Design, construction and application of algae-bacteria synergistic system for treating wastewater.

The wastewater treatment technology of algae-bacteria synergistic system (ABSS) is a promising technology which has the advantages of low energy consumption, good treatment effect and recyclable high-value products. In this treatment technology, the construction of an ABSS is a very important factor. At the same time, the emergence of some new technologies (such as microbial fuel cells and bio-carriers, etc.) has further enriched constructing the novel ABSS, which could improve the efficiency of wastewater treatment and the biomass harvesting rate. Thus, this review focuses on the construction of a novel ABSS in wastewater treatment in order to provide useful suggestions for the technology of wastewater treatment.

Abnormal phosphorylation / dephosphorylation and Ca2+ dysfunction in heart failure.

Heart failure (HF) can be caused by a variety of causes characterized by abnormal myocardial systole and diastole. Ca2+ current through the L-type calcium channel (LTCC) on the membrane is the initial trigger signal for a cardiac cycle. Declined systole and diastole in HF are associated with dysfunction of myocardial Ca2+ function. This disorder can be correlated with unbalanced levels of phosphorylation / dephosphorylation of LTCC, endoplasmic reticulum (ER), and myofilament. Kinase and phosphatase activity changes along with HF progress, resulting in phased changes in the degree of phosphorylation / dephosphorylation. It is important to realize the phosphorylation / dephosphorylation differences between a normal and a failing heart. This review focuses on phosphorylation / dephosphorylation changes in the progression of HF and summarizes the effects of phosphorylation / dephosphorylation of LTCC, ER function, and myofilament function in normal conditions and HF based on previous experiments and clinical research. Also, we summarize current therapeutic methods based on abnormal phosphorylation / dephosphorylation and clarify potential therapeutic directions.

Optimizing Thermoelectric Performance of Tellurium via Doping with Antimony and Selenium.

Forming solid solutions is one of the most effective strategies to suppress the thermal conductivity of thermoelectric materials. However, the accompanying increase in impurity ion scattering usually results in an undesirable loss in hall mobility, negatively impacting the electrical transport properties. In this work, a tellurium-selenium (Te-Se) solid solution with trace antimony (Sb) doping was synthesized via the high pressure and high temperature method. It was found that slight Se doping into the Te sites not only had no impact on the hall mobility and carrier concentration, but also enhanced the density-of-state effective mass of Sb0.003Te0.997, leading to an enhanced power factor near room temperature. Additionally, the presence of Se doping caused a significant reduction in the phonon thermal conductivity of Te due to fluctuations in the mass and strain field. The lowest phonon thermal conductivity was as low as ~0.42 Wm-1K-1 at 600 K for Sb0.003Se0.025Te0.972, which approached the theoretical minimum value of Te (~0.28 Wm-1K-1). The effects of Se doping suppressed thermal conductivity, while Sb doping enhanced the power factor, resulting in a larger ZT of ~0.94 at 600 K. Moreover, these findings demonstrate that Sb and Se doping can effectively modulate the electrical and thermal transport properties of Te in a synergistic manner, leading to a significant increase in the average ZT across a wide temperature range.

Global Trends of Treatment for NAFLD from 2012 to 2021: A Bibliometric and Mapping Analysis.

AIM: The present study aimed to map publication trends and explore research hotspots of treatment for NAFLD study by bibliometric analysis. BACKGROUND: Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a multi-system metabolic disorder involving the liver. Thousands of papers have been published on the treatment of NAFLD, but no comprehensive statistical and intuitive analysis has been made. The present study aimed to map publication trends and explore research hotspots of treatment for NAFLD study by biblio-metric analysis. OBJECTIVE: (1) the pathogenesis of NAFLD and the possible treatment mechanism; (2) preva-lence, risk factors, and traditional therapies for NAFLD; (3) frontier therapies for NAFLD. Method; This paper conducted a bibliometric analysis based on the Web of Science Core Col-lection (WoSCC). The knowledge map was constructed by VOS viewer v.1.6.10 to visualize the annual publication number, the distribution of countries, international collaborations, author productivity, source journals, cited references, and keywords in this field. RESULT: From 2012 to 2021, 2,437 peer-reviewed publications on the treatment of NAFLD were retrieved. China contributed the most publications, while the United States received the most citations. Journal of Hepatology was the most prolific journal in this field. Prof. Rohit Loomba. CONCLUSION: Our study provides a comprehensive and objective analysis of NAFLD treatment that allows researchers to quickly locate research hotspots in a large number of relevant litera-tures. Meanwhile, it may also provide valuable information for researchers looking for potential partners and institutions.

Ameliorative effect of calcium poly(aspartic acid) (PASP-Ca) and calcium poly-γ-glutamic acid (γ-PGA-Ca) on soil acidity in different horizons.

Soil acidification is a worldwide eco-environmental problem detrimental to plant growth and threatening food security. In this study, calcium poly(aspartic acid) (PASP-Ca) and calcium poly-γ-glutamic acid (γ-PGA-Ca) were obtained through cation exchange and used to mitigate soil acidity owing to high solubility and complexing capability. Three rates at 6.7, 13.4, and 20.1 g kg-1, denoted as PASP-Ca1, PASP-Ca2, and PASP-Ca3, and γ-PGA-Ca (7.4 g kg-1) were surface-applied and compared with conventional lime (CaCO3, 2.5 g kg-1) along with control in two soil layers (top soil 0-10 cm, subsoil 10-20 cm). After leaching, various soil properties and aluminum fractions were measured to assess their ameliorative performance and mechanisms. Although lime achieved the highest soil pH (6.91) in the topsoil followed by PASP-Ca and γ-PGA-Ca (pH: 5.57-6.33), it had less effect on subsoil increase (5.3) vs. PASP-Ca and γ-PGA-Ca (pH: 5.44-5.74). Surface-applied PASP-Ca demonstrated efficiency in elevating soil pH and reducing exchangeable acidity, mainly as exchangeable Al3+, whereas γ-PGA-Ca addition superiorly improved soil pH buffering capacity (pHBC). Moreover, PASP-Ca and γ-PGA-Ca addition improved organic carbon by 34.4-44.9%, available P by 4.80-20.71%, and cation exchange capacity (CEC) by 6.19-29.2%, thus greatly enhanced soil fertility. Ca2+ from polyAA-Ca promoted the displacement of exchangeable Al3+ or H+ from soil colloid, which were subsequently complexed or protonated and facilitated leaching. Additionally, the transformation into stable organo-aluminum fractions via complexation inhibited further hydrolysis. Under PASP-Ca or γ-PGA-Ca addition, the saturation of aluminum in cation exchange complex was reduced 2.91-7.81% compared to the control without addition amendments. Thus, PASP-Ca and γ-PGA-Ca can serve as potent ameliorants to alleviate soil acidity and aluminum toxicity for sustainable agricultural development.

Immobilizing arsenic in soil via amine metal complex: a case study using iron-ethylenediamine.

Fe-based nanomaterials have been extensively investigated for their application in mitigating arsenic (As) pollution in groundwater, sediment, and soils. Here, an iron-ethylenediamine (Fe-EDA) complex was synthesized and characterized using Fourier transform-infrared spectroscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy before its use as an amendment to ameliorate As-polluted soils. Column leaching tests at three Fe-EDA application rates (1%, 3%, and 5%) were conducted, and their results were compared with those acquired after using nano zerovalent iron (nZVI) and Fe3O4, to assess their efficiency to amend As-contaminated paddy soils. After leaching, stabilization efficiency and soil chemical characteristics were determined. Additionally, As fractions were measured using inductively coupled plasma-mass spectroscopy by employing a sequential extraction procedure to evaluate the performance of the treatments and understand the underlying their mechanisms. Compared with the control treatment, the Fe-EDA treatment reduced As release by more than 35.33% in the 2nd leaching cycle, whereas nZVI and Fe3O4 decreased the As release by 11.84% and 24.60%, respectively. Moreover, the optimal addition of the Fe-EDA chelate was 5%, which stabilized more than 50% As in the soil from the 7th to 11th leaching cycles. After sequential extraction, the Fe-Mn oxide binding fraction, which was originally 12.65%, increased to 21.5%, 18.23%, and 21.71% after the application of nZVI, Fe3O4, and Fe-EDA amendments, respectively. Furthermore, our treatments promoted the binding of the As fraction with crystalline Fe (III) (oxyhydr)oxide (F3); however, other fractions did not increase considerably, suggesting that the Fe-EDA complex could effectively stabilize As through electrostatic attraction between the arsenate anion and EDA, as well as As-O-Fe bond formation via a coordinating reaction. Overall, Fe-EDA was found to be a potent amendment for mitigating As-polluted soil.

A DFT study of the endo-selectivity mechanism of the Diels-Alder reaction in lindenane dimeric sesquiterpene synthesis promoted by pyridines.

The lindenane dimeric sesquiterpenoids with versatile biological activities are accessible via biometric synthesis, in which the endo-selective Diels-Alder reaction plays an important role. To explore the endo-selectivity of the Diels-Alder reaction between lindenane sesquiterpenes promoted by pyridines, density functional theory (DFT) calculations were performed to explore the reaction mechanism between pyridines and D-A monomers. The calculations performed on the reaction pathways explain why pyridines can promote endo-selectivity via hydrogen bonding, and the hydrogen bond strength is a key factor driving the Diels-Alder reaction in major biochemical systems. These DFT-level insights will pave the way for designing better promoters for Diels-Alder reactions in biometric synthesis applications.

Identification and characterization of novel carboxyl ester lipase gene variants in patients with different subtypes of diabetes.

INTRODUCTION: Mutations of CEL gene were first reported to cause a new type of maturity-onset diabetes of the young (MODY) denoted as MODY8 and then were also found in patients with type 1 (T1D) and type 2 diabetes (T2D). However, its genotype-phenotype relationship has not been fully determined and how carboxyl ester lipase (CEL) variants result in diabetes remains unclear. The aim of our study was to identify pathogenic variants of CEL in patients with diabetes and confirm their pathogenicity. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: All five patients enrolled in our study were admitted to Shandong Provincial Hospital and diagnosed with diabetes in the past year. Whole-exome sequencing was performed to identify pathogenic variants in three patients with MODY-like diabetes, one newborn baby with T1D and one patient with atypical T2D, as well as their immediate family members. Then the consequences of the identified variants were predicted by bioinformatic analysis. Furthermore, pathogenic effects of two novel CEL variants were evaluated in HEK293 cells transfected with wild-type and mutant plasmids. Finally, we summarized all CEL gene variants recorded in Human Gene Mutation Database and analyzed the mutation distribution of CEL. RESULTS: Five novel heterozygous variants were identified in CEL gene and they were predicted to be pathogenic by bioinformatic analysis. Moreover, in vitro studies indicated that the expression of CELR540C was remarkably increased, while p.G729_T739del variant did not significantly affect the expression of CEL. Both novel variants obviously abrogated the secretion of CEL. Furthermore, we summarized all reported CEL variants and found that 74.3% of missense mutations were located in exons 1, 3, 4, 10 and 11 and most missense variants clustered near catalytic triad, Arg-83 and Arg-443. CONCLUSION: Our study identified five novel CEL variants in patients with different subtypes of diabetes, expanding the gene mutation spectrum of CEL and confirmed the pathogenicity of several novel variants.

Highly biologically active and pH-sensitive collagen hydrolysate-chitosan film loaded with red cabbage extracts realizing dynamic visualization and preservation of shrimp freshness.

Accurate and efficient detection of food freshness is of great significance to guarantee food safety. Herein, pH sensitive colorimetric films with considerable biological activities have been prepared by combining red cabbage anthocyanin extracts (RCE) with collagen hydrolysate-chitosan (CH-CS) matrix film. The formation mechanism of CH-CS-RCE films was discussed by SEM, FT-IR and XRD, which showed that RCE was successfully fixed in CH-CS film through hydrogen bonding and electrostatic interaction. The CH-CS-RCE films exhibited good mechanical properties, high barrier ability, excellent thermal stability, significant antioxidant and antimicrobial activity, and especially sensitive response to pH and ammonia. Fickian diffusion was the main mechanism for the release of RCE from CH-CS-RCE films and such release mechanism facilitated the maintenance of functional features of films. During the storage of shrimps at 4 °C, CH-CS-RCE2% showed a remarkable preservation effect on shrimps, and their shelf life was prolonged from 2 d to 5 d. Furthermore, CH-CS-RCE2% provided a dynamic visual color switching to detect the freshness of shrimp, realizing real-time monitoring of freshness. Color information (RGB) extracted via smartphone APP was used to enhance the accuracy and universality of freshness indication. Thus, this multifunctional film has great potential in food preservation and freshness monitoring.

Dapagliflozin Presented Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Through Metabolite Extraction and AMPK/NLRP3 Signaling Pathway.

In recent years, the incidence rate of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) has been increasing year by year. The experiments conducted on rat elucidated the effect and underlying mechanism of dapagliflozin in NAFLD. Sprague Dawley rats were fed with HFD (Fat accounts for 52%, carbohydrate 34% and protein 14%) for 12 weeks as NAFLD model. Dapagliflozin presented NAFLD in rat model. Dapagliflozin reduced oxidative stress and inflammation in rat model of NAFLD. Dapagliflozin reduced oxidative stress and inflammation in vitro model of NAFLD. Dapagliflozin in a model of NAFLD metabolized into histamine H1 receptor, caffeine metabolism, mannose type O-glycan biosynthesis, choline metabolism in cancer, tryptophan metabolism, and glycerophospholipid metabolism. Dapagliflozin induced AMPK/NLRP3 signaling pathway. The regulation of AMPK/NLRP3 signaling pathway affected the effects of dapagliflozin on nonalcoholic fatty liver. In summary, dapagliflozin plays a preventative role in NAFLD through metabolite extraction, the inhibition of oxidative stress, and inflammation by AMPK/NLRP3 signaling pathway. Dapagliflozin may be a potential therapeutic agent for oxidative stress and inflammation in model of NAFLD.

Rapid qualitative detection of titanium dioxide adulteration in persimmon icing using portable Raman spectrometer and Machine learning.

Persimmon icing is the white crystalline powder that adheres to the surface of persimmon cakes when the sugar in the persimmon spills over during processing, which is considered the essence of persimmon. Titanium dioxide is a food additive that is commonly added to the surface of persimmon cakes to impersonate high-quality persimmon cakes. However, excessive titanium dioxide can be harmful to humans, so a quick method is needed to identify persimmon cakes as adulterated. Raman spectroscopy with distinctive advantages of water-insensitivity, real-time, field-deployable, label-free, and fingerprinting-identification has been rapidly developed and used in food quality assurance and safety monitoring. In this study, we investigated Raman spectroscopy integrated with machine learning to assess titanium dioxide adulteration in dried persimmon icing. The adaptive iterative reweighting partial least squares (air-PLS) algorithm as an effective algorithm was used to remove fluorescent background signals in raw Raman spectroscopy. Principal components analysis (PCA) was employed to analyze the spectral data and determine the class memberships, and results showed that 99.9% of information could be explained by PC-1 and PC-2. Compared with extreme learning machine (ELM), support vector machine (SVM), back propagation artificial neural network (BP-ANN), and random forest (RF) models, one-dimensional stack auto encoder convolutional neural network (1D-SAE-CNN) could provide the highest detection accuracy of 0.9825, precision of 0.9824, recall of 0.9825, and f1-score of 0.9824. This study shows that Raman spectroscopy coupled with 1D-SAE-CNN is a promising method to detect titanium dioxide adulteration in persimmon icing.

Enhancing viability of Lactobacillus plantarum encapsulated by alginate-gelatin hydrogel beads during gastrointestinal digestion, storage and in the mimic beverage systems.

To improve the viability of Lactobacillus plantarum (P) during digestion and storage, the probiotics were encapsulated by alginate (ALG) and alginate-gelatin (ALG-GE) hydrogels beads. ALG-P-GE showed much better physicochemical properties than ALG-P. The scanning electron microscopy (SEM) results validated the incorporation of bacterial cells into the beads. ALG-P-GE exhibited good encapsulation efficiency of 97.7 %, and the storage and thermal stability of probiotic were increased by 15 % and 8 %, respectively, when comparing with ALG-P. ALG-P-GE beads could protect the probiotics from inactivation in simulated gastric fluid and then release it in simulated intestinal fluid. The protective mechanism of ALG-GE for probiotics was further studied by fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and found that ALG and GE can form gel network through hydrogen bonding and electrostatic interactions. In the mimic beverage systems, ALG-P-GE beads could protect the encapsulated probiotics and increase its viability. The storage, thermal, and digestion stability of encapsulated probiotic were significantly increased and showed high viability in the mimic beverage systems. ALG-P-GE beads have great potential for the protection and delivery of probiotics in food systems.

The Complex of Phycobiliproteins, Fucoxanthin, and Krill Oil Ameliorates Obesity through Modulation of Lipid Metabolism and Antioxidants in Obese Rats.

Phycobiliproteins, fucoxanthin, and krill oil are natural marine products with excellent activities. In the study, we prepared the complex of phycobiliproteins, fucoxanthin, and krill oil (PFK) and assessed the anti-obesity, lipid-lowering, and antioxidant activities in high-fat diet rats. The results showed that the rats significantly and safely reduced body weight gain and regulated serum biochemical parameters at 50 mg/kg phycobiliproteins, 10 mg/kg fucoxanthin, and 100 mg/kg krill oil. Furthermore, the molecular mechanism study suggested that the complex of PFK confined the enzyme activities of lipid synthesis and enhanced antioxidant activity to improve obesity indirectly. The conclusions demonstrated that the complex of PFK has potent anti-obesity and hypolipidemic effects which have potential use as a natural and healthy food and medicine for anti-obesity and lowering blood lipids in the future.

In-Plane Strain Tuned Electronic and Optical Properties in Germanene-MoSSe Heterostructures.

DFT calculations are performed to investigate the electronic and optical absorption properties of two-dimensional heterostructures constructed by Janus MoSSe and germanene. It is found that a tiny gap can be opened up at the Dirac point in both Ge/SMoSe and Ge/SeMoS heterostructures, with intrinsic high-speed carrier mobility of the germanene layer being well preserved. An n-type Schottky contact is formed in Ge/SMoSe, while a p-type one is formed in Ge/SeMoS. Compared to corresponding individual layers, germanene-MoSSe heterostructures can exhibit extended optical absorption ability, ranging from ultraviolet to infrared light regions. The position of the Dirac cone, the Dirac gap value as well as the position of the optical absorption peak for both Ge/SMoSe and Ge/SeMoS heterostructures can be tuned by in-plane biaxial strains. It is also predicted that a Schottky-Ohmic transition can occur when suitable in-plane strain is imposed (especially tensile strain) on heterostructures. These results can provide a helpful guide for designing future nanoscale optoelectronic devices based on germanene-MoSSe vdW heterostructures.

Sirtuin 6 affects glucose reabsorption and gluconeogenesis in type 1 diabetes via FoxO1.

AIM: The purpose of this study was to explore the expression changes of Sirtuin 6 in diabetic renal tissues and the molecular mechanisms affecting renal tubular gluconeogenesis and reabsorption. METHODS: The type 1 diabetic C57BL/6 mice model as well as high glucose cultured proximal tubular cells and cell lines were established. Sirt6 siRNA, the SGLT2 inhibitor (dapagliflozin), and insulin were pre-treated to make Sirtuin 6 levels, gluconeogenesis, and reabsorption changes. Immunofluorescence was used for Sirtuin 6 renal localization, and molecular biological detection was adopted for transcription factors, FoxO1, transporters (SGLT2 and GLUT2) as well as rate-limiting enzyme. Nuclear/plasma proteins were extracted to detect Sirtuin 6 and FoxO1 levels in the subcellular structure. RESULTS: Sirtuin 6 was decreased in STZ-induced diabetic renal outer medulla, and lower both in high glucose-induced primary proximal tubular cells and cell lines. Sirtuin 6 reversed the glucose reabsorption and gluconeogenesis effect via regulating FoxO1 and affecting nuclear translocation of FoxO1 in high glucose-induced proximal tubular cells. CONCLUSION: Sirtuin 6 affects renal glucose reabsorption and gluconeogenesis in type 1 diabetes by regulating FoxO1 nuclear import.

Bibliometric analysis of metabolic surgery for type 2 diabetes: current status and future prospects.

Metabolic surgery has become a powerful treatment for obese type 2 diabetes (T2DM). Experts have been devoting to the research of metabolic surgery in the treatment of T2DM. The debate continues, and there is no comprehensive statistical and intuitive analysis for it. To explore the current research status, the latest hotspots and the changing trend in this field, we conducted a bibliometric analysis. This paper made a bibliometric analysis based on the data source from Science Core Collection Network (WoSCC). Vosviewer v.1.6.10 software is used to construct a knowledge map. From 2011 to 2020, 1424 peer-reviewed papers on metabolic surgery for T2DM were retrieved. The United States contributed the most publications and gained global impact with the most citations. Obesity Surgery was the most prolific journal in this field. Prof. Schauer Philip R., Prof. Buchwald H. and Prof. Sjostrom L. were the most renowned experts in this aspect. The top cited references discussed the status of metabolic surgery for the treatment of T2DM worldwide and the importance of regular evaluation. The extracted keywords mainly formed three clusters: (1) research on the selection of different metabolic surgery methods; (2) possible mechanisms; (3) improvement of T2DM complications by metabolic surgery. Our study makes a comprehensive and objective analysis of metabolic surgery in obese patients with T2DM, providing valuable information for further clinical application and related scientific research. Researchers can quickly locate research hotspots in a large number of relevant literature.

The fabrication of novel zein and resveratrol covalent conjugates: Enhanced thermal stability, emulsifying and antioxidant properties.

Novel zein and resveratrol conjugates were fabricated by alkaline and free radical grafting reactions. The grafting efficiency and total phenolic content of alkaline treated conjugates were slightly higher than those of free radical grafting. Compared to native and alkaline treated zein, the sulfhydryl contents of conjugates were obviously decreased, confirming that nucleophilic addition of resveratrol to sulfhydryl group of zein formed stable CS covalent bonds. The conformation changes of zein modified by resveratrol were revealed by fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and fluorescence spectroscopy. Moreover, covalent modification changed isoelectric point of zein from 6.5 to 5.4 (alkaline) or 5.6 (free radical grafting), and broadening the pH application range of zein. It was worth mentioning that the conjugates showed much higher thermal stability, antioxidant activity, and emulsify activity than those of native zein. This study provides an effective way for the design of novel delivery systems to encapsulate bioactive substances.

SIRT6 regulates SREBP1c-induced glucolipid metabolism in liver and pancreas via the AMPKα-mTORC1 pathway.

The aim of this study was to determine the mechanism by which SIRT6 regulates glucolipid metabolism disorders. We detected histological and molecular changes in Sprague-Dawley rats as well as in BRL 3A and INS-1 cell lines subjected to overnutrition and starvation. SIRT6, SREBP1c, and glucolipid metabolism biomarkers were identified by fluorescence co-localization, real-time PCR, and western blotting. Gene silencing studies were performed. Recombinant SIRT6, AMPK agonist (AICAR), mTOR inhibitor (rapamycin), and liver X receptor (LXR) agonist (T0901317) were used to pre-treated in BRL 3A and INS-1 cells. Real-time PCR and western blotting were used to detect related proteins, and cell counting was utilized to detect proliferation. We obtained conflicting results; SIRT6 and SREBP1c appeared in both the liver and pancreas of high-fat and hungry rats. Recombinant SIRT6 alleviated the decrease in AMPKα and increase in mTORC1 (complex of mTOR, Raptor, and Rheb) caused by overnutrition. SIRT6 siRNA reversed the glucolipid metabolic disorders caused by the AMPK agonist and mTOR inhibitor but not by the LXR agonist. Taken together, our results demonstrate that SIRT6 regulates glycolipid metabolism through AMPKα-mTORC1 regulating SREBP1c in the liver and pancreas induced by overnutrition and starvation, independent of LXR.

Metabolomics of Fuzi-Gancao in CCl4 induced acute liver injury and its regulatory effect on bile acid profile in rats.

BACKGROUND: Fuzi (Radix aconiti lateralis)-Gancao (Radix glycyrrhizae) is one of the most classical drug pairs of traditional Chinese medicine. In clinical practice, decoctions containing Fuzi-Gancao (F-G) are often used in the treatment of liver diseases such as hepatitis and liver failure. AIM: To investigate the metabolomics of F-G in CCl4 induced acute liver injury in rats and its regulatory effect on the bile acid profile. METHODS: The pharmacodynamic effect of F-G on CCl4 induced acute liver injury in rats was evaluated, and an ultra performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) method for the simultaneous determination of 92 metabolites from multiple pathways was established to explore the protective metabolic mechanism of F-G in serum on the liver. RESULTS: Twenty-four differential metabolites were identified in serum samples. The primary bile acid biosynthetic metabolic pathway was the major common pathway in the model group and F-G group. Subsequently, a UPLC-MS/MS method for simultaneous determination of 11 bile acids, including cholic acid, ursodeoxycholic acid, glycochenodeoxycholic acid, glycochenodeoxycholic acid, taurocholic acid, glycocholic acid, chenodeoxycholic acid, deoxycholic acid, taurochenodeoxycholic acid, taurocholic acid, and glycinic acid, was established to analyze the regulatory mechanism of F-G in serum. F-G decreased the contents of these 11 bile acids in serum in a dose-dependent manner compared with those in the model control group. CONCLUSION: F-G could protect hepatocytes by promoting the binding of free bile acids to glycine and taurine, and reducing the accumulation of free bile acids in the liver. F-G could also regulate the compensatory degree of taurine, decreasing the content of taurine-conjugated bile acids to protect hepatocytes.

CKMT1B is a potential prognostic biomarker and associated with immune infiltration in Lower-grade glioma.

BACKGROUND: Lower-grade glioma (LGG) is the most common histology identified in glioma. CKMT1B has not been investigated in glioma. The purpose of this research was to investigate the prognostic value of CKMT1B and its correlation with immune infiltration in LGG. METHODS: We used Gene Expression Profiling Interactive Analysis (GEPIA) to analyze the expression of CKMT1B in LGG. Univariate and multivariate Cox regression analyses were used to assess the effect of CKMT1B expression and screened variables on survival. The correlation between CKMT1B and immune infiltration was evaluated by TIMER and CIBERSORT. Moreover, the possible biological functions of CKMT1B were studied by GSEA. The statistical analysis was conducted by R software. RESULTS: The expression of CKMT1B was significantly lower than the normal samples in LGG. Low expression of CKMT1B predicts a worse prognosis. Multivariate Cox analyses revealed that CKMT1B might be an independent favorable prognostic indicator. TIMER analysis revealed that CKMT1B expression level was related to immune infiltration. CIBERSORT analysis showed that CKMT1B expression was positively related to the infiltration level of activated mast cells and negatively related to macrophage M2 in LGG. Moreover, GESA showed that multiple cancer-related and immune-related gene sets were enriched in the low-CKMT1B group in the top 5 of the most significant differences. CONCLUSION: CKMT1B is a prognostic biomarker with potential applications and associated with immune infiltration in Lower-grade glioma.