retinopathy. One-sided Fisher's exact test was performed for rs3025021 [OR (95% CI)=0.44(0.08-2.2); P=0.25] and rs2010963 [OR (95% CI)=0.63(0.25-1.6); P=0.23]. The minor allelic frequencies obtained were 26% for rs3025021, 10% for rs3025035 and 61% for rs2010963. The pairwise linkage disequilibrium between the three SNP was assessed, and was as follows: rs3025021 vs rs3025035: D'=1.0, r2=0.1043, P≤0.0001; rs3025021 vs rs2010963: D'=0.442, r2=0.0446, P=0.149; rs3025035 vs rs2010963: D'=0.505, r2=0.0214, P=0.142. CONCLUSION: This is the first analysis involving VEGF polymorphisms and proliferative diabetic retinopathy in a Mexican population. A major finding of the present study is that none of the polymorphisms studied was significantly associated with proliferative retinopathy. Based on these results, we can infer that different populations have different associations for the same polymorphisms.

Chlorophyll a Covalently Bonded to Organo-Modified Translucent Silica Xerogels: Optimizing Fluorescence and Maximum Loading.

Chlorophyll is a pyrrolic pigment with important optical properties, which is the reason it has been studied for many years. Recently, interest has been rising with respect to this molecule because of its outstanding physicochemical properties, particularly applicable to the design and development of luminescent materials, hybrid sensor systems, and photodynamic therapy devices for the treatment of cancer cells and bacteria. More recently, our research group has been finding evidence for the possibility of preserving these important properties of substrates containing chlorophyll covalently incorporated within solid pore matrices, such as SiO2, TiO2 or ZrO2 synthesized through the sol-gel process. In this work, we study the optical properties of silica xerogels organo-modified on their surface with allyl and phenyl groups and containing different concentrations of chlorophyll bonded to the pore walls, in order to optimize the fluorescence that these macrocyclic species displays in solution. The intention of this investigation was to determine the maximum chlorophyll a concentration at which this molecule can be trapped inside the pores of a given xerogel and to ascertain if this pigment remains trapped as a monomer, a dimer, or aggregate. Allyl and phenyl groups were deposited on the surface of xerogels in view of their important effects on the stability of the molecule, as well as over the fluorescence emission of chlorophyll; however, these organic groups allow the trapping of either chlorophyll a monomers or dimers. The determination of the above parameters allows finding the most adequate systems for subsequent in vitro or in vivo studies. The characterization of the obtained xerogels was performed through spectroscopic absorption, emission and excitation spectra. These hybrid systems can be employed as mimics of natural systems; the entrapment of chlorophyll inside pore matrices indicates that it is possible to exploit some of the most physicochemical properties of trapped chlorophyll for diverse technological applications. The data herein collected suggest the possibility of applying the developed methodology to other active, captive molecules in order to synthesize new hybrid materials with optimized properties, suitable to be applied in diverse technological fields.

Fluorescence and Textural Characterization of Ortho-Amine Tetraphenylporphyrin Covalently Bonded to Organo-Modified Silica Xerogels.

Most of the studies performed with porphyrins involve these species functionalized with peripheral substituents lying on the same macrocyclic molecular plane. The main objective of this work deals with the successful preservation and optimization of the fluorescence of a uncommonly used porphyrin species, i.e. tetrakis-(ortho-amino-phenyl)-porphyrin; a molecule with substituents localized not only at one but at both sides of its molecular plane. In cases like this, it must be stressed that fluorescence can only be partially preserved; nevertheless, intense fluorescence can still be reached by following a twofold functionalization strategy involving: (i) the bonding of substituted macrocycles to the pore walls of (ii) organo-modified silica monoliths synthesized by the sol-gel method. The analysis of both absorption and emission UV spectra evidenced a radiation energy transfer taking place between the porphyrin and the host silica matrix. Our results showed that the adequate displaying of the optical properties of macrocyclic species trapped in SiO2 xerogels depend on the polarity existing inside the pores, a property which can be tuned up through the adequate selection of organic groups used to modify the surface of the pore cavities. Additionally, the pore widths attained in the final xerogels can vary depending on the identity of the organic groups attached to the network. All these facts finally demonstrated that, even if using inefficient surface functionalization species, such as ortho-substituted tetraphenylporphyrins, it is still possible to modulate the pore shape, pore size, and physicochemical environment created around the trapped macrocycles. The most important aspect related to this research deals with the fact that the developed methodology offers a real possibility of controlling both the textural and morphological characteristics of a new kind of hybrid porous materials and to optimize the physicochemical properties of diverse active molecules trapped inside the pores of these materials.

Policondritis recidivante / Relapsing polychondritis

La policondritis recidivante, es una infrecuente enfermedad inflamatoria del tejido conjuntivo, de etiología desconocida. Se caracteriza por inflamación episódica y progresiva de tejido cartilaginoso, principalmente del pabellón auricular, nariz y árbol traqueo-bronquial. Se presenta el caso de una paciente femenina de 58 años, que consulta por enrojecimiento y dolor en pabellón auricular derecho, con episodios previos similares en ambos oídos y nariz, además de estudio por poliartritis simétrica. Al examen físico destaca: eritema, edema y dolor local en pabellón auricular, respetando lóbulo. Con exámenes complementarios normales y presencia de tres criterios característicos de McAdam, se diagnostica policondritis recividante, iniciando prednisona oral, con respuesta favorable. Pese a ser una enfermedad poco frecuente, es importante considerarla en casos recurrentes de eritema y dolor local en regiones cartilaginosas, principalmente en pabellón auricular y nariz, de tal forma de lograr un diagnóstico precoz, para suprimir las crisis y mejorar el pronóstico de estos pacientes.

Relapsing Polychondritis (RP) is a rare inflammatory connective tissue disease of unknown etiology. It is characterized by episodic and progressive inflammation of cartilage tissue, especially ear, nose and tracheobronchial tree. We report the case of 58 year old Chilean female patient, who consulted for redness and pain in the right ear, with similar previous episodes in both ears and nose; along with symmetric polyarthritis study it is presented. Physical examination highlighted erythema, edema and local pain in ear, respecting lobe. With normal complementary examinations and presence of three diagnostic criteria of McAdam y col. relapsing polychondritis diagnosed, initiating oral prednisone, with favorable response. Despite being a rare disease, it is important to consider in recurrent cases of erythema and local pain in cartilaginous regions, mainly in ear and nose, so to achieve early diagnosis, to suppress the crisis and improve the prognosis of these patients.

High Iodine and Salt Intakes and Obesity do not Modify the Thyroid Function in Mexican Schoolchildren.

Mexico is considered as a nutritional transition country with a high prevalence of overweight and obesity, and recent studies have reported a high iodine intake in children. Both high iodine intake and obesity have been associated with thyroid dysfunction. Our aim was to assess iodine and salt intake and thyroid function in Mexican schoolchildren with normal weight and obesity. A cross-sectional study was performed during 2012-2013 in schoolchildren from Queretaro, Mexico. Six hundred seventy-eight schoolchildren were evaluated to obtain nutrition status, urinary iodine concentration (UIC) and thyroid volume (TVol). The prevalence of overweight and obesity was 47.3 %, the median UIC was 428 µg/L and TVol was normal in all schoolchildren; however, obese girls had a higher TVol than normal weight at the age of 8, 10 and 12 years. A subsample of schoolchildren was divided in 6-8 and 9-12-year-old groups, in order to compare thyroid function (thyrotropin, free T4, and anti-thyroid antibodies); iodine and salt intake were estimated with 24-h urinary samples. No differences in thyroid function were observed in both age groups. In the 6-8-year-old group, obese schoolchildren had higher iodine intake than normal-weight children (415.5 vs. 269.1 µg/day, p < 0.05), but no differences in salt intake. In contrast, in the 9-12-year-old group, obese schoolchildren had higher salt intake than normal-weight children (6.2 vs. 3.8 g/day, p < 0.05), but no differences in iodine intake. Dietary patterns could explain the differences between both age groups. Further studies are needed to identify the main sources of iodine intake in Mexican populations.

Iodine nutrition and thyroid function assessment in childbearing age women from Queretaro, Mexico.

OBJECTIVE: To assess iodine nutrition and thyroid function in Mexican childbearing age women. METHODS: 101 childbearing age women (21.7 ± 3.5 years) randomly selected from the university student population participated in this cross-sectional study. TSH, thyroid hormones, anti-thyroid antibodies, thyroid volume, iodine intake, and urinary iodine concentration (UIC) were assessed. The knowledge about the importance of iodine in nutrition was also evaluated by using questionnaires. RESULTS: TSH median (interquartile range) value was 1.9 (1.4-2.5) mIU/L, while FT4 median value was 9.0 (8.3- 9.6) µg/dL. The median FT3 and total rT3 values were 3.3 pg/mL and 40.1 ng/dL, respectively. The prevalence of subclinical hypothyroidism (serum TSH >4.5 mIU/L) and of positive anti-thyroid antibodies were 2.9% and <5.9%, respectively. Median thyroid volume was 5.6 mL and none of the subjects were diagnosed with goiter. Median urinary iodine concentration was 146 (104-180) µg/L. As for the knowledge of iodine nutrition, only 37.6% considered that a pregnant woman needs more dietary iodine than a non pregnant woman, while 43.6% recognized that the lack of iodine can cause mental retardation in children. CONCLUSIONS: Prevalence of thyroid test function abnormalities was low in this population and the median UIC indicates adequate iodine intake. We also found a poor knowledge about the importance iodine nutrition in the studied population.

Chronic administration of thiamine pyrophosphate decreases age-related histological atrophic testicular changes and improves sexual behavior in male Wistar rats.

Aging is a multifactorial universal process and constitutes the most important risk factor for chronic-degenerative diseases. Although it is a natural process, pathological aging arises when these changes occur quickly and the body is not able to adapt. This is often associated with the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), inflammation, and a decrease in the endogenous antioxidant systems, constituting a physiopathological state commonly found in chronic-degenerative diseases. At the testicular level, aging is associated with tissue atrophy, decreased steroidogenesis and spermatogenesis, and sexual behavior disorders. This situation, in addition to the elevated generation of ROS in the testicular steroidogenesis, provides a critical cellular environment causing oxidative damage at diverse cellular levels. To assess the effects of a reduction in the levels of ROS, thiamine pyrophosphate (TPP) was chronically administered in senile Wistar rats. TPP causes an activation of intermediate metabolism routes, enhancing cellular respiration and decreasing the generation of ROS. Our results show an overall decrease of atrophic histological changes linked to aging, with higher levels of serum testosterone, sexual activity, and an increase in the levels of endogenous antioxidant enzymes in TPP-treated animals. These results suggest that TPP chronic administration decreases the progression of age-related atrophic changes by improving the intermediate metabolism, and by increasing the levels of antioxidant enzymes.

Iodine nutrition in elementary state schools of Queretaro, Mexico: correlations between urinary iodine concentration with global nutrition status and social gap index.

OBJECTIVE AND METHODS: To estimate median urinary iodine concentration (UIC), and to correlate it with global nutrition indicators and social gap index (SGI) in 50 elementary state schools from 10 municipalities in the State of Queretaro, Mexico. RESULTS: 1,544 students were enrolled and an above of requirements of iodine intake was found (median UIC of 297 µg/L). Iodine status was found as deficient, adequate, more than adequate and excessive in 2, 4, 19 and 25 schools, respectively. Seventy seven percent of table salt samples showed adequate iodine content (20-40 ppm), while 9.6% of the samples had low iodine content (< 15 ppm). Medians of UIC per school were positively correlated with medians of body mass index (BMI) by using the standard deviation score (SDS) (r = 0.47; p < 0.005), height SDS (r = 0.41; p < 0.05), and overweight and obesity prevalence (r = 0.41; p < 0.05). Medians of UIC per school were negatively correlated with stunting prevalence (r = -0.39; p = 005) and social gap index (r = -0.36; p < 0.05). Best multiple regression models showed that BMI SDS and height were significantly related with UIC (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: There is coexistence between the two extremes of iodine intake (insufficient and excessive). To our knowledge, the observed positive correlation between UIC and overweight and obesity has not been described before, and could be explained by the availability and consumption of snack food rich in energy and iodized salt.

Iodine nutrition in elementary state schools of Queretaro, Mexico: correlations between urinary iodine concentration with global nutrition status and social gap index / Consumo de iodo em escolas de ensino fundamental de Querétaro, México: correlação entre a concentração urinária de iodo, o estado nutricional geral e o índice de desigualdade social

OBJECTIVE AND METHODS: To estimate median urinary iodine concentration (UIC), and to correlate it with global nutrition indicators and social gap index (SGI) in 50 elementary state schools from 10 municipalities in the State of Queretaro, Mexico. RESULTS: 1,544 students were enrolled and an above of requirements of iodine intake was found (median UIC of 297 µg/L). Iodine status was found as deficient, adequate, more than adequate and excessive in 2, 4, 19 and 25 schools, respectively. Seventy seven percent of table salt samples showed adequate iodine content (20-40 ppm), while 9.6% of the samples had low iodine content (< 15 ppm). Medians of UIC per school were positively correlated with medians of body mass index (BMI) by using the standard deviation score (SDS) (r = 0.47; p < 0.005), height SDS (r = 0.41; p < 0.05), and overweight and obesity prevalence (r = 0.41; p < 0.05). Medians of UIC per school were negatively correlated with stunting prevalence (r = -0.39; p = 005) and social gap index (r = -0.36; p < 0.05). Best multiple regression models showed that BMI SDS and height were significantly related with UIC (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: There is coexistence between the two extremes of iodine intake (insufficient and excessive). To our knowledge, the observed positive correlation between UIC and overweight and obesity has not been described before, and could be explained by the availability and consumption of snack food rich in energy and iodized salt.

OBJETIVO E MÉTODOS: Estimar a concentração de iodo urinário (CIU) mediana e correlacioná-la com os indicadores de nutrição geral e com o índice de desigualdade social (IDS) de 50 escolas estaduais de ensino fundamental de 10 municípios do estado de Querétaro, no México. RESULTADOS: Utilizou-se um total de 1.544 crianças e encontrou-se uma ingestão acima das necessidades de iodo (CIU mediana de 297 µg/L). O nível de iodo determinado foi deficiente, adequado, mais do que adequado e excessivo em 2, 4, 19 e 25 escolas, respectivamente. Setenta e sete por cento de amostras de sal de mesa mostraram uma quantidade de iodo adequada (20-40 ppm), enquanto 9,6% das amostras tinham um teor de iodo baixo (< 15 ppm). As medianas de CIU por escola foram correlacionadas positivamente com as medianas do índice de massa corporal (IMC) usando o desvio-padrão da contagem (DP) (r = 0,47; p < 0.005), o DP da altura (r = 0,41; p < 0.05) e a prevalência de sobrepeso e de obesidade (r = 0,41; p < 0,05). As medianas de CUI por escola foram correlacionadas negativamente com a prevalência de desnutrição (r = -0.39; p = 005) e com o índice de desigualdade social (r = -0.36; p < 0,05). Os melhores modelos de regressão múltipla mostraram que a DP do IMC e a altura foram relacionados significativamente com a CIU (p < 0,05). CONCLUSÃO: Existe uma convivência entre os dois extremos de ingestão de iodo (insuficiente e excessiva). Em nosso conhecimento, a correlação positiva entre a CIU, o excesso de peso e a obesidade não foi descrita anteriormente e poderia ser explicada pela disponibilidade e consumo de alimentos ou refeições ricos(as) em energia e sal iodado.