[Malignant transformation of a branchial cleft cyst]. / Rosszindulatúan elfajult nyaki branchiogen cysta.

Branchial cleft cyst is the most common birth defect involving the neck. Malignant transformation is known, however, differentiating from a neck metastasis of a squamous cell carcinoma of unknown primary is challenging. Even though there are strict criterias, the diagnosis of this entity remains controversial. We present the case of a 69-year-old woman, who presented with a swelling under the left side of the mandible. After diagnostic workup, fine-needle aspiration biopsy raised the suspicion of a cystic squamous cell carcinoma metastasis, therefore we performed panendoscopy and modified radical neck dissection. The pathological examination confirmed branchial cleft cyst carcinoma. After surgery, the patient received adjuvant radiation and chemotherapy. During the case workup, we present the difficulties of the diagnostic process, differential diagnostic problems, and the review of the international literature. In the case of a solitary, cystic mass on the neck without a primary tumor, we should consider the possibility of a branchiogenic carcinoma. Orv Hetil. 2023; 164(10): 388-392.

The P.E.A.N.U.T. Method: Update on an Integrative System Approach for the Treatment of Chronic Otitis Media with Effusion and Adenoid Hypertrophy in Children.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Based on our previous single-center study on optimization of treatment of chronic otitis media with effusion (COME) and adenoid hypertrophy (AH) in children using a noninvasive system approach to lower the necessity of antibiotics, analgesic use, and surgical interventions, we proceeded to perform a multicenter investigation in an outpatient setting. The purpose of the previous prospective study in 2013-2015 was to compare outcomes in the treatment of COME and AH using the noninvasive multimodal integrative method (IM) versus conventional treatment practice (COM). MATERIALS AND METHODS: In this paper, we retrospectively analyze the data of patients treated with the integrative method between 2017 and 2020 in a multicenter setting and compared the outcomes with data from 2013-2015 in order to evaluate generalizability. In both periods, all eligible and willing participants were included and treated with the IM protocol under real-life conditions. The treatment involved pneumatization exercises, education, an antiallergic diet, nasal hygiene, useful constitutional therapy, and thermal interventions (P.E.A.N.U.T.). A total of 48 versus 28 patients, aged 1-8, were assessed, presenting with COME and AH, with moderate to severe hearing impairment at entry. RESULTS: The significant improvement found in both audiometric measures (intact hearing) and tympanometric measures (normal A-type curve) was similar in both datasets with respect to conventional treatment. The new data confirms that the P.E.A.N.U.T. method results in a significant reduction of antibiotics, analgesic use, and surgical interventions. CONCLUSION: In this multicenter trial, we confirm the effectiveness of the noninvasive system approach for the treatment of COME in lowering the need for antibiotics and analgesic use and elective surgery. This could be especially important with respect to a generally observed increase in antibiotic resistance. The method is easy to perform in different clinical settings and is effective, safe, and well-tolerated.

Morphological and Histological Effects of Radiofrequency and Laser (KTP and Nd:YAG) Treatment of the Inferior Turbinates in Animals.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the short and medium-term effects of radiofrequency (RF) and potassium titanyl phosphate (KTP) and neodymium-yttrium-aluminum garnet (Nd:YAG) laser treatment on the inferior turbinate mucosa in a porcine model. Following randomization, the inferior turbinates were treated either with RF submucosally or with the KTP or the Nd:YAG laser on the surface under videoendoscopic control. Tissue samples were taken at the end of postoperative weeks 1 and 6, and were evaluated macroscopically and histopathologically. Scanning electron microscopy was implemented to demonstrate the morphological changes in the respiratory epithelium. Six weeks following the RF procedure, the mucosa was intact in all cases, and the volume of the inferior turbinates was reduced in the majority of the cases. Although a volume reduction occurred in both laser groups, more complications associated with the healing procedure were noted. With hematoxylin and eosin and periodic acid-Schiff staining, intact epithelium, and submucosal glands remained after the RF procedures at the end of postoperative week 6. Following the KTP-laser intervention, necrotizing sialometaplasia and cartilage destruction occurred, and squamous metaplasia was also apparent in the Nd:YAG group. In both laser groups, dilated glands with excess mucus were seen. The scanning electron microscopic findings demonstrated that cilia were present in all cases. In conclusion, the medium-term macroscopic results were similar in all 3 groups, but the postoperative complications were less following the RF procedure. RF procedure is minimally invasive due to the submucosal intervention that leads to a painless, function preserving recovery.

Radiofrequency transoral microsurgical procedures in benign and malignant laryngeal and hypopharyngeal lesions (institutional experiences).

Besides cold-steel and laser instruments, the use of radiofrequency (RF) devices in transoral microsurgery is getting increasing popularity mainly due to its minimal thermal effect on the collateral soft tissue. Authors summarize their surgical technique, results, and experience gained with RF applied during laryngeal interventions at the Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery at Medical School, University of Pécs. Transoral microsurgery using radiofrequency was carried out in 23 cases in total between 1 January 2011 and 1 March 2013. Fourteen histopathologically different benign lesions and 9 malignant planocellular carcinomas of the larynx were removed using different Micro-Larynx RF Probes powered by Surgitron Dual 4.0 MHz Frequency RF (Ellman International, Oceanside, NY, USA) device. No major bleeding event occurred during or after the procedures and neither laryngeal oedema nor significant postoperative pain was recorded. Authors also reviewed the international literature in this topic while detailing some of their most interesting cases.

Effects of cytochrome P450 1A1 and uridine-diphosphate-glucuronosyltransferase 1A1 allelic polymorphisms on the risk of development and the prognosis of head and neck cancers.

We studied the effect of allelic polymorphisms of cytochrome P450 1A1 (CYP1A1) and uridine-diphosphate-glucuronosyltransferase 1A1 (UGT1A1) on the risk of development of head and neck cancers and overall survival. One hundred and forty-two head and neck cancer patients (48 with laryngeal, 42 with hypopharyngeal and 52 with mesopharyngeal tumours) were included in the study. The control group (150 individuals) included volunteers without malignant tumours. There was no statistically significant difference in age, sex distribution, or smoking habits between the two groups. The participants were genotyped for the CYP1A1 isoleucine/valine (Ile/Val) polymorphism in exon 7 and for the UGT1A1 thymine-adenine-repeat polymorphism (*1 and *28 alleles) in the promoter region of the gene. The effect of the allelic variants on survival was studied using the log-rank test, whereas the χ-test and odds ratios (OR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI) were used to compare the allelic frequencies between patients and controls. Our study revealed a significant link between the occurrence of the CYP1A1 Ile/Val, Val/Val (OR: 1.72, 95% CI: 1.02-2.96, P=0.044) and UGT1A1*28 alleles (OR: 2.74, 95% CI: 1.45-5.18, P=0.002) and an increased risk of head and neck cancers. These alleles decreased the duration of survival significantly (P=0.018 and 0.006). The survival was significantly more strongly reduced when the two high-risk alleles were carried simultaneously (OR: 2.149, 95% CI: 1.111-4.157, P=0.001). Our results suggest that the use of the CYP1A1 Ile/Val and Val/Val variants and UGT1A1*28 as biomarkers can aid risk assessment while their prognostic value can aid planning of individual therapy.

Necrosis of the long process of the incus following stapes surgery: new anatomical observations.

OBJECTIVES/HYPOTHESIS: The most frequent complication (generally recognized during revision procedures) following seemingly successful stapedotomies and stapedectomies is necrosis of the long process of the incus. This is currently ascribed to a malcrimped stapes prosthesis or to a compromised blood supply of the incus. The two-point fixation can cause a mucosal injury with a resulting toxic reaction, and also osteoclastic activity. An important aspect in the engineering of ideal stapes prostheses is that they should be fixed circularly to the long process of the incus with appropriate strength. The objective of this study was to compare current knowledge relating to the blood supply of the ossicular chain with the present authors' observations on cadaver incudes. Most of the papers dealing with this issue appeared in the mid-20th century. METHODS: The published data were compared with the authors' findings gained from photodocumentation on 100 cadaver incudes. The photos were taken with a Canon EOS 20 digital camera (Canon, Inc., Lake Success, NY) with a 5:1 macro-objective. The long processes of the incudes were examined from four directions under a Leica surface-analyzing microscope (Leica Microsystems GmbH, Wetzlar, Germany). RESULTS: Analysis of the positions of the entrances of the feeding arteries (nutritive foramina) on the incudes revealed 1-4 nutritive foramina on the long processes of 48% (24) of the left-sided incudes and 56% (28) of the right-sided incudes. The positions of these foramina differed, however, from those previously described in the literature. They were mostly located not on the medial side of the incus body or on the short process or on the cranial third of the long processes, but antero-medially, mostly on the middle or cranial third. In 48% of all the incudes examined, an obvious foramen was not observed either in the body or in the long process of the incus. No relationship was discerned between the chronological age of the incus specimens and the numbers and/or locations of the nutritive foramina. In each case, the opening of the foramen was the beginning of a tunnel running obliquely and medially upward through the corticalis of the long process of the incus. The foramina are thought to be capable of ensuring a richer blood supply between the surface and the inside of the long process, allowing the arteries to run in and out. CONCLUSIONS: These observations indicate that conclusions drawn from classical anatomical works appear to need reconsideration. The present authors consider that the reason for the necrosis of the long process of the incus is not a compromised blood supply, except in some exceptional anatomical situations. They discuss the possible reasons why malcrimping may lead to necrosis of the long process of the incus. To prevent such malcrimping, attention is paid to the new generation of prostheses.

Voice prosthesis insertion after endoscopic balloon-catheter dilatation in case of a stenotic hypopharyngo-oesophageal junction.

Stenosis of the hypopharyngo-oesophageal junction can be a rare complication of laryngectomy and/or partial pharyngectomy and makes the insertion of voice prosthesis extremely difficult. This study describes the authors' experiences gained by endoscopic balloon-catheter dilatation of hypopharyngo-oesophageal stenoses prior to implantation of voice prostheses in four cases. In two patients a single balloon-catheter dilatation resulted in wide enough pharyngo-oesophageal lumen on the long run. The average prosthesis wearing-times were 6.8 months in case 1 and 4.6 months in case 2, corresponding to the published literature data. In case 3, repeated dilatation of the pharyngo-oesophageal transition had proved to be unsuccessful despite taking every effort with the endoscopic balloon-catheter method. Having excised the stenotic segment, reconstruction with pectoralis major myocutaneous flap (PMMF) was indicated. Eighteen months later, a repeated restenosis was observed and a free jejunal flap needed to be performed as a final solution. In case 4, the insertion was carried out into a previously dilated jejunal free flap, which became gradually ischemic and stenotic since the major head-and neck procedure was carried out that resulted in prosthesis rejection after just 1 week. The authors emphasize that correct indication of pedicled and free flaps in head and neck reconstruction is a prerequisite from the aspect of prevention of pharyngo-oesophageal strictures. Endoscopic balloon-catheter dilatation is a safe and established method for dilatating hypopharyngo-oesophageal stenoses of different origin. The procedure provides maximum patient benefit with minimal trauma and morbidity; moreover, facilitates insertion of voice prostheses. However, a single balloon-catheter dilatation cannot always result in wide enough oesophageal lumen on the long run (case 3). Insertion of a voice prosthesis into a previously dilated ischemic jejunal segment is challenging and avoidable due to risks of complications.